پیوندهای مفید
اخبار و اعلانات
آمار
| تعداد نشریات | 161 |
| تعداد شماره‌ها | 6,532 |
| تعداد مقالات | 70,504 |
| تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 124,122,299 |
| تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 97,230,077 |
تحلیل آثار محیط‌زیستی طرح‌های سدسازی برای تعیین گزینۀ منتخب (مطالعۀ موردی: سد و نیروگاه کلات) | ||
| محیط شناسی | ||
| مقاله 1، دوره 41، شماره 4، اسفند 1394، صفحه 721-743 اصل مقاله (1.34 M) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22059/jes.2016.57127 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| فائزه ترکیانفر* 1؛ امیرحسین صادقپور2؛ مهناز میرنوروزی1 | ||
| 1کارشناس ارشد برنامه‌ریزی و مدیریت محیطزیست، دانشکدة محیطزیست، دانشگاه تهران | ||
| 2استادیار گروه معماری، دانشکدة معماری و هنر، دانشگاه کاشان | ||
| چکیده | ||
| در این مطالعه با هدف توسعۀ پایدار، تعیین ساختگاه منتخب پروژۀ سد و نیروگاه کلات واقع در استان کهگیلویه و بویر احمد از بین سه ساختگاه ممکن انجام شده است. مراحل انجام این مطالعه عبارت است از: شناخت پروژه و محیطزیست تحت اثر، ارزیابی توان اکولوژیکی منطقه، تعیین و بررسی معیارهای محیط‌زیستی از طریق روش چک‌لیست و نظر کارشناسی، اولویت‌بندی گزینه‌ها با روش تصمیم‌گیری چندمعیاره و در نهایت انتخاب گزینۀ بهینه. ارزیابی توان اکولوژیکی ساختگاه‌ها نشان داد که بیش از 91 درصد محدودۀ گزینه‌ها در طبقۀ مناسب و نیمه‌مناسب قرار می‌گیرند؛ بنابراین از نظر توان سرزمین احداث سد در همۀ ساختگاه‌ها امکان‌پذیر تشخیص داده شد. به منظور تعیین گزینۀ برتر، 9 زیرمعیار محیط‌زیستی در قالب سه گروه اصلی فیزیکی، بیولوژیکی و اقتصادی- اجتماعی و فرهنگی بررسی و ارزش‌گذاری شد. نتایج نشان داد که در تعیین گزینۀ بهینه، به ترتیب معیارهای شرایط لرزه‌خیزی، وضعیت کاربری اراضی و وضعیت جمعیتی منطقه از اهمیت بیشتری برخوردار است. در پایان با استفاده از نرم‌افزار Expert Choice و بر مبنای روش ارزیابی چندمعیاره، ساختگاه بهینه با توجه به معیارهای منتخب محیط‌زیستی معرفی شد. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| اولویت‌بندی؛ آثار محیط‌زیستی؛ تصمیم‌گیری چندمعیاره؛ چک‌لیست؛ سد؛ گزینۀ بهینه | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Analysis of Environmental Impacts of Dam Projects to Determine Optimum Alternative Case study : Kalat Dam and Hydropower | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Faezeh Torkianfar1؛ Amir Hossein Sadeghpour2؛ Mahnaz Mirnorozi1 | ||
| 1Msc.of Environmental Planning Management, faculty of Environment. University of Tehran-Iran | ||
| 2Assistance Professor, faculty of Architecture. University of Kashan-Iran | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| Introduction Kalat Dam and Hydropower Plant, which is in Maroon River Basin, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province is situated in the southwest of Iran. In this research, in order to select the optimum alternative to this Project, with due emphasis on the environmental criterions, three alternatives, namely, Kalat, Sarkooh, and Zirna, are investigated. This plan encompasses the objectives of securing reserves, controlling flood, and producing hydro-electric power (HEP), which is currently studied, from the potentials of Maroon River waters. Table 1 illustrates the most critical technical specifications of the considered alternatives. Table1: Technical specifications of the considered alternatives to Kalat Dam and Hydropower Plant Project Dam Crest Elevation (masl) Dam Height (m) Reservoir Area (ha) Reservoir Volume (MCM) Alternative 830 130 2119 1313 kalat 1020 180 1339 704 Sarkoh 1070 170 751 423 Zirna Materials and Methods The studied area is located in Maroon River basin. The survey of soil erosion in the reservoir shows that the classification of erosion is not significantly intensive in the studied area. Thereby, from the viewpoint of erosion, the alternatives are in a desirable condition. In the limits of the dam reservoir in Kalat, Sarkooh, and Zirna options, there are a number of 15, 8, and 2 villages which are located, respectively. Only within the limits of the reservoir of Kalat alternative, there exist two shrines and a historical bridge, which shall be submerged during the water-intake of the reservoir. To determine the ecological capacity of reservoirs, slope, bedrock permeability, and density of vegetation, cover maps are used. Ecological model is classified into three groups: suitable, semi-suitable, and unsuitable. After overlaying the maps, the ecological capacity of the region is prepared. In order to determine the optimum alternative, the analytic hierarchy process is utilized. The first step in this method is to create a structural formation at three levels, which are: Level 1- Objective: in selecting the optimum alternative, Level 2- Factors: in the way of criterions, and Level 3- Plans: considered for the selection. To determine the criteria, check-list method is utilized. Subsequently, in accordance with the results of the check-list, the primary criteria are determined. In this research, by taking the environmental observations into account, 9 key criteria are selected. In the second step, their weighting or coefficient importance is determined. To evaluate a criterion in relation to another criterion, a numerical value of 1 to 9 is taken into consideration such that two criteria, which are of an equal value, are evaluated numerically as (1). However, if the importance and priority in applying a criterion are infinitely more than those of another criterion, its comparative evaluation is considered 9 and the intermediate digits are determined based on the relative importance of the criteria. In the third step, on the basis of the implication of the criterion coefficients and utilization of Expert Choice (EC) software, the weighting or significance of each of the indexes, relative to those of a higher level (relative weight), are computed. Such comparison and weighting are implemented in pairs between the criteria. In the fourth step, the alternatives are separately compared in the form of pairs in each criterion and are weighed. However, in the ultimate step, by combining the comparative weightings of the alternatives and criteria, the final weighting of each alternative is calculated. Finally, the alternative that gains the optimum weight shall bear a critical degree of importance with respect to the other alternatives. Discussion of Results According to the results of assessment shown in Figure 1, ecological capacity map shows that 100% of Zirna alternative and more than 91% of Sarkoh and Kalat alternatives are located in suitable and semi-suitable zones. Because of different criteria, in order to determine the optimum alternative, multiple criteria decision analysis is utilized. Fig.1: Ecological capacity map of three alternatives In accordance with the basic studies and environmental conditions existing in the studied area, the environmental consequences of the plan are investigated in order to determine the environmental criteria (indices) using check-list method. Based on the results obtained from the predicted impacts in Kalat, Sarkooh, and Zirna alternatives, it can be concluded that, despite the high importance of some criteria, they are not selected for determining selected criteria, since all the three alternatives have the same or similar conditions. Therefore, the most critical environmental criteria selected from the check-list method are: land use, threatened species of index flora having ecological value, index fauna, rural population centers, limits of the operational area influenced from the viewpoint of environmental destruction, land ownership, cultural heritage sites, other development plans and seismicity of sites. In the subsequent phase, by utilizing Expert Choice software, the weighting of the criteria with respect to each other is mutually performed in such a manner that an increment in points, from 1 to 9, illustrates a more critical value in one criterion compared to another. In considering all the aspects and criteria, the alternative relative to Zirna, which has attained the highest points of 0.347, is the selected option, whereas the alternatives of Kalat and Sarkooh with the ranking of 0.339 and 0.314 points, respectively, are the second and third priorities. The results of comparison and points of the three alternatives demonstrate that the alternative of Sarkooh which has a noteworthy variation relative to the other two options has minimum points. The results attained in the developed model in the ‘Expert Choice software is demonstrated in Figure 2. Fig. 2: Results of the final weighting of the alternatives in the ‘Expert Choice’ Software Conclusion Results obtained from this research illustrated that, in order to determine a choice of alternatives from the environmental point of view, conditions relating to land use, index flora, seismic conditions, and regional population specifications are of greater importance. Hence, they had an immense impact on determining the ultimate site. Comparison of the final points, which were determined for the three axes, showed that the sites of Zirna, Kalat, and Sarkooh, which attained 0.347, 0.338, and 0.312 points, respectively, gained the first to third priorities in terms of being selected for the dam location. In the preliminary survey and without specifying the significant coefficients of the criteria, it seemed that, due to a few distinctions such as presence of accessible roads and less amount of damage to the reservoir, Sarkooh alternative gained the first preference for the dam construction, since, with the disclosure of all the major criteria in decision-making and bringing into consideration the critical coefficients as well as coupling comparison between the alternatives, it was specified that this alternative would be at farther distance than other options, ranking the last priority. Thereby, in all the projects in which a selection should be made between several alternatives which are subjected to numerous factors, it is essential to utilize appropriate multiple criterion assessment methods. Finally, it is proposed that, since numerous dam and power plant projects are simultaneously studies or implemented in this basin, in order to prevent biased attitudes toward a specific project, strategic environmental assessment studies and regional planning must be performed. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| Environmental impacts, Check-List, multiple criteria decision making, optimum alternative, Prioritization | ||
| مراجع | ||
|
اصغرپور، م. 1377. تصمیم‌گیری چندمعیاره، انتشارات دانشگاه تهران. تهران. بنی‌حبیب، م.ا.، وزیری، ب.، هاشمی، ر. 1391. «مکانیابی سدهای مخزنی با استفاده از مدل‌های تصمیم‌گیری چندمعیاره»، یازدهمین کنفرانس هیدرولیک ایران، دانشگاه ارومیه، 6 صفحه. جوزی، ع.، جعفری‌نسب، ت. 1393. «بررسی آثار محیط‌زیستی ساخت و ساز پروژۀ مسکن مهر شهرستان محمدآباد مازندران»، مجلۀ محیط‌شناسی، سال چهلم، شمارۀ 3، صص 604-619. خیرخواه زرکش، م.، ناصری، ح.ر.، داوودی، م.ه.، سلامی، ه. 1387. «استفاده از روش تحلیل سلسله‌مراتبی در اولویت‌بندی مکان مناسب احداث سد زیرزمینی، مطالعۀ موردی: دامنه‌های شمالی کوه‌های کرکش- نطنز»، مجلۀ پژوهش و سازندگی، سال بیست و یکم، شمارۀ 2 (پی آیند 79)، صص 93-101. ریاحی، م. ترابی هفشجانی، ا. 1382. «ارزیابی اثرات زیست‌محیطی احداث سد و نیروگاه بر رودخانۀ کارون در استان چهارمحال و بختیاری»، کنفرانس ملی نیروگاه‌‌های آبی کشور، شرکت توسعۀ منابع آب و نیروی تهران، 9 صفحه. سازمان جنگلها و مراتع. 1387. پژوهشکدۀ حفاظت خاک و آبخیزداری، نقشۀ کاربری اراضی. سازمان جنگلها و مراتع. 1380. نقشۀ فرسایش‌پذیری. سازمان حفاظت محیطزیست. 1391. نقشۀ مناطق چهارگانه. صادقپور، ا.ح. 1387. «بررسی نقش مسائل اجتماعی در جانمایی ساختگاه پروژه‌های سدسازی»، دومین کنفرانس ملی سد و نیروگاه برق آبی، تهران، 9 صفحه. صادقپور، ا.ح.، رئیسی، ا.ا. 1383. «استفاده از روش‌های ارزیابی چندمعیاره (AHP) در انتخاب ساختگاه بهینۀ سد، مطالعۀ موردی: امکان‌سنجی تعیین ساختگاه قره‌چای»، اولین کنفرانس بین‌المللی مدیریت پروژه، تهران، 7 صفحه. عبدلی، ا. 1378. ماهیان آب‌های داخلی ایران، انتشارات نقش مانا. مخدوم، م. 1391. شالودۀ آمایش سرزمین، انتشارات دانشگاه تهران. مرکز آمار ایران. 1392. گزیدۀ نتایج سرشماری عمومی نفوس و مسکن استان کهگیلویه و بویر احمد. مهندسین مشاور لار. 1392. مطالعات سد و نیروگاه کلات، گزارش ششم، شناخت مقدماتی محیطزیست، صفحۀ 211. نجمایی، م. 1382. سد و محیطزیست، نشریة شمارة 55 وزارت نیرو، انتشارات وزارت نیرو، کمیتة ملی سدهای بزرگ، صفحه 127. وزارت نیرو. 1390. دفتر مهندسی و معیارهای فنی آب و آبفا، راهنمای مطالعات کیفیت آب مخازن سدهای بزرگ، نشریۀ شمارۀ 551. Belton, V., Stewart, T.J. 2002. Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis: an Integrated Approach, springer.
Canter, L.W. 1996. Environmental Impact Assessment. MC. Graw- Hill. Pub: New York. Second Ed.660 p.
Carlson, R.E. 1977. A Trophic State Index For Lakes. International Journal of Limnology and Oceanography. 22(2):361-369
Chapra, S.C.1997.Sourface Water Quality Modeling, Mc Graw-Hill, 844p.
Cheng, K.S., Lei, T.C. 2001. Reservoir Trophic State Evaluation Using Landsat TM Images. Journal of the American Water Resources Association. 37(5):1321-1334
CITES . 2013 .Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, Checklist of CITES species.
David, H.F.L., Bela, G.L., Paul, .A.B. 1996. Environmental Engineers Handbook, Lewise Publishers, 1431p.
Maass, A., Hufschmidt, M.M., Dorfman, J., Thomas, H.A., Marglin, S.A., Fair, G. M. 1962. Design of Water Resources System. Harvard University Press Cambridge, Mass, USA.
Orlob, G.T. 1983. Mathematical Modeling of Water Quality Streams, Lakes and Reservoirs, Willey Interscience, 518p.
Saaty, T.L. 2008. Decision Making with the Analytic Hierarchy Process. International Journal of services sciences. 1(1):83-98
United State Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). 2000. Nutrient Criteria Technical guidance Manual for Lakes and Reservoirs, EPA-822-B-00-001.
Zyl, J.V., Labadie, J. 2011. Gis Analysis for Multi Criteria Reservoir Site: Selection NISP Project, Colorado. ESRI International User Conference San Diego Convention Center. San Diego, CA. | ||
|
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 2,796 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 1,382 |
||