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مسئولیت بینالمللی دولت‌ها برای زبالههای فضایی و سازوکارهای حل‌و‌فصل اختلاف‌های ناشی از آنها | ||
| فصلنامه مطالعات حقوق عمومی دانشگاه تهران | ||
| مقاله 3، دوره 45، شماره 4، بهمن 1394، صفحه 533-562 اصل مقاله (414.53 K) | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22059/jplsq.2016.56439 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| محسن عبدالهی1؛ سید محمد حسینی* 2 | ||
| 1دانشیار دانشکدۀ حقوق، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران | ||
| 2دانشجوی دکتری حقوق بینالملل، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران | ||
| چکیده | ||
| پرتاب ماهوارة اسپوتنیک 1 در سال 1957 توسط شوروی سابق سرآغاز فعالیت‌های فضایی دولت‌ها بهحساب میآید. اگرچه ابتدا فقط تعداد کمی از دولت‌ها قادر به پرتاب ماهواره و فعالیت در بخش فضا بودند، اما به‌تدریج دولت‌های بیشتری به این صنعت وارد شدند. در کنار فواید بی‌شمار فعالیت‌های فضایی برای بشریت، استفادۀ بی‌رویه از فضای ماورای جو باعث آلودگی فضا و محیط زیست کرۀ زمین شده است. زبالههای فضایی نمونۀ بارز این آلودگی‌ها به‌شمار میروند که علاوه بر تهدیدها و خطرهای بی‌شمار برای ماهوارههای در حال گردش به دور زمین، بر محیط زیست کرۀ خاکی زمین نیز آثار نامناسبی داشتهاند. هنگام تدوین معاهدات اصلی حقوق فضا، توجه اندکی به مسائل محیط زیست شد و اشارهای به مسئلۀ کنترل و پیشگیری از تولید زبالۀ فضایی نشد. نهادهای بینالمللی به ویژه کمیتۀ استفادۀ صلحآمیز از فضای ماورای جو تلاشهایی کرده‌اند، اما تاکنون این تلاش‌ها نتیجۀ رضایت‌بخشی نداشته است. یکی از موضوعاتی که در معاهدات حقوق فضا برای تبیین آن تلاش شده، مسئولیت دولت‌ها در هنگام ورود خسارت بوده است. یکی از مهم‌ترین چالش‌های مطرح‌شده در معاهدات فضایی، مفهوم زبالۀ فضایی و مسئولیت دولت‌ها در قبال خسارات ناشی از آن است که به دلیل عدم تعریف این اشیا در معاهدات، اثبات مسئولیت دولت‌ها با دشواریهایی روبه‌رو شده است. بنابراین، سازوکارهای حل و فصل اختلاف‌ها و رژیمهای مسئولیت در قبال خسارات ناشی از زبالههای فضایی کارامدی لازم را ندارند و اصلاح مقررات موجود یا تدوین مقررات جدید در این خصوص ضروری است. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| زبالۀ فضایی؛ فضای ماورای جو؛ محیط زیست؛ مسئولیت دولت‌ها؛ معاهدات حقوق فضا | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| International responsibility of states for damages caused by space debris and the dispute resolution mechanism thereof | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Mohsen Abdollahi1؛ Seyed Mohamad Hoseini2 | ||
| 1Associate Professor, Faculty of Law, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran | ||
| 2Ph.D. Student, International Law, Faculty of Law, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| Launching the Sputnik 1 satellite by the former Soviet Union is the dawn of outer space activities of the states. Although there were just a few state, capable of launching satellite and outer space activities but gradually more states got involved in such activities. In company with plethoric benefits of outer space activities of states for human kind, the misusing of this area has been caused outer space and earth environment pollution. Space debris is a good example of such pollutions which not only is a huge threat to the orbiting satellites but also may cause bad effects on earth environment. While drafting main international space law treaties, there were no proper attention to the environmental aspects of outer space activities and no body mentioned the important issue of control and prevention of producing space debris. International entities, committee on the peaceful uses of outer space in particular, has made some efforts but the outcome was not gratifying. Responsibility of states for damage is one of the subjects which has been clarified in space law treaties. One of the most complicated subjects of space law treaties, is the concept of space debris and responsibility of states for damages cause by such debris; which in absence of a proper definition for debris in the treaties, states responsibility proof is very recondite. Consequently dispute resolution mechanisms have lost their efficiency and amending the present obligations or codifying new rules in this area, is mandatory. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| environment, outer space, responsibility of states, space debris, space law treaties | ||
| مراجع | ||
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