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مقایسۀ تطبیقی توسعۀ فضاهای زیرزمینی حمل و نقل عمومی بهمنزلۀ ابزاری برای کاهش آلودگی هوا (مورد مطالعه: تهران و توکیو) | ||
| پژوهشهای جغرافیای انسانی | ||
| مقاله 10، دوره 46، شماره 2، تیر 1393، صفحه 415-426 اصل مقاله (2.04 M) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله علمی پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22059/jhgr.2014.51571 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| علی پورجعفر1؛ محمدرضا بمانیان2؛ احسان رنجبر* 3؛ محمد رضا پورجعفر4 | ||
| 1دانشجوی کارشناس ارشد طراحی شهری، دانشکدۀ هنر و معماری، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس | ||
| 2دانشیار دانشکدۀ هنر و معماری، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس | ||
| 3استادیار گروه شهرسازی، دانشکدۀ هنر و معماری، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس | ||
| 4استاد دانشکدۀ هنر و معماری، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس | ||
| چکیده | ||
| اختصاص بیشتر معابر رو زمینی در شهر تهران به حمل و نقل خصوصی و عمومی با مصرف حجم بالای سوختهای فسیلی، موجب انتشار آلایندههایی همچون مونواکسید و ذرات معلقشده که پیامد آن، آلودگی خطرناک هوایی است که در تهران حکمفرما شده و مشکلات عدیدهای مانند بیماریها و مرگومیر شهروندان را از خود برجای گذاشته است، درحالیکه شهرهای بزرگی همچون توکیو کمتر با این مشکل روبهرو هستند. هدف پژوهش کاربردی پیش رو، بررسی فواید استفاده از فضاهای حمل و نقل زیرزمینی در راستای کمک به کاهش آلودگی هوای شهر تهران است. چگونگی تأثیر توسعۀ فضاهای حمل و نقل زیرزمینی بر کاهش آلودگی هوا در سطح شهر تهران، سؤال اصلی پژوهش را تشکیل میدهد. در این راستا با مطالعات توصیفی ـ تحلیلی و با مقایسۀ تطبیقی اقدامات انجام شده در زمینۀ توسعۀ فضاهای زیرزمینی برای کاهش آلودگی هوا در شهر تهران و توکیو، به پرسش مورد نظر پاسخ داده شده است. یافتههای پژوهش نشان میدهد که کاهش زمان سفرها، مسافت جابهجاییهای درونشهری، امکان بهبود وضعیت هوای موجود و در نتیجۀ کاهش منواکسیدکربن، اکسیدهای ازت، هیدروکربنهای نسوخته و ذرات معلق در هوا و تغییر نوع مصرف سوخت با هدف تأثیر مثبت بر کاهش آلودگی هوای شهر تهران، ازجمله محاسن توسعۀ فضاهای حمل و نقل زیرزمینی در این شهر شمرده میشوند. در پایان برای شهر بزرگ تهران با شرایط کنونی، معابر همسطح و قیمت بالای اراضی و توسعۀ حمل و نقل عمومی در سطوح زیرین با استفاده از سوختهای غیر فسیلی توصیه میشود. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| آلودگی هوا؛ توکیو؛ تهران؛ حمل و نقل زیرزمینی؛ فضای شهری | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Comparative Analysis about Development of Subterranean Transportation in Urban Spaces as a Tool to Reduce Air Pollution (CO and PM) Case Studies: Tehran and Tokyo | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Ali Pourjafar1؛ Mohammad Reza Bemanian2؛ Ehsan Ranjbar3؛ Mohammad Reza Pourjafar4 | ||
| 1MA. Student of Urban Design, Faculty of Art & Architecture, Tarbiat Modares University | ||
| 2Associate Prof., Dep. of Architecture, Tarbiat Modares University | ||
| 3Assistant Prof., Dep. of Urban Planning, Tarbiat Modares University | ||
| 4Prof., Dep. of Urban Planning, Tarbiat Modares University, Iran | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| Introduction Air pollution is one of the major problems in the contemporary metropolis cities of developing countries. Indeed, it has happened, because of tremendous amount of private cars as media of communication in our complex urban areas. Occupation of the most of surface areas for traffic and transportation corridors and the nodes by the vehicles consuming fossil fuels, have caused air pollution. The main part of the polluted air is particulate material, and Carbon monoxide. Finally dies is and death are the dangerous result of this problem. Nowadays, due to the high volume of traffic, low level of service and congestion, long journey time, more fuel is consumed in most of the streets of Tehran. Urban spaces on the ground level under dominance of vehicles have become unsuitable area for life. Therefore, it is obvious to think of some other media of traffic and transportation that helps to get rid of all above problems. Various experiences in developed cities such as Tokyo indicates that development of subterranean corridors and nodes for mass public transport and use of electricity instead of fossil fuels are the best solution to overcome the harsh situation of air pollution which we are facing nowadays in Tehran. ∗E-mail: e_ranjbar@modares.ac.ir Tel: +98 9128135957 Human Geography Research Quarterly, Vol. 46, No.2, Summer 2014 26 Methodology In this applied research, the main goal is analysis of subterranean urban space (transport corridors and nodes) features in various dimensions for reducing air pollution in capital cities like Tehran and Tokyo. The main question is how development of underground transport spaces can affect the reduction of air pollution in urban areas. This question has been answered through comparative analysis (by help of data collected through library and observation from field survey) between Tehran and Tokyo subterranean transport urban spaces. Results and Discussion Although, there has been a lot of effort to reduce air pollution in Tehran, but by reducing the distance and time of all trips within the city, changing the fossil fuel consumption to electricity and filtration of polluted air, we can expect a better condition than what is happening right now. There are various ways to reduce travel distance of trips within a metropolitan city. Choosing the shortest roots would help reduce the journey time. But, it is very costly to implement such type of plans on ground level, in an existing situation within a built environment. Therefore, subterranean passages become more economical as far as the cost of building is concerned. Reliance on public transportation instead of private motor vehicles is another way of reducing traffic volume and congestion which can ultimately help in reducing air pollution. Building bridges and higher level of roads to create shorter distances is also another way of providing traffic and transport facilities. However, they look some kind of imposed structure to our urban environment. They visually cause problem in our urban environment. Bridges and higher level of roads would also detract from the vitality and richness of the visual quality of our environment. Therefore, underground communication artery in comparison with above ground roads and bridges (roadway), with regard to the points mentioned above, will be much more useful as one of the other factors that can cause the reduction in travel time within the city by shortening of the journey distance. This factor depends on the quality of traffic flowing. If the roadway capacity is responsive to the volume of traffic and traffic is fluent, then the journey time would automatically be reduced. This is what is called a good level of serves. This can also be achieved easily through underground subways. Controlling and treatment and filtration of pollution from motor vehicles on surface level which are open to sky are almost impossible. However, the pollution from vehicles produced in a tunnels and underground space transportation will be obviously easer to refined impurities. Transportation network of Metro is one type of the underground transport spaces which would create better condition for air filtration. Metro, due to the use of electrical energy instead of fossil fuels such as gasoline and diesel fuel has an important role in reducing air pollution in the metropolitan. According to our observation, inhabitants of Tokyo are more familiar with underground network plan of Tokyo than surface level map. Tokyo has one of the largest subterranean metro networks in the world. This has resulted in reduction of air pollution as described above. The Comparative Analysis of Development of Underground Transportation urban spaces as a Tool to Reduce Air Pollution (CO & PM) through Case Studies of Tehran and Tokyo indicates that Tokyo is much more successful (considering all aspect mentioned above) than Tehran. Human Geography Research Quarterly,Vol. 46, No. 2, Summer 2014 27 Conclusion Finally, it can be concluded that Tokyo compared to Tehran has been more successful to reduce major part of air pollution (CO & PM) by development of underground great pattern of traffic and transportation. This has also caused the reduction of travel time and distance of transport within the city. Therefore, Tehran where is facing serious problem of air pollution should develop its underground public subways system instead of constructing roadways above ground level for private vehicles. Finally, in a metropolitan like Tehran, this can be recommended that: 1. In the areas facing serious problems of air pollution (such as carbon monoxide etc.) instead of planning, design, and construction of two stories of high ways for car and private vehicles, it seems better to develop the ground subways. 2. The main road intersections and crossing shall be designed and constructed in a sophisticated way so that, minimize the conflict points and l. O. S. 3. There shall be combined civic centers. There should also be CBD main subway stations and public urban spaces to help better mass transportations and segregated pedestrian and vehicular traffic. 4. All the arteries witch slices in the residential envelops and other public spaces (like Kordestan and Kaveh arteries in Tehran) shall be converted into subterranean subway for mass traffic and transportation of people. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| Air pollution, TEHRAN, Tokyo, Subterranean Transportation, Urban Spaces | ||
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