Provenance, Tectonic Setting & Geochemical Maturity of The Early Miocene Pyawbwe Formation, Sakangyi –Thayet Area, Magway Region, Myanmar.

Akarish, A.I.M., El-Gohary, A. M. 2011. Provenance and source area weathering derived from the geochemistry of Pre-Cenomanian sandstones, East Sinai, Egypt. J. Appl. Sciences, 11(17): 3070-3088.##

Allen, R., Carter, A., Najman,Y., Bandopadhyay, P.C.,Chapman Bickle, M.J., Garzanti, E., Vezzoli, G., Ando, G., Foster, G.L. , Gerring, C. 2008. New constraints on the sedimentation and uplift history of the Andaman Island. Formation and application of sedimentary records in arc collision zone (eds.) Draut, A., Clift,P.D. &Scholl,D.W., Geol.Soc .Am. Spec. Publ, 436: 223- 256. ##

Bandopadhyay, P.C., Ghosh, B. 2015. Provenance analysis of the Oligocene turbidites (Andaman Flysch), South Andaman Island: A geochemical approach. J. Earth Syst.Sci., 124(5): 1019-1037. ##

Bhatia, M. R. 1983. Plate tectonics and geochemical composition of sandstones. J.Geol. 91: 611-627. ##

Bender, F. 1983. The geology of Burma,in: Bender,F.; Jacobshagen, V., de Jong, J. D. , Luttig, G.,(eds), Beitragezur Regionalen Geologie der Erd, Berli, p.298. ##

Bertrand, G., Rangin, C. 2003. Tectonics of the western margin of the Shan plateau (Central Myanmar): implication for the India-Indochina oblique convergence since the Oligocene. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 21: 1139–1157.##

Condie, K. C.,Boryta, M. D., Liu, J. , Quian, X. 1992a. The origin of Khondalites: geochemical evidence from the Archean to Early Proterozoic granulitic belt in the North China Craton. Precambrian Research, 59 (3-4): 207-223.##

Condie, K. C., Noll (Jr), P. D., Conway, C. M. 1992b. Geochemical and detrital mode evidence for two sources of early Proterozoic sedimentary rocks from the Tonto basin, Supergroup, central Arizona. Sedim.Geol., 77: 51-76.##

Cox, R., Lowe, D. R., Cullers, R. L.1995. The influence of sediment recycling and basement composition on evolution of mud rock chemistry in the southwestern United States. Geochemica et Cosmochemica Acta, 59(14): 2919-2940.##

Crook, K.A.W., 1974. Lithogenesis andgeotectonics: The significance of compositional variation in flysharenite (graywackes).Soc.Eco. Paleontol Mineral.Spec.Publ.19: 304- 310##

Dabard, M. P. 1990. Lower Brioverian formations (Upper Proterozoic) of Armorican Massif (France): geodynamic evolution of source areas revealed by sandstones petrography and geochemistry. Sedi.Geol. 69:45-58.##

El-Gammal, R. M. H. 1985. Geological studies on the stratigraphic succession of Um- Bogma area (Gebel Musabaa Salama), West-Central Sinai, Egypt. M. Sc. Thesis, Cairo University, 158 p.##

Fedo, C. M., Nesbitt, H. W., Young, G. M. 1995.Unravelling the effects of potassium metasomatism in sedimentary rocks and paleosols with implications for paleoweathering conditions and provenance. Geology, 23 (10):921-925.##

Ferdous, N., Farazi, A. H.2016.Geochemistry of Tertiary sandstones from southwest Sarawak, Malaysia: implications for provenance and tectonic setting. Act Geochim, 35(3): 294-308.##

Fyffe, L. R., Pickerill, R. k.1993. Geochemistry of Upper Cambrian –Lower Ordovician black shale along a northeastern Appalachian transect. Geol.Soc, Am., 105: 897-910.##

Garver, J. I.,Royce, P. R., Smick, T. A., 1996.Chromium and Nickel in shale of the Taconic foreland : A case study for the provenance of fine –grained sediments with an ultramafic source. J.Sedim.Res., 66:100-106.##

Gromet, L.P.; Dymek, L. A, Haskin, L.A., Korotev, R. L. 1984. The North American shale composition: It’s major and trace elements characteristics. Geochimet Cosmochim. Acta. (48): 2469-2482.##

Hallberg, R. O. 1976. A geochemical method for investigation of paleo –redox conditions in sediments Ambio, Special Report, 4:139-147.##

Harun, S. N .F, Zainetti, F., Cole, G. A. 2014. The Petroleum system of the Central Burma Basin, on shore Myanmar. Adapted from extended abstract prepared in conjunction oral presentation given at AAPG Asia Pacific Region AAPG/MGS Conference, Yangon, Myanmar, August 14-15: 2014.##

Harnois, L., 1988. The CIW Index: a new chemical index of weathering. Sedim. Geol., 55: 319-322.##

Hossain, H. M. Z., Roser, B. P., Kimura, J. I. 2010. Petrography and whole-rock geochemistry of the Tertiary Sylhet succession, northeastern Bengal Basin, Bangladesh:Provenance and source area weathering. Sedim. Geol., 228:171-183.##

Hayashi, K., Fujisawa, H., Holland, H., Ohmoto, H.1997.Geochemistr-y of ~1.9 Ga sedimentary rocks from northeastern Labrador, Canada. Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta, 61(19):4115-4137.##

Jacobson, A. D.,Blum, J. D., Chamberlian,C. P.,Craw, D. Koons, P. O. 2003. Climate and tectonic controls in chemical weathering in the New Zealand Southern Alps. Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta, 37:29-46.##

Khin, U.A., Win, U.K .1968. Geology and hydrocarbon prospects of the Burma Tertiary geosyncline: Union of Burma Journal of Science and Technology, 2(1): 241– 251.##

Laird, M. G. 1972. Sedimentology of the Greenland Group in the Paparoa Range, West Coast, South Island. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 15: 372-393.##

Licht, A., France -Lanord, C., Reisberg, L., Fontaine, C., Soe,A. N., Jager, J.J. 2013. A paleo Tibet- Myanmar connection? Reconstructing the late Eocene drainage system of central Myanmar using a multi-proxy approach. J. Geol. Soc. London, 170: 929- 939.##

Licht, A., Reisberg, L., France-Lanord, C., Soe, A. N.,Jager, J. J. 2014. Cenozoic evolution of the Central Myanmar drainage system: insights from sediment provenance in the Minbu Sub-Basin. Basin Research: 1-15.##

Lindsey, D. A. 1999. An evaluation of alternative chemical classification of sandstones. United State Geological Survey Open –File Report 99-346,23p.##

Long, X., Sun, M., Yuan, C., Xiao, W., CAI, K.2008. Early Paleozoic sedimentary record of the Chinese Altai: Implications for its tectonic evolution. Sedim.Geol., 208: 88-100.##

Maynard, J. B.,Valloni, R. ,Yu, H. S.1982. Composition of modern deep-sea sands from arc –related basins: in Leggett,J. K.(eds.), Trench fore arc geology: Sedimentation and tectonics on modern and ancient active plate margin. Geol.Soc., London, Spec. Pub., 10: 551-561.##

McLennan, S. M., Nance, W. B.,Taylor, S. R. 1980. Rare earth element –Thorium correlations in sedimentary rocks and the composition of the continental crust. Geochim. et Cosmochim.Acta,44: 1833-1839.##

Mclennan, S. M., Taylor, S. R., Eriksson, K. A.1983. Geochemistry of Archeanshales from the Pilbara Supergroup, weastern Australia. Geochim. Et Cosmochim. Acta, 47:1211-2050.##

Metcalfe, I. 2013.Gondwana dispersion and Asian accretion: tectonic and paleogeographic evolution of eastern Tethys. J. Asian Earth Sci., 66: 1-33.##

Mitchell, A. H. G. 1993. Cretaceous- Cenozoic events in the western Myanmar (Burma)- Assam region .J. Geol. Soc., London, 150: 1089‑1102.##

Mitchell, A. H. G., Chung, S. L., Oo,T., Lin, T. H. ,Hung, C.H. 2012. Zircon U-Pb ages in Myanmar: magmatic –metamorphic events and the closure of a neo-Tethys ocean? J. Asian Earth Sci., 56: 1-23.##

MOC.1985. Myanmar Oil Corporation, Myanmar Geological Society, 1985.##

Nath, B. N , Kunzendorf, H. ,Pluger, W. L. 2000. Influence of provenance ,weathering and sedimentary processes on the elemental ratio of the fine-grained fraction of the bed load sediments from the Vembanad Lake and the adjoining continental shelf, southwest Coast of India. J. Sedimentary Res., 70:1081- 1094.##

Nesbitt, H. W., Young, G. M. 1982. Early Proterozoic climates and plate motions inferred from major element chemistry of lutites. Nature, 299: 715–717.##

Nesbitt, H. W., Young, G.M. 1984.Prediction of some weathering trends of plutonic and volcanic rocks based on thermo -dynamic and kinetic considerations. Geochimi. etCosmochim. Acta, 48: 1523-1534.##

Nesbitt, H.W.,Young, G.M. 1989. Formation and diagenesis of weathering profiles. The Journal of Geology, 97: 129-147.##

Naing, T. T., Bussien, D., Winkler, W., Nold, M., Quadt, A.V. 2013. Provenance study on Eocene - Miocene sandstones ofthe Rakhine Coastal Belt, Indo-Burman Ranges of Myanmar: geodynamic implications. Geol. Soc. London. Spec.Publ.386.##

Osae, S., Asiedu, D. K., Banoeng-Yakubo, B., Koeberl, C., Dampare S. B. 2006. Provenance and tectonic setting of Late Proterozoic Buem sandstones of southeastern Ghana: Evidence from geochemistry and detrital modes, J. Afr. Earth Sci., 44: 85- 96.##

Pettijohn, F. J., 1957. Sedimentary rocks, third edition: New York, Harper & Row, 628 p.##

Pivnik, D. A., Nahm, J., Tucker, R. S., Smith, G. O., Nyein, K.,Nyunt, M., Maung, P.H. 1998. Polyphase deformation in a fore-arc/back-arc basin, Salin Sub-basin, Myanmar (Burma). AAPG Bulletin, 82: 1837–1856.##

Rahman, M. J. J., Suzuki, S. 2007.Composition of Neogeneshales from the Surma Group, Bengal Basin, Bangladesh: Implications for provenance and tectonic setting. Austrian J. Earth Sci., 100: 54-64.##

Rashid, S. A. 2002. Geochemical characteristics of Meso-proterozoicclastic sedimentary rocks from Chakrata Formation, Lesser Himalaya: Implications for crustal evolution and weathering history in the Himalaya. J.Asian Earth Sci., 21: 283– 293.##

Rangin, C., Maw, W., Lwin, S., Naing, W., Mouret, C., Bertrand, G., the G.I.A.C. Scientific Party (1999). Cenozoic Pull- Apart basins in Central Myanmar: the trace of the path of India Along the Western Margin of Sundaland. Terra Nova Abst., 4, 59.##

Robinson, R., Brezina, C., Parrish, R., Horstwood, M., Oo,N.W., Bird .I, M., Thein, M., Walters, A., Oliver, G., Zaw, K. (2014). Large rivers and orogens: the evolution of the Yarlung -Tsangpo-Irrawaddy system and the eastern Himalayan syntaxis. Gondwana Res., 26: 112–121.##

Roser, B. P., Korsch, R. J. 1986. Determination of tectonic setting of sandstone– mudstone suites using SiO₂ content and K₂O/Na₂O ratio. J. Geolology, 94: 635– 650.##

Roser, B. P., Korsch, R. J.1988. Provenance signatures of sandstone- mudstone suites determined using discriminate function analysis of major-element data. Chemical Geology, 67: 119- 139##

Roser, B. P., Cooper, R.A., Nathan, S., Tulloch, A. J., 1996. Reconnaissance sandstone geochemistry, provenance, and tectonic setting of the lower Paleozoic terranes of the West Coast and Nelson, New Zealand: J. of Geology and Geophysics, 39:1-16.##

Searle, M. P., Noble, S. R., Cottle, J. M., Waters, D.J., Mitchell, A. H. G.,Hlaing, T.Horstwood,M. S. A. 2007. Tectonic evolution of the Mogok metamorphic belt, Burma (Myanmar) constrained by U–Th–Pb dating of metamorphic and magmatic rocks.Tectonics, 26.##

Stumm, W., Morgan, J. J. 1981. Aquatic Chemistry, J. Wiley & Sons., New Yourk.##

Sugitani, K. 1996. Study of sedimentary paleoenvironments of siliceous sedimentary rocks using some geochemical indicators. Chikyukagaku (Geochemistry), 30: 75–89.##

Suttner, L. J., Dutta, P.K.1986. Alluvial sandstone composition and paleoclimate. L. Framework mineralogy. J. of Sedim. Petrology, Vol.56: 329-345.##

Taylor, S. R., McLennan, S. M. 1985.The Continental Crust: Its composition and evolution; Blackwell Publishing Company, USA, UK, Australia, 311p.##

Utitsan, S., Benjawan,T., Thanatit, S., Wetmongkongorn,w., Than. U. Soe, Myint, Kh. H., Wah,L.B. 2014. Geological evolution of Bago-YomaBasin,Onshore Myanmar. Adapted from extended abstract prepared in conjunction oral presentation given at AAPG Asia Pacific Region AAPG/MGS Conference, Yangon, Myanmar, August 14- 15.##

Yamamoto, K., Sugisaki, R., Arai, F. 1986. Chemical aspects of alteration of acidic tuffs and their application to siliceous deposits. Chemical Geology, 55: 61–76.##

Wandrey, C. J. 2006. Eocene to Miocene composite total  petroleum  system, Irrawaddy - Andaman and north Burma geologic provinces, Myanmar, in C.J. Wandrey, ed., Petroleum Systems and Related Geologic Studies in Region 8, South Asia, U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2208-E, p.26.##