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باقری طالقانی, ابراهیم. (1393). مفاهیم کاربردی نظریه افردنس، از روانشناسی تا فرایند طراحی. , 19(3), 55-64. doi: 10.22059/jfava.2014.55412
ابراهیم باقری طالقانی. "مفاهیم کاربردی نظریه افردنس، از روانشناسی تا فرایند طراحی". , 19, 3, 1393, 55-64. doi: 10.22059/jfava.2014.55412
باقری طالقانی, ابراهیم. (1393). 'مفاهیم کاربردی نظریه افردنس، از روانشناسی تا فرایند طراحی', , 19(3), pp. 55-64. doi: 10.22059/jfava.2014.55412
باقری طالقانی, ابراهیم. مفاهیم کاربردی نظریه افردنس، از روانشناسی تا فرایند طراحی. , 1393; 19(3): 55-64. doi: 10.22059/jfava.2014.55412

مفاهیم کاربردی نظریه افردنس، از روانشناسی تا فرایند طراحی

نشریه هنرهای زیبا: هنرهای تجسمی
مقاله 7، دوره 19، شماره 3، آبان 1393، صفحه 55-64    اصل مقاله (3.32 M)
نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی
شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22059/jfava.2014.55412
نویسنده
ابراهیم باقری طالقانی*
عضو هیات علمی گروه طراحی صنعتی، دانشگاه سمنان، سمنان
چکیده
تعامل بین کاربران و محصولات، یکی از عوامل کلیدی در فرایند طراحی و همچنین ارزشیابی یک محصول است. به منظور درک اینکه چگونه فرم و سایر خصایص فیزیکی محصولات و همچنین نیات و ارزش­های کاربر، بر تعامل بین کاربر و محصول تاثیر می­گذارند و اینکه چگونه یک محصول می­تواند اطلاعات عملکردی را به کاربر انتقال دهد، طراحان به روانشناسی و نظریه­های مرتبط، رجوع می­کنند. نظریه افردنس، ارتباط بین درک ویژگی­های فیزیکی محصولات و کنش­های کاربر را تشریح می­کند. در این پژوهش سعی شده است تا مفاهیم کاربردی مرتبط با نظریه افردنس، به تفصیل بررسی و تشریح گردد. بنابراین در آغاز، واژه افردنس تعریف شده و به پیدایش و مفاهیم اولیه آن در روانشناسی و طراحی صنعتی اشاره می­گردد. سپس کاربرد آن در سطح ارتباط کنش کاربر با محیط و محصول بررسی می­شود و مفاهیم افردنس درک شده، ویژگی مثبت و منفی افردنس، ارتباط عوامل کنترل­کننده و کنترل­شونده، خطاهای مبتنی بر افردنس و ... مطرح می­گردد. در پایان، فرایند کامل طراحی که مبتنی بر افردنس است و می­تواند این نظریه را به محصولی کاربردی و پاسخگوی نیاز کاربر تبدیل نماید، ارائه شده و وظایف طراح تشریح می­گردد.
 
کلیدواژه‌ها
نظریه افردنس؛ طراحی صنعتی؛ طراحی محصول؛ فرایند طراحی مبتنی بر افردنس
عنوان مقاله [English]
Applied Concepts of Affordance Theory, from Psychology to Design Process
نویسندگان [English]
Ebrahim Bagheri
Faculty Member, Department of Industrial Design, Faculty of Fine Arts, University of Semnan
چکیده [English]
The interaction between users and products, is one of the key factors in design process and assessment of products too. Because design for user’s perception, is a specific and technical issue. Designers refer to psychology and psychological theories to understand how on the one hand, form and other physical characteristics, and on the other hand, user intentions and values, affect the interaction between the user and the product, and how a product can transmit functional information to the user. Among these theories, affordance, describes the relationship between user’s actions and understanding the physical characteristics of products well. The aim of this research is to investigate and describe the applied concepts associated with affordance in detail, from the field of psychology which is the cradle of this technical term, to the design process which is the application place of this theory. So in the beginning, the term “Affordance” is defined. Presented definition, is the result of challenges which emerged in connection with the application of this term in recent years. Then it’s appearance and basic concepts in psychology is mentioned. Goes on to talk about affordance entering to the field of industrial design and it’s application to define the user’s interaction with environment and products. Continues to describe concepts of perceived affordance (proposed in 1999), positive and negative affordances (affordance polarity), mapping between the controller and the controlled parts of products, affordance – based errors, and categorized affordances based on complexity. Each section is accompanied with practical examples to clear the issues. In the final section, a complete affordance – based design process is offered which begins with motivation and results in applied products that satisfy the user’s needs. Thus designer’s related duties are fully explained. A general and systematic affordance – based design process, includes identification of different cognitive needs of users, based on research methods and instruments, analyze relevant information, convert needs to affordances, and provide concepts which involve desired affordances. So concepts and their affordances can be analyzed and compared with user’s needs. This way, it is possible to modify them and achieve final design. Such structure is similar to function – based design processes and can be combined with them properly. The theory of affordance was offered in 1960’s, and it’s application in the domain of product design was introduced in late 1980’s. So despite being well known in the realm of industrial design, even in recent years, different kinds of products are designed and produced which are deprived of principles and values of affordance theory, thus cannot satisfy user’s functional and cognitive needs properly. Concur with the development of user centered design (UCD) approach, scholars try to use theoretical and applied principles of affordance in design process and propose achieved models. It is obvious that the improvement of proposed models is dependent on their application in product design and benefit from implementing feedbacks. So, it is recommended to  Industrial designers, to study more about the achievements of this kind of researches and experience and develop affordance – based design process accurately.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
Affordance Theory, Industrial design, Product Design, Affordance – Based Design Process
مراجع
Chen, L.H & Chen, K.H. (2003), A study on affordance perception difference of physical properties of objects, Asian Design International Conference, Vol.1, p. 154-159.

Gaver, W. (1991), Technology affordances, in Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems: Reaching Through Technology, ACM Press, New York, NY, USA.

Gibson, J. (1979), The ecological approach to visual perception; Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, MA, USA.

Maier, J., Fadel, G. (2006), Affordance Based Design: Status and Promise, Proc., IDRS, Nov. 10-11, Seoul, South Korea. Maier, J. R., & Fadel, G. M. (2006 a), Understanding the complexity of design. In Complex Engineered Systems (pp. 122-140), Springer Berlin Heidelberg.

Maier, J., Fadel, G. (2009a), Affordance Based Design: A Relational Theory for Design, Research in Engineering Design, 20(1),13-27.

Maier, J., Fadel, G. (2009b), Affordance-Based Design Methods for Innovative Design, Redesign and Reverse Engineering, Research in Engineering Design, 20(1), 225-239.

Norman, D.A. (1988), The psychology of everyday thing, Basic Books Inc., New York, USA.

Norman, D.A. (2002), The design of everyday thing, Doubleday Inc., New York, USA.

Norman, D.A. (1999), Affordance, conventions & design, Interactions, Vol.6, No 3, pp 38-42.

Pols, A. (2011), Characterising Affordances: The Descriptions-of- Affordances-Model, Design Studies, 33(2),113–125. Srivastava,j. & Shu, L.H. (2013), Affordances & environmentally significant behavior, www.mie.utoronto.ca/labs/bidlab/pubs/srivastava_shu_DTM_12.pdf, 2013-09-19.

You, H & Chen, K. (2007), Applications of affordance and semantics in product design, Design Studies, Vol.28, pp 23-38. http://blogs.evergreen.edu/brookewalsh, 2013-08-12.

http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/academic/class/15494-s07/lectures/affordances.pdf, 2013-07-21.

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http://www.satukyrolainen.com/affordances, 2013-08-02. http://www.swingline.com/swingline/us/us/s/2282/trimmers.aspx, 2013-08-09.

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