تعداد نشریات | 161 |
تعداد شمارهها | 6,493 |
تعداد مقالات | 70,187 |
تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 123,331,378 |
تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 96,540,182 |
مروری انتقادی بر دورهبندیهای انجامگرفته از اندیشه و عمل ژئوپلیتیکی و ارائۀ یک دورهبندی جدید | ||
پژوهشهای جغرافیای انسانی | ||
مقاله 8، دوره 48، شماره 4، دی 1395، صفحه 697-715 اصل مقاله (921.68 K) | ||
نوع مقاله: مقاله علمی پژوهشی | ||
شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22059/jhgr.2016.52749 | ||
نویسنده | ||
عمران راستی* | ||
استادیار جغرافیای سیاسی، گروه جغرافیا، دانشگاه بیرجند | ||
چکیده | ||
قدمت واژة ژئوپلیتیک و دانش آن بهخصوص در بعد نظری، اندکی فراتر از یازده دهه است، اما ریشۀ اندیشه و عمل ژئوپلیتیکی، به قلمروخواهی، قلمروسازی، قلمروداری و قلمروگستری انسان و جستوجوی وی برای تأمین امنیت خود و قلمروش برمیگردد. بیشتر صاحبنظران جغرافیای سیاسی و ژئوپلیتیک، بر تاریخیبودن اندیشه و عمل ژئوپلیتیکی اذعان دارند، اما اتفاقنظری در تعریف ژئوپلیتیک و دورهبندیهای انجامگرفته از اندیشه و عمل ژئوپلیتیکی وجود ندارد. در این پژوهش، به روش توصیفی- تحلیلی و مقایسهای، به بررسی انتقادی این دورهبندیها پرداخته میشود. با بررسی این دورهبندیها و با توجه به نقاط عطف و فصول افتراق آنها، تمامی دورهبندیها در دو دستة کلی گنجانده شدند: 1. دورهبندیهای تاریخی از اندیشه و عمل ژئوپلیتیکی و 2. دورهبندیهای معطوف به تاریخچة علم ژئوپلیتیک. مهمترین ضعف این دورهبندیها، نقص و نارسایی آنها در پوششی کامل و تاریخی از اندیشه و عمل ژئوپلیتیکی در دورههای مختلف است. البته بعضی از این دورهبندیها نیز منحصر به یک بعد ژئوپلیتیک (عمدتاً بعد نظری) یا تاریخ علم ژئوپلیتیک هستند. با واکاوی این دورهبندیها و بررسی قوتها و ضعفهای آنها، یک دورهبندی جدید ارائه شد که ضمن جامعیت برای دربرگرفتن تمامی دورهبندیهای قبلی، ابعاد مختلف ژئوپلیتیک را نیز دربرگیرد. در دورهبندی پیشنهادی، اندیشه و عمل ژئوپلیتیکی به سه دورة پیشامدرن، مدرن و پسامدرن تقسیم شده است. | ||
کلیدواژهها | ||
اندیشه و عمل ژئوپلیتیکی؛ دانش ژئوپلیتیک؛ دورهبندی جدید؛ دورهبندی ژئوپلیتیکی؛ ژئوپلیتیک | ||
عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
Rethinking the Periodic categorization of Geopolitical thought and practice and proposing a new classification | ||
نویسندگان [English] | ||
omran rasti | ||
Assistant Proffesor of Political Geograghy | ||
چکیده [English] | ||
Introduction Geopolitics is a word that conjures up images. In one sense, the word provokes ideas of war, empire, and diplomacy: geopolitics is the practice of states controlling and competing for territory. Geopolitics had a history before the term itself came in to use in 1899 by Swede Rudolf Kjellen. It is apparent that many of great figures in the history of political thought, from the ancient Greeks Aristotle and Thucydides to the early modern Florentine Machiavelli and later writer such as Hobbes, Locke, Montesquieu, Turgot, Madison, Rousseau, Hegel and Marx, had ideas about political territoriality and effects of Geographical location and access to resources on conflict and war that can be regarded as basic elements of Geopolitics & Political Geography. Many of Geopolitics scholars believe that thought and practice of Geopolitics have a long history. However, the science of Geopolitics is relatively new, and its history from 115 years ago until now (2014) has been full of ups and downs. There is no consensus among scholars about the definition of this science although different definitions have been proposed so far. Based on these definitions, the knowledge and practice of Geopolitics have different eras. Methodology This research, which is fundamental, was done by using descriptive-analytic method. Different resources and papers related to Geopolitics were studied and different Periodic categorization of thought and practice of Geopolitics were extracted and investigated. The investigation of these Periodic categorization indicated that the emergence of the word Geopolitics was a turning point that differentiated different Periodic categorization of Geopolitics: (1) Historical Periodic categorization of thought and practice of Geopolitics (2) Periodic categorizations related to the formal history of Geopolitics sciences. Result and discussion The term of Geopolitics was first used by the Swede Rudolf Kjellen in 1899, and The term of Political Geography was first used by the French Turgot though these have older roots. This is so despite the best efforts of international relations theorists to find it in the Greece of Thucydides or the Italy of Machiavelli. In other word The roots of thought and practice of Geopolitics was articulated by the philosopher Aristotle in ancient Greece in the third century BC. The Greek philosopher Aristotle developed his theory of the city state in about 350 BC in his book, Politics. different Periodic categorization have been offered from thought and practice of Geopolitics. for example Agnew shown that how three specific epochs or eras of Geopolitics developed over the period from the early nineteenth century to the 1980s: T first period the early nineteenth century(1815–75); second, (1875- 1945) and third, (1945- 1990). the three discourses or modes of representation he discusses are referred to as Civilizational Geopolitics, naturalized Geopolitics and ideological Geopolitics. other example is Modelski’s model. Modelski’s model of world leadership is dynamic. The strength of the world leader rises and falls. Over the course of centuries, the mantle of world leadership has passed from one country to another in a sequence of cycles of world leadership. Each cycle of world leadership lasts approximately 100 years. Modelski’s Cycles of world leadership consist of: Portugal 1500s; Netherlands 1600s; Great Britain 1700s; Great Britain 1800s; United States 1900s. Power, in the model, is about strength and dominance, it is about the ability to exercise military force across the globe. For people such as Martin Jones and others the history of Geopolitics and Political Geography as academic sub-discipline can be roughly divided into three eras and era of ascendancy from the late nineteenth century to the World War II; an era of marginalization from the 1940s to the 1970s; and an era of revival from the late 1970s onwards. The investigation of these Periodic categorization indicated that the emergence of the word Geopolitics was a turning point that differentiated different Periodic categorization of Geopolitics: (1) Historical Periodic categorization of thought and practice of Geopolitics (2) Periodic categorizations related to the formal history of Geopolitics sciences. Considering the negative and positive points of different Periodic categorization, we offer a comprehensive Periodic framework of the thought and practice of Geopolitics. This framework is comprehensive and includes all previous areas and different aspects of geopolitics. In the proposed framework the thought and practice of Geopolitics have been divided into three eras: pre-modernism, modern Geopolitics, and post-modern geopolitics. Conclusion Although the word geopolitics was only coined in the early years of the twentieth century, applied geopolitics has been practiced from time immemorial by those seeking to extend their political power and influence across the globe. In other word in practical terms, Geopolitics must be as old as the quest for territory and security, as old as diplomacy, strategy, envy and fear. Alexander the great must have indulged in Geopolitical scheming so must Napoleon and many other commanders, conquerors and emperors. Each of two Periodic categorizations (Historical Periodic categorization of thought and practice of Geopolitics & Periodic categorizations related to the formal history of Geopolitics sciences), has negative and positive points. Also, there are many commonalities and differences among these Periodic categorizations. Considering the negative and positive points of different Periodic categorization, we offer a comprehensive Periodic framework of the thought and practice of Geopolitics. This framework is comprehensive and includes all previous areas and different aspects of geopolitics. In the proposed framework the thought and practice of Geopolitics have been divided into three eras: pre-modernism, modern Geopolitics, and post-modern geopolitics. Today geopolitics is no longer exclusively the preserve of a privileged male elite who used the authority of their academic position to frame policy for a particular country. Though these publications still exist (for example see the discussions of Samuel Huntington and Robert Kaplan), most academics who say they study geopolitics are describing the situation of those who are marginalized, and advocating a change in their situation. Study of the state is often critical, but it just one component of a complicated world—rather than a political unit with the freedom to act as the theory suggests it should in a simplified and understandable world | ||
کلیدواژهها [English] | ||
Geopolitics, Thought and Practice of Geopolitics, Geopolitical Periodic, science of geopolitics, new categorization | ||
مراجع | ||
اتوتایل، ژ. و همکاران، 1380، اندیشههای ژئوپلیتیک در قرن بیستم، ترجمه: محمدرضا حافظنیا و هـاشم نصیری، چاپ اول، دفتر مطالعات سیاسی و بینالمللی، تهران. برادن، کتلین. و فرد شلی، 1383، ژئوپلیتیک فراگیر، ترجمه: علیرضا فرشچی و حمیدرضا رهنما، چاپ اول، انتشارات دورۀ عالی جنگ، تهران. بلاکسل، مارک، 1389، جغرافیای سیاسی، ترجمه: محمدرضا حافظ نیا و همکاران، چاپ اول، نشر انتخاب، تهران. جونز، مارتین و همکاران، 1386، مقدمهای بر جغرافیای سیاسی، ترجمه: زهرا پیشگاهی فرد و رسول اکبری، چاپ اول، انتشارات دانشگاه تهران، تهران. حافظنیا، محمدرضا، 1385، اصول و مفاهیم ژئوپلیتیک، انتشارات پاپلی، مشهد. کوهن، سوئل. ب، 1387، ژئوپلیتیک نظام جهانی، ترجمه: علی کاردان، چاپ اول، انتشارات موسسه ابرار معاصر تهران، تهران. دادز، کلاوس، 1392، رویکرد نوین به ژئوپلیتیک انتقادی، ترجمه: رسول افضلی و همکاران، انتشارات جهاد دانشگاهی، تهران. دادس، کلاس، 1383، ژئوپلیتیک در جهان متغیر، ترجمه: زهرا احمدیپور و عطاءالله عبدی، انتشارات بلاغ دانش، تهران. راستی، عمران، 1390، ژئوپلیتیک محلی و نقش حکومت در ساماندهی آن؛ مطالعه موردی جنوب شرق ایران، رساله دکتری رشته جغرافیای سیاسی، دانشکدۀ جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهران، تهران. عزتی، عزتالله، 1371، ژئوپولیتیک ، انتشارات سمت، تهران. عزتی، عزتالله، 1380، ژئوپلیتیک در قرن بیست و یکم، انتشارات سمت، تهران. فلینت، کالین، 1390، مقدمه ای بر ژئوپلیتیک، ترجمه: محمدباقر قالیباف و محمد هادی پوینده، نشر قومس، تهران. لاکوست، ایو. و بئاتریس. ژیبلن ،1378، عوامل و اندیشهها در ژئوپلیتیک، ترجمه علی. فراستی، نشر آمن، تهران. لاکست، ایو، 1368، مسایل ژئوپلیتیک اسلام، دریا، آفریقا، ترجمه علی آگاهی، دفتر نشر فرهنگ اسلامی، تهران. لورو، پاسکال. و فرانسوا توال، 1381، کلیدهای ژئوپلیتیک، ترجمه: حسن صدوق ونینی، انتشارات دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران. مجتهدزاده، پیروز، 1379، خلیج فارس: کشورها و مرزها، چاپ اول، انتشارات عطایی، تهران. مجتهدزاده، پیروز، 1381، جغرافیایسیاسیوسیاستجغرافیایی، چاپ اول، انتشارات سمت، تهران. مویر، ریچارد، 1379، درآمدینو بر جغرافیایسیاسی، ترجمه: درّه میرحیدر و سید یحیی رحیم صفوی، چاپ اول، انتشارات سازمان جغرافیایی نیروهای مسلح، تهران. میرحیدر، درّه،1377، ژئوپلیتیک؛ ارائۀ تعریفی جدید، فصلنامۀ تحقیقات جغرافیایی، سال سیزدهم، شماره 4، صص 3-23. میرحیدر، درّه، 1380، مبانی جغرافیای سیاسی، چاپ هشتم، انتشارات سمت، تهران. References
Agnew, J. and Corbridge, S., 1995, Mastering Space, Routledge, London.
Blacksell, M., 2010, Political Geography, Translated by: Hafeznia, M., Abdi, A., Rabiee, H. and Ahmadi, A., Entekhab Publications, Tehran. (In Persian)
Braden, K. and Shelley, F. M., 2004, Engaging Geopolitics, Translated by: Farshchi, A. and Rahnama, H., I.R.G. High Course of War, Tehran. (In Persian)
Cohen, S. B., 1991, Global and Geopolitical Change in the Post-Cold War Era, Annuals of the Association of American Geographers, No. 81, PP. 551-580.
Cohen, S. B., 2008, Geopolitics of the World System, Translated by:Kardan, A., International Studies & Research Institute of Abrar Moaser of Tehran Publisher, Tehran. (In Persian)
Dalbey, S, 2005, Critique and Contemporary Geopolitics, Geopolitical Quarterly, Vol. 1, No.1, PP. 261-283.
Dodds, K., 2005, Geopolitics in Changing World, Translated by: Ahmadipour Z. and Abdi, A., Balagh-e Danesh Publications, Tehran. (In Persian)
Dodds, K., 2013, Geopolitics: A Very Short Introduction, Translated by: Afzali, R., Rasti, O., Mottaghi, A. and Babaei, R., Jihad Daneshgahi Press, Tehran. (In Persian)
Dodds, KGeopolitics: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford University Press Inc., United States, New York.
Ezzati, E., 1992, Geopolitics, Samt, Tehran. (In Persian)
Ezzati, E., 2001, Geopolitics of the Twenty-first Century, Samt, Tehran. (In Persian)
Flint, C., 2011, An Introduction To Geopolitics, Translated by: Ghalibaf, M. B. and Pouyandeh, M. H., Qoumess, Tehran. (In Persian)
Hafeznia, M. R., 2006, Principles and Concepts of Geopolitics, Papoli, Mashhad. (In Persian)
Johnston, R. J, Gregory, D., Pratt, G. and watts, M., 2000, The Dictionary of Human Geography, Blackwell.
Jones, M., Jones, R. and Wood, M., 2007, An Introduction to Political Geography: Space, Place and Politics, Routledge, New York.
Jones, M., Jones, R. and Woods, M., 2007, An Introduction To Political Geography, Translated by: Pishgahifard, Z. and Akbari, R., University of Tehran Press, Tehran. (In Persian)
Lacoste, Y. and Giblin, B., 1999, Dictionnare De La Geopolitique, Translated by: Farasati, A., Amen, Tehran, (In Persian)
Lacoste, Y., 1989, Questionse de Geopolitique: L’Islam, la mer, l’Afrique, Translated by: Agahi, A., Farhang Eslami Publiications, Tehran. (In Persian)
Lorot, P. and Thual, F., 2002, La Geopolitique, Translated by: Sadough Vanini, H., Shahid Beheshti University Publisher, Tehran. (In Persian)
Mamadouh V. D., 2004, Framing the European Union as a Geopolitical Actor, Geopolitics, Section 28, University of Amsterdam.
Mamadouh, V. D., 1998, Geopolitics in the Nineties: One Flag, Many Meanings, Geo-Journal,No.46, PP. 237-253..
Mirheydar, D., Rasti, O. and Mirahmadi, F. S., 2014, The Basic Themes in Political Geography (Completely Revised), Samt, Tehran. (In Persian)
Mirheydar, D., 1998, Geopolitics: A New Definition, Geography Research Quarterly, No. 4, PP. 3-23. (In Persian)
Mojtahedzadeh, P., 2002, Political Geography and Geopolitics, Samt, Tehran. (In Persian)
Muir, R., 2000, Political Geography a New Introduction, Translated by: Mirheydar, D. and Safavi, S. Y., Geographical Organization of Armed Forces, Tehran. (In Persian)
O´Loughlin, J., 1994, Dictionary of Geopolitics, Westport, Greenwood Press.
O´Tuathail, G., 1996, Critical Geopolitics, The Politics of writing Global Space, Rutledge, London.
O´Tuathail, G., 1998, Rethinking Geopolitics, Routledge, New York.
O'Tuathail, G., 2001, The Geopolitics Thoughts in Twentieth Century, Translated by: Hafeznia, M. R. and Nassiri, H., Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Tehran. (In Persian)
Rasti, O., 2011, Local Geopolitics and the Role of the State to Handle It (Case study: The South-East Region of Iran), PhD Dissertation of Philosophy in Political Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran. (In Persian)
| ||
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 2,510 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 618 |