Air Quality Evaluation Using Gaussian Plume Model and GIS at Gas Flaring Region in Kirkuk City, Iraq

Agbonifo, P. E., Shafeeq, O., Abdal, G., & Bhatti, U. (2024). Gas Flaring and its Socioeconomic Implications for Rural Communities in Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI): Reflections on the Impact of Gas Flaring in Tawke Community. Journal of Ecohumanism, 3(7), 4076-4089.
Ajaj, Q. M., Awad, N. A., Jumaah, H. J., & Rizeei, H. M. (2025). Air quality regression analysis over Iraq during severe dust periods using GIS and remotely sensed PM2. 5. DYSONA-Applied Science, 6(2), 300-308.
Ajaj, Q. M., Mohd Shafri, H. Z., Ramli, M. F., & Wayayok, A. (2023). Prediction of Air Pollutants Concentration Emitted from Kirkuk Cement Plant Based on Deep Learning and Gaussian Equation Outputs. Pollution, 9(2), 810-820.
Ajaj, Q. M., Shafri, H. Z. M., & Ramli, A. W. A. F. (2022). Common Analysis Methods for Gaseous and Solid Contaminants Emitted from Different Pollution Sources: a Review Paper. Poll Res. 441 (2), 416-439.
Ameen, M. H., Azmi, M., & Jumaah, H. J. (2025). Evaluating exposure to road traffic air and noise pollution: A comprehensive review of assessment methods. Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences, 32(2), 1-19.
Ameen, M. H., Jumaah, H. J., Kalantar, B., Ueda, N., Halin, A. A., Tais, A. S., & Jumaah, S. J. (2021). Evaluation of PM2.5 particulate matter and noise pollution in Tikrit University based on GIS and statistical modeling. Sustainability, 13(17), 9571.
Anejionu, O. C., Whyatt, J. D., Blackburn, G. A., & Price, C. S. (2015). Contributions of gas flaring to a global air pollution hotspot: Spatial and temporal variations, impacts and alleviation. Atmospheric Environment, 118, 184-193.
Arshad, K., Hussain, N., Ashraf, M. H., & Saleem, M. Z. (2024). Air pollution and climate change as grand challenges to sustainability. Science of The Total Environment, Volume 928, 172370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172370
Hamed, H. H., Jumaah, H. J., Kalantar, B., Ueda, N., Saeidi, V., Mansor, S., & Khalaf, Z. A. (2021). Predicting PM2. 5 levels over the north of Iraq using regression analysis and geographical information system (GIS) techniques. Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk, 12(1), 1778-1796.
Hesketh, H. D. (2023). Air pollution control: traditional hazardous pollutants. CRC Press.
Jamal Jumaah, H., Ghassan Abdo, H., Habeeb Hamed, H., Mohammed Obaid, H., Almohamad, H., Abdullah Al Dughairi, A., & Saleh Alzaaq, M. (2023). Assessment of corona virus (COVID-19) infection spread pattern in Iraq using GIS and RS techniques. Cogent Social Sciences, 9(2), 2282706.
Jumaah, H. J., & Kamran, K. V. (2024). AQI-based box model using GIS and remote sensing over Kirkuk city, Iraq. Advanced Engineering Days, 9, 144-146
Jumaah, H. J., Ameen, M. H., Mahmood, S., & Jumaah, S. J. (2023). Study of air contamination in Iraq using remotely sensed Data and GIS. Geocarto International, 38(1), 2178518.
Jumaah, H. J., Ameen, M. H., Mohamed, G. H., & Ajaj, Q. M. (2022). Monitoring and evaluation Al-Razzaza lake changes in Iraq using GIS and remote sensing technology. The Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Science, 25(1), 313-321.
Jumaah, H. J., Dawood, M. A., & Mahmood, S. (2024). Estimating Chemical Concentrations of Dust PM2. 5 in Iraq: A Climatic Perspective Using Polynomial Model and Remote Sensing Technology. Journal of Atmospheric Science Research| Volume, 7(03), 44-56.
Jumaah, H. J., Hasan, W. A., & Jumaah, S. J. (2025). A Regional Investigation of Inverse Distance Weighting Particulate Matter Prediction within Kirkuk City, Iraq. Int. J. Econ. Environ. Geol. Vol, 16(1), 5-13.
Khan, S., & Hassan, Q. (2020). Review of developments in air quality modelling and air quality dispersion models. Journal of Environmental Engineering and Science, 16(1), 1-10.
Kumar, A., Somani, V., Purohit, P. K., & Amarawat, G. Comprehensive Study of Computational Methodologies for Air Pollution Control (2025). In Computational Techniques in Environmental Engineering (pp. 21-37). CRC Press.
Lindvall, T. (1985). Recommendations for air quality standards for nitrogen dioxide and ozone. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health, Vol. 11, 3-9.
Liu, H., Gao, P., Xiang, S., Zhu, H., Chen, J., & Fu, Q. (2025). A Python toolkit for integrating geographic information system into regulatory dispersion models for refined pollution modeling. Environmental Modelling & Software, 183, 106219.
Mahmood, M. R., & Jumaah, H. J. (2023). NBR index-based fire detection using sentinel-2 images and GIS: A case study in mosul park, Iraq. International Journal of Geoinformatics, 19(3), 67-74.
Mahmood, M. R., Abrahem, B. I., Jumaah, H. J., Alalwan, H. A., & Mohammed, M. M. (2025). Drought monitoring of large lakes in Iraq using remote sensing images and normalized difference water index (NDWI). Results in Engineering, 25, 103854. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2024.103854 
Mahmood, S., Ali, A., & Jumaah, H. J. (2024). Geo-visualizing the hotspots of smog-induced health effects in district Gujranwala, Pakistan: a community perspective. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 196(5), 457.
Mills, R. (2018). A new hope: Iraq oil’s way forward. Al-Bayan Center Publications Series, Iraq. https://qamarenergy.com/sites/default/files/A%20New%20Hope-%20IRAQ%20-%20FINAL.pdf 
Mohammadi, M., Mohammadi, M., & Moezzi, S. M. M. (2025). Air pollution meteorology and dispersion. In Air Pollution, Air Quality, and Climate Change (pp. 51-82). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-23816-1.00007-0 
Nasehi, S., & Nohegar, A. (2025). Analyzing the relationship between spatial distribution of air pollutant concentrations and land cover over Iran. Pollution, 11(2), 246-260.‏
Nuckols, J. R., Ward, M. H., & Jarup, L. (2004). Using geographic information systems for exposure assessment in environmental epidemiology studies. Environmental health perspectives, 112(9), 1007-1015.
Obi, N., Akuirene, A., Bwititi, P., Adjene, J., & Nwose, E. U. (2021). Impact of gas flaring on communities in Delta region of Nigeria, narrative review part 1: environmental health perspective. International Journal of Scientific Reports, 7(3), 186-193.
Ogele, F. O. (2016). Governance of oil and gas sector in Nigeria: implications for biodiversity and ecosystem services in the Niger Delta region (Doctoral dissertation, Newcastle University). http://theses.ncl.ac.uk/jspui/handle/10443/3541
Oyewunmi, T. (2021). Natural gas in a carbon-constrained world: Examining the role of institutions in curbing methane and other fugitive emissions. LSU J. Energy L. & Resources, 9, 87.
Patel, J., Sharma, N., & Mohan, S. (2025). Introduction to Remote Sensing and GIS. In Smart Buildings and Cities with Remote Sensing and GIS (pp. 3-34). Chapman and Hall/CRC.
S Altraiki, M., Sharif, A., F Alnaas, J., & O Kratim, M. (2024). A Flare gas recovery unit for refineries in Libya: Innovative technologies are a step towards a sustainable environment (zero flare in 2030).
Saleh, S. H. (2024). Assessment of Air Pollutants for Baba Industrial Area at Kirkuk Oil Field, Iraq. The Iraqi Geological Journal, 125-137.
Shabbir, A. (2024). Environmental Degradation and Smog: Assessing the Governance Mechanism in Lahore. Journal of Climate and Community Development, 3(2), 232-243.
Snoun, H., Krichen, M., & Chérif, H. (2023). A comprehensive review of Gaussian atmospheric dispersion models: current usage and future perspectives. Euro-Mediterranean Journal for Environmental Integration, 8(1), 219-242.
Stockie, J. M. (2011). The mathematics of atmospheric dispersion modeling. Siam Review, 53(2), 349-372.
Tikle, S., Anand, V., & Das, S. (2024). Geospatial practices for airpollution and meteorological monitoring, prediction, and forecasting. In Geospatial Practices in Natural Resources Management (pp. 549-566). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
Valle, M., Cardona, J. A., & Viloria-Nuñez, C. (2025). Predicting Atmospheric Dispersion of Industrial Chemicals Using Machine Learning Approaches. IEEE Access.Vol. 13, 47587-47604.
Walters, K., Jacobson, J., Kroening, Z., & Pierce, C. (2015). PM2. 5 airborne particulates near frac sand operations. Journal of environmental health, 78(4), 8-12.
Whittle, M., & Ong, J. M. (2024). Global Literature and the Environment. Taylor & Francis.
Yerramilli, A., Dodla, V. B. R., & Yerramilli, S. (2011). Air pollution, modeling and GIS based decision support systems for air quality risk assessment. Advance air pollution, 295-324.