تعداد نشریات | 161 |
تعداد شمارهها | 6,479 |
تعداد مقالات | 70,019 |
تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 122,948,363 |
تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 96,178,729 |
اثر جهت خاکورزی و موقعیت شیب بر برخی از ویژگیهای فیزیکی و شیمیایی خاک و پایداری خاکدانهها | ||
تحقیقات آب و خاک ایران | ||
مقاله 20، دوره 48، شماره 1، اردیبهشت 1396، صفحه 217-230 اصل مقاله (685.84 K) | ||
نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22059/ijswr.2017.61355 | ||
نویسندگان | ||
حسین اسدی* 1؛ حسین خوشرنگ2؛ عیسی ابراهیمی2 | ||
1دانشگاه تهران | ||
2دانشگاه گیلان | ||
چکیده | ||
خاکورزی یکی از عملیات مهم برای تولید محصولات کشاورزی است. زیر کشت بردن و انجام خاکورزی موازی در اراضی شیبدار سبب افزایش هدررفت، کاهش پایداری خاکدانهها و کاهش ماده آلی خاک میشود. در این پژوهش اثر جهت خاکورزی، جهت و موقعیت شیب بر برخی از ویژگیهای فیزیکی، شیمیایی خاک و نمایههای پایداری خاکدانه بررسی شد. به این منظور از منطقهای واقع در ایستگاه تحقیقات حفاظت خاک و آب کوهین که تحت خاکورزی عمود بر جهت شیب بود و همچنین از منطقه همجوار خارج از ایستگاه که تحت خاکورزی موازی با جهت شیب بود، نمونهبرداری صورت گرفت. منطقه بهصورت یک دره کمعمق با دونمای شمالی و جنوبی بود. نمونهبرداری برای هر جهت از سه موقعیت بالا، میانه و پایین شیب در دو عمق و با سه تکرار انجام گرفت (72 نمونه). تجزیهوتحلیل اطلاعات بر پایهی طرح آشیانهای انجام شد. نتایج نشان داد که بیشتر ویژگیهای اندازهگیری شده تأثیرپذیری بالایی از جهت خاکورزی داشتهاند و خاکورزی موازی سبب کاهش کیفیت خاک شده است. همچنین نتایج نشان داد که جهت و موقعیت شیب تنها بر شاخص پایداری خاکدانه اثر گذاشته است، درحالیکه خاکورزی روی هر چهار نمایه پایداری خاکدانه مورد بررسی اثر معنیداری گذاشته است. در خاکورزی عمود بر شیب میزان ماده آلی دلیل عمده بیشتر شدن پایداری خاکدانهها است. جهت و موقعیت شیب و مدیریت زراعی اثرات بسیار پیچیدهای بر ویژگیهای خاک در عمقهای مختلف دارند. نتایج نشان داد که کلیه منابع تغییرات شامل جهت، موقعیت شیب و عمق خاک بر روی شاخص پایداری خاکدانه تأثیر معنیداری دارند. | ||
کلیدواژهها | ||
بعد فراکتال؛ ماده آلی؛ میانگین وزنی قطر خاکدانهها؛ میانگین هندسی قطر | ||
عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
Effect of tillage direction and slope position on some physical and chemical properties and aggregate stability of soil | ||
نویسندگان [English] | ||
Hossein Asadi1؛ Hossein Khoshrang2؛ Isa Ebrahimi2 | ||
1University of Tehran | ||
چکیده [English] | ||
Soil tillage is one of the most important practices in agricultural production. Farming and tillage accompanied with slope direction result to not only in increasing soil loss but also in decreasing soil organic carbon content with a consequent reduction in the aggregate stability on steep lands. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of tillage direction, slope position and slope direction on soil aggregate stability and some physical and chemical properties of soil. For this purpose, soil samples were collected from an area with contour tillage located in the Soil and Water Conservation Research Station of Kuhin and its adjacent area outside the station with up-down tillage. The area was as a shallow valley with the northern and southern faces. Soil samples for both tillage types were taken from upper, middle and bottom of the slope in two depths with three replications (72 samples). Data were analysed based on the nested design. The results showed that most of the soil measured properties were highly affected by soil tillage in which, up-down tillage caused reduction in the soil quality. Furthermore, the results demonstrated that the slope direction and position can only affect soil aggregate stability index, while all four indices of aggregate stability were significantly affected by tillage type. Organic matter content is a major reason for increasing soil aggregate stability in the contour tillage. The position and direction of slope in addition to field management have very complicated effects on soil properties at various depths. Finally it concluded that soil aggregate stability is significantly influenced by all types of changes including the position and direction of slope and soil depth. | ||
کلیدواژهها [English] | ||
fractal dimension, organic matter, Mean weighted diameter, Geometric mean diameter | ||
مراجع | ||
Afzalinia, S. and Zabihi, J. (2014). Soil compaction variation during corn growing season under conservation tillage. Soil Tillage Res. 137, 1–6. Amezketa, E., Arguos, R., Carranza, R. and Urgel, B. (2003). Macro and micro aggregate stability of soils determined by a combination of wet seving and laser-ray differection. Spanish Journal of Agriculture Research, 4(1), 83-94. Amezketa, E., Singer, M.J., Gunapala, N., Scow, K., Friedman, D. and Lundquist,E. (1996). Soil aggregate stability in conventional, low-input and organic farming systems. (Unpublished data). Amezketa, E. (1999). Soil aggregate stability: A review. Sustain. Agric. 14, 83–151. Angers, A.D. (1998). Water stable aggregation of Quebec silty clay soils: some factors controlling its dynamics. Soil Tillage Res. 47: 91-96. Asadi, H., Raeisvandi,A., Rabiei, B., and Ghadiri,H. (2011). Effect of land use and topography on soil properties and agronomic productivity on calcareous soils of semiarid region, Iran. Land Degrad. Develop. 23, 496–504. DOI: 10.1002/ldr.1081. Badalikova, B., and Bartlova, J. (2014). Effect of soil tillage and digestate application on some soil properties. Columella J. Agri. Environ. Sci. 1, 7-11 Balesdent, J., Chenu, C. and Balabane, M. (2000). Relationship of soil organic matter dynamics to physical protection and tillage. Soil Tillage Res. 53, 215-230. Barthes, B.G., Kouoa Kouoa, E., Larre-Larrouy. M.C., Razafimbelo, T.M., de Luca, E.F., Azontonde, A., Neves, C.S., de Freitas, P.L. and Feller, C.L. (2008). Texture and sesquioxide effects on water stable aggregates and organic matter in some tropical soils. Geoderma, 143, 14-25. Blake, G. R. and Hartge, K. H. (1986). Bulk density. Klute, A. (Ed), Methods of soil analysis Part 1. Physical and Mineralogical method, 2nd ed. Agronomy. 9, 363-382. Bossuyt, H., Denef, K., Six, J., Frey, S.D., Merckx, R. and Paustian, K. (2001). Influence of microbial populations and residue quality on aggregate stability. Appl. Soil Eco. 16, 195-208. Brubaker, S. C., Jones, A. J., Lewis, D. T., and Frank,K. (1993). Soil properties associated with landscape position. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 57, 235-239. Chan, K.Y., Heenan, D.P. and Ashley, R. (1994). Seasonal changes in surface aggregate stability under different tillage and crops. Soil Tillage Res. 28, 301-314. Chenu, C., Y. Le, B. and Arrouays, D. (2000). Organic matter influence on clay wettability and soil aggregate stability. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 64, 1479–1486. Comegna,V., Damiani, P. and Sommella, A. (1998). Use of a fractal model for determining soil water retention curves. Geoderma, 85, 307–323 Czyz, E.A. and Dexter, A. R. (2008). Soil physical properties under winter wheat grown with different tillage systems at selected locations. Int. Agrophysics 22, 191-200. Czyz, E. A. and Dexter, A.R. (2009). Soil physical properties as affected by traditional, reduced and no-tillage for winter wheat. Int. Agrophysics 23, 319-326. Doran, J. W., Sarrantino, M. and Liebig, M. A. (1996). Soil health and sustainability. Adv. Agronomy 56, 1-54. Elder, J.W. and Lal, R. (2008). Tillage effects on physical properties of agricultural organic soils of north central Ohio. Soil Tillage Res. 98(2), 208–210. Eskandari, A. (2008). Design and evaluation of a low soil by mixing in seedbed preparation. Water, soil, machine. 6-No 51. Eynard A., Schumacher, T.E., Lindstrom, M.J. and Malo, D.D. (2004). Aggregate sizes and stability in cultivated South Dakota Prairie Ustolls and Usterts. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 68, 1360-1365. Foy, N. (2003). Effet des systems de cultura sur levolution de la structure dun sol limoneux. PhD Thesis. Ecole Nationale Dingenieur des Travaux Agricoles de Bordeaux. Franzmeier, D. P., Pedersen, E. J., Longwell, T. J., Byrne, J. G. and Losches, C. K. (1969). Properties of some soils in the Cumberland plateau as related to slope aspect and position. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 33, 755-791. Fu, B., Liu, S., Chen, L., Lu, Y. and Qiu, J. (2004). Soil quality regime in relation to land cover and slope position across a highly modified slope landscape. Ecol. Res. 19, 111-118. Gardner, W. R. (1956). Representation of soil aggregate size distribution by a logarithmic-normal distribution. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 20, 151-153. Gbadamosi, J. (2013). Impact of different tillage practies on soil moistures content, soil bulk density and soil penetreation resistance in OYO metropolis, OYO state, Nigeria.Trans. J. Sci. Tech. 3(9), 50-57. Gee, G. W. and Bauder, J.W. (1986). Particle-size analysis. pp. 383-409. In Klute, A. (Ed.). Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 1. Physical and mineralogical methods. 2nd ed. Agron. Monogr. 9. ASA and Soil Sci. Am. J.Madison, WI. Gong, J., Chen, L. D., Fu, B. J. and Wei, W. (2007). Integrated effects of slope aspect and land use on soil nutrient in a small catchment in a hilly loess area, China. Intern. J. Sustain. Develop. World Ecol. 14, 307-316. Gulser, C. (2006). Effect of forage cropping treatments on soil structure and relationships with fractal dimensions. Geoderma, 131, 33-44. Jabro, J. D., Stevens, W. B., Evans, R. G. and Iversen, W.M. (2009). Tillage effects on physical properties in two soils of the Northern Great Plains. Appl. Eng. Agric. 25, 377–382. Jabro, J. D., Stevens, W. B., Iversen, W. M. and Evans, R. G.(2011). Bulk density and hydraulic properties of a sandy loam soil following conventional or strip tillage. Appl. Eng. Agric. 27, 765–768. Jabro, J. D., Iversen, W. M., Stevens, W. B., Evans, R. G., Mikha, M.M. and Allen, B. L.(2015). Effect of three tillage depths on sugarbeet response and soil penetrability resistance. Agron. J. 107, 1481–1488. Jabro, J.D., Iversen, W.M., Stevens, W.B., Evans, R.G., Mikha, M.M. and Allen, B.L. (2016). Physical and hydraulic properties of a sandy loam soil under zero, shallow and deep tillage practices. Soil Tillage Res. 159: 67–72 Kemper, W.R. and Koch, E.J. (1966). Aggregate stability of soils from western USA, and Canada. USDA. Technol. Bull. No. 1355. Khormali, F., Ajami, M., Ayoubi, S., Srinivasarao, Ch. and Wani, S.P. (2009). Role of deforestation and hillslope position on soil quality attributes of loss derived soils in colestan province. Iran. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. 134, 178-189. Khurshid, K., Iqbal, M., Arif, M.S. and Nawaz, N. (2006). Effect of tillage and mulch on soil physical and properties and growth of maize. International Journal of Biology. 5, 593-596. Leifeld, J. and Kogel-Knabner, I. (2005). Soil organic matter fractions as early indicators for carbon stock changes under different land use. Geoderma, 124, 143-155. Liu, X., Herbert, S.J., Hashemi, A.M., Zhang, X. and Ding, G. (2006). Effect of agricultural management on soil organic matter and carbon transformation. A review. Plant Soil Environ. 52(12), 531-543. Litvin, D. (1998). Dirtpoor. Economist, 3-16. Lynch, J.M., and Bragg, E. (1985). Microorganisms and soil aggregate stability. Adv. Soil Sci. 2, 133-171. Mahmoodabadi, M., and Ahmadbeygi, B. (2011). Effect of soil physical and chemical properties on aggregate stability in some cultivation systems. J. of Soil Management and Sustainable Production, Vol. 1(2), 61-79. Małecka, I., Blecharczyk, A., Sawinska, Z., Swedrzynska, D. and Piechota, T. (2015). Winter wheat yield and soil properties response to longterm non-inversion tillage. J. Agr. Sci. Tech. 17, 1571-1584. McLean, E.Q. (1982). Soil pH and lime requirement. In: Page, A.L. Miller, R.H. Keeney, D.R (Eds). Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 2. Chemical and Microbilogycal Properties, 2nd Ed Agronomy. 9: 199-224 Mehdizade, B., Asadi, H., Shabanpour, M. and Ghadiri, H. (2013). The impact of erosion and tillage on the productivity and quality of selected semiarid soils of Iran. Intern. Agrophysics. 27, 291-297. Moges, A. and Holden, N.M. (2008). Soil fertility in relation to slope position and agricultural land use: a case study of umbulo. Catchment on southern Ethiopia. Environ. Manage. 42,753-763. Monnier, G. (1965). Action des matieres organiques sur la stabilite structurale des sols. Ann. Agron. 16: 327-400. Naidu, R., McClure, S., McKenzie, N.J. and Fitzpatrick, R.W. (1996). Soil solution composition and aggregate stability changes caused by long-term farming at four contrasting sites in South Australia. Aust. Soil Res. J. 34, 511-527. Nazmi, L., Asadi, H. and Manukyan, R. (2011). Changes in soil properties and productivity as affected by land use and slope position in the northwest of Iran. J. Food, Agric. Environ. 9(3&4), 864 -870. Nazmi, L., Asadi, H., Manukyan, R. and Naderi, H. (2012). Influence of tillage displaced soil on the productivity and yield components of barley in northwest Iran. Can. Soil Sci. J. 92(4), 665–672.DOI: 10.4141/cjss2011-096. Niewczas, J. and Witkowska-Walczak, B. (2003). Index of aggregates stability as linear function value of transition matrix elements. Soil Tillage Res.70 (2), 121-130. Niewczas, J. and Witkowska-Walczak, B. (2005). The soil aggregates stability index (ASI) and its extreme values. Soil Tillage Res.80: 69–78. Oades, J.M. (1993). The role of biology in the formation, stabilization and degradation of soil structure. Geoderma. 56, 377-400. Ovalles, M. and Collins, M. E. (1986). Soil landscape relationship and soil variability in north central Florida. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 50, 401-408. Peixoto, R.S., Coutinho, H.L.C., Madari, B., Machado, P.L., Rumjanek, N.G., Van Elsas, J.D., Seldin, L. and Rosado, A.S. (2006). Soil aggregation and bacterial community structure as affected by tillage and cover cropping in the Brazilian Cerrados. Soil Tillage Res. 90, 16-28. Perfect, E. and Blevins, R. L. (1997). Fractal characterization of soil aggregation and fragmentation as influenced by tillage treatment. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 61, 896-900. Piersion, F.B. Mulla, D. J. (1990). Aggregate stability in the Palouse region of Washington: effect of landscape position. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 54, 1407-1412. Pojasok, T. and Kay, B. D. (1990). Assessment of a combination of wet sieving and turbidimetry to characterize the stability of moist aggregates. Can. J. Soil Sci. 70, 33- 42. Quirk, J.P. and Murray, R.S.(1991). Towards a model for soil structure behavior. Aust. J. Soil Res. 29, 828-867. Radcliffe, D.E., Tollner, E.W., Hargrove, W. L., Clark, R.L. and Golabi, M.H. (1988). Effect of tillage practices on infiltration and soil strength of a typic hapludult soil after ten years. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 52, 798-804. Rasiah, V. and Kay, B.D. (1994). Characterizing changes in aggregate stability subsequent to introduction of forages. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 58, 935-942. Rezaei, N., Roozitalab, M. H. and Ramezanpour, H. (2012). Effect of land use change on soil properties and clay mineralogy of forest soils developed in the Caspian sea region of Iran. Agr. Sci. Tech. J. 14, 1617-1624. Roades, J.D. (1996) Salinity: electrical conductivity and and total dissolved solids. Method of Soil Analysis, Part 3: Chemical Methods. Madison. Wisconsin, USA. 417-436. Shainberg, I., Rhoades, J.D., and Prather, R.J. (1981). Effect of mineral weathering on clay dispersion and hydraulic conductivity of sodic soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 45, 273-277. Shi-wei, Z., Su, J., Yang, Y. H., Liu, N. N. and Shanggum, Z. P. (2006). A fractal method of estimating soil structure changes under different vegetations on Ziwuling Mountains of the loess plateau, china. Agricultural Science in China. 5, 530-538. Shukla, M. K. (2003). Tillage effect on physical and hydrological properties of a typic argiaquoll in central Ohio. Soil Science. 168, 802-811. Six, J., Bossuyt, H., Degryze, S. and Denef, K. (2004). A history of research on the link between (Micro) aggregates, soil biota, and soil organic matter dynamics. Soil Tillage Res. 79, 7-31. Six, J., Elliott, E.T., Paustian, K. and Doran, J.W. (1998). Aggregation and soil organic matter accumulation in cultivated and native grassland soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 62, 1367-1377. Six, J., Schultz, P.A., Jastrow, J. D. and Merckx, R. (1999). Recycling of sodium polytungstate used in soil organic matter studies. Soil Biology Biochemistry. 31, 1193-1196. Slowinska-Jurkiewicz, A. (1994). Changes in structure and physical properties of soilduring spring tillage operations. Soil Tillage Res. 29, 397-407. Spark, D. (1996). Method of Soil Analysis, Part 3. Chemical Method. Soil Science Society of America Book Series NO 5. Soil Sci. Am. J. Madison. WI. Stocking, M. A. (1984). Erosion and soil productivity: a review consultants working papar1. Land and water development division, food and agriculture research center. Washington state university NO.XB. 0949.Pp15 Tebrugge, F. and During, R.A. (1999). Reducing tillage intensity a review of results from a long term study in Germany. Soil Tillage Res. 53, 15-28. Turoctte, D. L. (1986). Fractals and fragmentation. Geophys. Res. J. 91(82), 1921-1926. Walkey, A. and Black, I.A. (1934). An examination of the degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Sci. 37, 29-38. Wang, J., Fu, B. and Qiu, Y. (2001). Soil nutrients in relation to land use and landscape position in the semi -arid small catchment on the losses plateau in china. J. Arid Environ. 48, 537-550. Watts, C.W., Dexter, A.R. and Longstaff, D.J. (1996). An assessment of the vulnerability of soil structure to destabilization during tillage. Part II. Field trials. Soil Tillage Res. 37, 175-190. | ||
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 1,097 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 1,507 |