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بررسی تأثیر انرژی حرارتی،آهک و فسفات در غیرپویاسازی کادمیوم خاک آلوده | ||
| محیط شناسی | ||
| مقاله 6، دوره 40، شماره 2، تیر 1393، صفحه 321-330 اصل مقاله (584.17 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22059/jes.2014.51202 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| صفیه حسن زاد* 1؛ حسین پیرخراطی2؛ بهنام دولتی3؛ خلیل فرهادی4 | ||
| 1دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد زمین‌شناسی زیست‌محیطی دانشگاه ارومیه | ||
| 2استادیار گروه زمین‌شناسی دانشکدۀ علوم دانشگاه ارومیه | ||
| 3استادیار گروه خاک‌شناسی دانشکدۀ کشاورزی دانشگاه ارومیه | ||
| 4استادگروه شیمی دانشکدۀ شیمی دانشگاه ارومیه | ||
| چکیده | ||
| حلالیت و پایداری عناصر سنگین در خاک نقش مهمی در نقل و انتقال آن به آب‌های زیرزمینی و گیاهان دارد و می‌تواند برای سلامت انسان تهدیدی جدی باشد. این تحقیق به منظور بررسی تغییرات زمانی میزان تثبیت کادمیوم در خاک‌های آلوده به فلزات سنگین تحت تأثیر انرژی حرارتی، آهک (CaCO3) و کود فسفاته (به‌منزلۀ منبع فسفات) انجام شد. خصوصیات فیزیکوشیمیایی و کانی‌شناسی رس به روش استاندارد انجام شد. به منظور بررسی تثبیت کادمیوم، محلول آهک در سطوح صفر و 5 درصد، محلول کود فسفاته در سطوح صفر و 5/2 درصد تهیه و با خاک مخلوط شد. سپس، نمونه‌ها در دمای 25 ،200، 400، 600، 700 و 800 درجۀ سانتی‌گراد حرارت داده شدند. پس از خنک‌شدن نمونه‌ها عصاره‌گیری در فاصلۀ زمانی 7، 30 و 60 روز با نسبت 1:10 خاک به آب تهیه و تعیین غلظت شد. نتایج نشان داد خاک مورد مطالعه سبک بافت، اسیدی و کاملاً شور است. همچنین، کانی‌های حاکم در نمونه به ترتیب کائولینیت، ایلیت و اسمکتیت تعیین شدند. تجزیۀ واریانس نشان داد آثار مستقل حرارت و تیمار در فاصلۀ زمانی 7، 30 و 60 روز معنی‌دار (P<0.001) شدند، اما آثار متقابل فاکتورها با گذشت زمان معنی‌دار نشدند. دمای 400، 600 و 700 بیشترین تأثیر در رهاسازی کادمیوم را داشت. نتایج نشان داد که افزایش حرارت سبب تغییر جهت اثر فسفات در تثبیت کادمیوم و افزایش حلالیت و انتقال آن در خاک می‌شود. همچنین، با گذشت زمان و برقراری تعادل نسبی، تثبیت کادمیوم نیز افزایش یافت. نتایج حاصل نشان داد کاربرد آهک در خاک‌های اسیدی و شور به منظور تثبیت کادمیوم توصیه نمی‌شود و بهتر است منابع فسفاته به کار روند. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| آهک؛ حرارت؛ خاک آلوده؛ غیرپویاسازی کادمیوم؛ فسفات | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Investigation about Cd (II) Immobility in Contaminated Soils Using Phosphate Fertilizer, Heat, and Lime (CaCO3) | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Safye Hasanzad1؛ Hosein Pirkharrati2؛ Behnam Dovlati3؛ Khalil Farhadi4 | ||
| 1M.Sc.. Environmental Geology, Department of Geology, University of Urmia, Iran | ||
| 2Assistant Professor, Faculty of Geology, University of Urmia, Iran | ||
| 3Assistant Professor, Faculty of Soil Since, University of Urmia, Iran | ||
| 4Full Professor, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Urmia, Iran | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| Introduction Cadmium is one of the most important environmental pollutants that can be resulted from different ways. It can easily contaminate soil and water resources. Since phosphate ions for stable complexes are available with cations such as Pb and Cd, so it can cause a decrease in the solubility and mobility of heavy metals in soil. Liming is the most widely used treatment that leads to precipitation of the metals as metal–carbonates and significantly decreases the exchangeable fraction of metals in contaminated soils. Temperature is also an important factor in stabilization of heavy metals. Heat causes loss of water and hydration around cations to move them to empty spaces in clay part of soil. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of heat and lime, and phosphate application on immobilization of Cd in contaminated soil with incubated days. Materials and methods Samples of soil were collected from waste mining of Angorane in Zanjan area. After air-dried and homogenized, they were sieved at about <2mm. For stabilization, two levels of lime 0, 5% and 0, 2.5% phosphate fertilizer and mixed of lime (0, 5%), phosphate fertilizer (0, 2.5%) were selected and mixed with 300 gr of soil. Treatments as six different temperatures 25, 200, 400, 600, 700 and 800°C were heated with electrical oven (Shimiran f.47) and loaded in distilled water for different times (7, 30, 60days). At this time, every day the samples were shaken in 15 minutes. Samples were centrifuged for 5 minutes at 2500 rpm and passed through a filter paper and the filtrate concentration of the supernatant was harvested. Cadmium concentration was measured in the supernatant using atomic absorption model (Shimadzu 6600). All analysis of variance and mean comparison were performed using SPSS and MSTATC applications. Discussion of result Table 1 showed characteristics of soil samples in the tested soil. The soil was acidic and saline due to the existence of salts of Cd and Pb. The high amount of salts increases the Ionic strength of soil and affects the absorbing processes. It is poor in lime 0% (total CaCO3), so the salts may be sulphate of Cd and Pb. The soil fraction less than <2mm is characterized as silt loam. The result of XRD showed Kaolinate, Ilite and smectite. Total Cd concentration was 225mgkg-1 that showed more contaminated soil. Based on the America's environmental protection agency (EPA) standards the allowable limit for the existence of Cd in soil is 3 (mgkg-1). Thus, concentration of the metal in the soil was standard and introduced as a contaminated soil. Table 1. Characteristics of sample soil Soil Texture Clay CCE Ec (dSm-1) pH CEC (meq100-1g) Total Cd (mg kg-1) % Salty loam 23 0 20.4 5.5 8.6 225 Statistic analysis Analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated that independent effects of heat treatment on the time interval of 7, 30, and 60 days were significant (P<0.001) and the independent impact of factors did not propose any certain meaning by passing the time (Table 2). Table 2. Analysis of variance for effects of heat and treatment (phosphate, lime, and time) on desorption of Cd Source Df Mean-square 7day 30day 60 day Heat Treatment Heat*treatment Error CV(%) 5 3 15 24 4463.23*** 2788.32*** 934.87*** 116.86 8.5 7292.329*** 1015.749* 414.153ns 222.455 16 749.665*** 345.475*** 72.979ns 38.739 13 no significant (ns), significant on the 0.1 (***), significant on the 0.05 (*) Influence of heat in desorption of Cd The results indicated that desorption of the Cd depends on the thermal changes and in all of the case studies desorption of Cd have increased by the heat increasement. At 400, 600 and 700 ̊C more effects can be observed in release of cd. The heat increasement up to 600̊ C leads to the increasement of desorption which is significant. But in higher temperatures the decrease of desorption or fixity is not significant in accordance with the samples (Fig. 1). It seems that the heat treatment causes structural changes in the clay minerals and other different minerals. The increase of phosphate may change direction effect of heat at stabilized cadmium. Figure 1. The main effect of heat treatments in desorption of C. Influence of phosphate fertilizer and lime The results indicated that application of lime can decrease Cd sorbtion in soil with high salinity. Lime content decreased constantly as the temperature inclined. Loss of carbonates as CO form is the reason that causes the release Cd in heated soil. But phosphate fertilizer application causes the decrease of release Cd in soil sample at 200°c (Fig. 1). The researchers showed that by increasing phosphate, phosphate ions lead to precipitation of Cd-phosphate. The combined effects of phosphate and lime synergistic mode (Synergism) cause increase in soil pH. Under these conditions an increase in temperature had a lower effect on destruction of structure in clay minerals and stabilization process. Conclusion Ione phosphate leads to stabilization of Cd. The increase of temperature causes the change direction effect of phosphate at stabilized cadmium and increased solubility and transport in the soil. Therefore, cadmium gets more stabilized by passing time. Furthermore, use of lime for cadmium stabilization in saline soil appeared to be ineffective but use of phosphate source was effective. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| Cd, contaminated soil, heat, lime, Phosphate, Stabilization | ||
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