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ارزش های جاوید و جهان گستر شهرسازی اسلامی (بازنمودی از نگرش های فرا کالبدی و فرازمانی شهر اسلامی) | ||
| پژوهشهای جغرافیای انسانی | ||
| مقاله 9، دوره 45، شماره 3، مهر 1392، صفحه 169-190 اصل مقاله (2.59 M) | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22059/jhgr.2013.35250 | ||
| نویسنده | ||
| محمود رضایی | ||
| استادیار گروه شهرسازی، دانشکده ی هنر و معماری، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد تهران مرکز | ||
| چکیده | ||
| این پژوهش کوشیده تا توان به کارگیری ارزش های شهرسازی اسلامی را در دوره ی امروزین و برای گستره جهانی آشکار سازد. در پژوهش ها ی مشابه ، بیشتر به سوی ه های شکلی و ریخت شناسی شهر اسلامی در دوران گذشته بسنده شده و سوی ه های دریافتی و پویا و امروزین آن چندان بررسی نشده است. در این نوشتار ابتدا پژوهش های انجام شده بازبینی و شناسایی شده است. پس از آشکارسازی گذشته نگر و « ناکالبدی » و « کالبدی » در دو لایه ی شهر اسلامی که تا « فراکالبدی » کالبدی بودن بیشتر این پژوهش ها ، پنداره ها و سویه های کنون پنهان مانده اند، با نگرش به انگاره های شهرسازی امروزین نمایان شده است. نمونه هایی از شهرهای اسلامی کندوکاو شده و با بررسی های چندباره و ژرف، ویژگ ی های شیو ه ی یگانگی با » ،« دادگستری » هم آمیزی کالبدی پاره های آن ها در چند شناسه ی هموند ، مانند نهاده شده اند. گزینش این « سازش پذیری با خردورزی » و « پرمایگی با ناهمگونی » ،« گوناگونی پنداره ها به گونه ای شده که دارای سرشت فراکالبدی باشند. سرانجام رویکردهای جدید در انگاره های شهرسازی امروزین که از 1960 به این سو در جهان بازگو شده ، همچون ساختاری و » و نیز رو ش های « بنیادی » و « جانشینی » ،« داد و ستدی » ،« شهرسازی فزاینده » با رویکردهای گسترش شهر اسلامی سنجش شده است. یافته ی بنیادی این نوشتار « راهبردی این است که ارزش های شهرسازی اسلامی فرای کالبد، جای و زمان است و می توان از آنها در گسترش شهرهای جهانی امروز بهره برد. این شهرسازی، راهبردی و پویا بوده و ویژگی ها و انگاره های درست امروزین شهرسازی را از زمانی بسیار پی ش تر دربرداشته است و توان بسیاری در جهان گستر ی داشته و همچنان دارد. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| شهرسازی اسلامی؛ انگاره نوین شهرسازی؛ اسلام و شهر؛ شهرهای خاورمیانه | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Eternal and International Concepts of Islamic Cities (Revealing Urban Islamic Views far beyond the Body and Time) | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Mahmoud Rezaei | ||
| Assistant Prof., Dep. of Urban Planning and Design, Islamic Azad University,Tehran Central Branch | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| Extended Abstract Introduction As the main question, this research looks for the abilities and the ways to apply Islamic urban values for recent urban problems. Although the Islamic cities are studied by many researches, scholars, and thinkers, the meanings and concepts of the studies are mainly focused either on physical or on historical issues and the researches have had non-dynamic approaches and the current applicable features of the subject have not been covered well. Resembling Islamic cities to a language and (con) text, there has been more attention paid to the alphabets and elements of the language rather than to its main message. Words, syntax and grammar of this language have been elaborated, but the meanings and concepts are neglected. Hence, one of the main goals of this article, as the title shows, is going beyond the words and vocabularies of that text and getting the main ideas. In other words, the article intends to find new approaches beyond the historic and physical aspects. Furthermore, the article compares contemporary urban theories with traditional Islamic cities to use the lessons for today’s developments. Methodology The qualitative research approach employed here has primarily used document analysis and observation. In this manner the theory of Islamic city has been reviewed in literature. The article, firstly, will categorize some studies of Islamic Cities and demonstrate that they do mostly focus on physical and historic aspects. A new dimension, then, will be emerged which covers the contemporary urban planning theories. After categorizing related studies, modes of physical combination of these cities, however, will be classified into Justice Location, Unified in Diversity, Oxymoron as the Secret of Completeness, and Multi-value Logic. Eventually, new approaches in contemporary urban planning theories since 1960 including rational, incremental, transactive, advocacy and radical approaches as well as structure and strategic methods of urban planning have been compared to the Islamic Cities Developments. Results and Discussion The concept of the ‘Islamic City’ has been discussed since the turn of the last century.The famous sociologist Max Weber (1864-1920) set up a framework for categorizing Islamic cities, and was largely followed by orientalists for the next half century. Weber concluded that the emergence of capitalism was contingent upon the existence of independent urban communities or free cities; cities of the Christian world (Gabbi, 2006) Marcias, basing his article on the famous Arab geographer and lawyer, Ibn Khaldun (1406), cites the physical aspects of an Islamic city as incorporating the congregational Friday mosque, with adjacent chief bazaar, together with the public bath for preparing Muslims for the Friday prayer (Abu-Lughod, 1987,156). In 1955 Gustave Von Grunebaum collects all the findings of previous Western scholars about the Islamic city and synthesizes them into a single model (Goddard, 1999, p. 43). In 1956, E. Ashtor-Strauss explains that through a combination of weakened government and a dormant tradition of municipal autonomy, the populations were able to assert significant control over their own lives and rulers. Claude Cahen in 1958 continued the work of Ashtor-Strauss. He argues that the captured cities by Arabs haven’t changed under the Arab rules, rather they developed along the same path as most of the neighboring European cities. So he started his research based on social and historical approaches of the Islamic cities mostly Syria, Iraq and Iran and compared them with their neighboring Western cities, mostly southern Italy. In 1965 Albert Hourani and Samuel Stern referried to both Weber’s category and the standard Islamic city model. Stern concludes that the Islamic city’s essential characteristic is the general absence of corporate institutions or its looseness of structure. 1n 1967 Ira Lapidus presented a comprehensive new model of the Islamic city with pointing the critiques, revisions, and ideas of Ashtor-Strauss, Cahen, and Stern. His ultimate goal is to examine the social structure of certain medieval Muslim cities to understand the Islamic society. Kennedy in 1985 provides a methodical and comprehensive account of the typical attributed features to the Islamic city and its development. His work represents a new post-orientalist trend of looking at the Middle Eastern urbanism in and of itself. He tried to define the urban development as a unique phenomenon tied to its region and society and not according to its similarities or differences to the evolution of European cities. Baber Johansen (1981) and Besim Hakim (1986) examined the inter-dependency of Islamic law and the development of a city. Johansen sought to find out how Islamic law defined a city, while Hakim was concerned with how the law determined urban development and shape or morphology. Most Middle Eastern and North African cities have been studied with different scholars and theorist to extract a prototype to explain the theory of Islamic city. All of these studies and theorems have, in some way, and to a greater or lesser degree, influenced the development of the Islamic city in the modern world. Amongst all of these discussions, the main achievement of this research is that Muslim Cities during Islamic Period, along with Islamic guidelines, have physical and non-physical lessons to be learned which are able to be matched with liable contemporary urban developments. Physical lessons are divided into the same categories of previous scholar studies: • Placement of Justice and Efficiency, • Unified in Diversity, • Oxymoron as the secret of completeness, • Robustness based on multi-value logics, At the same time non physical lessons are emerging as the following indicators: • Strategies, Pattern Language and Incremental Development, • Sustainability and Normative Issues, • Rationalism and Smart Growth. Conclusion Values, concepts and the views of Islamic cities are beyond body, place, and time. They are eternal and international concepts that can be applied for urban development globally. The article classified these concepts into four values: Sustainability with Justice, Unification with Diversity, Richness with Oxymoron and Rational Felexibility. Ideas of contemporary Urban Planer theorists are covered with these concepts. Islamic Cities, in their true meanings, have had the best solutions, methods and models of urban developments. Nowadays Muslim people are able to explore the Islamic urban factors to apply them in their recent urban issues. It will be happened, if the accurate nature and concept of Islamic cities is defined and just studied beyond the mere physical assumptions. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| Islamic Urbanization, Contemporary Urban planning Theories, Islam, city, Middle Eastern Cities | ||
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