analyzing the meaning of urban spaces via Bakhtin's novel theory | ||
| نشریه هنرهای زیبا: معماری و شهرسازی | ||
| Article 3, Volume 22, Issue 3, September 2018, Pages 45-65 PDF (1.35 M) | ||
| Document Type: Research Paper | ||
| DOI: 10.22059/jfaup.2017.233985.671718 | ||
| Authors | ||
| samar haghighi boroojeni* 1; seyyed abbas yazdanfar2; Mostafa Behzadfar3 | ||
| 1lecturer in department of architecture, Islamic azad university of Isfahan. | ||
| 2Faculty of Architecture and Urban Design, Iran University of Science and Technology | ||
| 3faculty of architecture and urban design, Iran university of science and technology, Tehran,Iran. | ||
| Abstract | ||
| Interpreting the meaning of urban spaces is a controversial subject in urban studies. There are different approaches from qualitative to quantitative to analyzing and understanding the meaning of a place. However, these attitudes are formed based on analyzing data derived from researchers or users. Hence, appearance of difficulties happens in interpreting historical place during special historical period. When there is no chance to have users or researchers experience. It seems that the best method in these cases is, considering urban spaces as a text and understanding their meaning via reading theories. The principle theoretical basis of this article is emphasizing on M.M.Bakhtin's reading theory. The paper explores urban spaces as a particular text, novel, and takes the conceptual framework of Bakhtin's novel theory into consideration for content analyzing of places. Bakhtin mentioned special characteristics for novel, and discussed that the problem of other reading theories is disregarding these differences. Polyphony, dialogism, chronotopy and complexity in genres are characteristics he mentioned about novel. Dialogism and the tensions, resolutions, and reformations of language and ideas under these conditions, is the central mechanisms of interpretation. Variety of genres means the novel as a whole is multiform in style and variform in speech and voice, means several heterogeneous stylistic unities, often located in different linguistic levels and subject to different stylistic controls. Polyphony is a feature of narrative, which includes a diversity of points of view and voices. It means novel does not appear to aim for a 'single vision' and goes beyond simply describing situations from various angles. The chronotope is how configurations of time and space are represented in language and discourse. A social language, then, is a concrete socio-linguistic belief system that defines a distinct identity for itself within the boundaries of a language that is unitary only in the abstract. As it will be discussed in detail, Bakhtin outlines new directions for the study of stylistics: The study of the novel must start from an acknowledgement of heteroglossia and be grounded in a view of language as social and historical, dialogic and dynamic, which give rise to yet new possibilities for representation and interpretation. It seems that the concept of, Bakhtin's novel theory which entered the scientific field, theoretically, can revised classic viewpoints of social science and humanities. There for, it can be used as a tool for analyzing subjects in various disciplines like science, philosophy, sociology and etc. Besides, planning and urban design can also use it as an analytical method. Grounded on this conceptual framework, this paper seeks to demonstrate that the dimensions of novel can be adapted to urban spaces. The achievement of this research is to develop a structural and substantial analysis method borrowing the concept of novel reading from linguistics, and to elaborate a tool for the meaning analysis in a historical urban research scope. This methodology is applied in a case study sample and novel characteristics are tested in 'Chahar Bagh', a historic street in the city of Isfahan, during Safavid era. | ||
| Keywords | ||
| Urban Spaces; content analyzing; Novel; Mikhaeil Bakhtin; Isfahan chaharbagh | ||
| References | ||
|
احمدی، بابک (1386)، ساختار و تاویل متن، چاپ نهم، نشر مرکز، تهران. اولئاریوس، آدام (1379)، سفرنامه آدام اولئاریوس (اصفهان خونین شیخ صفی)، ترجمه حسین کردبچه، هیرمند، تهران. اهری، زهرا (1385)، خیابان چهارباغ اصفهان مفهومی نو از فضای شهری، گلستان هنر، شماره 5، صص 48-59. آیت الله زاده شــیرازی، باقر (1386)، شهرسازی ظریف و بی نظیر عهد صفویه، ماهنامه دانش‌نما، سال 16، شماره 148-150، صص 19-20. بختین، میخائیل (1387)، تخیل مکالمهای: جستارهایی درباره رمان، ت. رویا پورآذر، نشر نی، تهران. ترکمان، اسکنربیک (1378)، تاریخ عالم آرای عباسی، به اهتمام ایرج افشار، امیرکبیر، تهران. دلاواله، پیترو (1370)، سفرنامه، ترجمه شجاع الدین شفا، علمی فرهنگی، تهران. سلدن، رامان و ویدوسون، پیتر (1384)، راهنماینظریهادبیمعاصر، ترجمۀ عباس مخبر، چاپ سوم، انتشارات طرح نو، تهران. شاردن، ژان (1375)، سفرنامه شاردن، ترجمه اقبال یغمایی، توس، تهران. عالمی، مهوش (1385)، باغ های دوره صفویه: گونهها و الگوها، ترجمه محسن جاوری، گلستان هنر، شماره 5، صص 72-92. فیگوئرا، دن گارسیا دسیلوا (1363)، سفرنامه فیگوئرا سفیر اسپانیا در دربار شاه عباس اول، ترجمه غلامرضا سمیعی، نشر نو، تهران. قلی پور، سودابه (1393)، بازآفرینی خیابان چهارباغ عباسی در دوره های صفویه و قاجار با تاکید بر بیان تصویری از نوشته های سیاحان، باغ نظر، شماره 29، سال یازدهم، صص 33-46. کارری، جملی (1348)، سفرنامه کارری، ترجمه عباس نخجوانی، نشر اداره فرهنگ و هنر آذربایجان شرقی، آذربایجان شرقی. کمپفر، انگلبرت (1363)، سفرنامه کمپفر، ترجمه کیکاووس جهانداری، خوارزمی، تهران. مک چسنی، رابرت د (1386)، وقف و سیاست ملی در دوره صفویه، ترجمه گیتی عمادزاده، وقف میراث جاویدان، شماره 57، صص 102-123. نولز، رونلد (1391)، شکسپیرو کارناوالپسازبختین، ترجمۀ رویا پورآذر، چاپ اول، انتشارات هرمس، تهران.
Bakhtin, Mikhail (1994a), Dostoevsky's Polyphonic Novel: A Plurality of Consciousness, In The Bakhtin Reader: Selected Writings of Bakhtin, Medvedev, Voloshinov. Ed. Pam Morris, Bloomsbury Academic, London.
Bakhtin, Mikhail (1994b), The Dialogic Idea as Novelistic Image. In The Bakhtin Reader: Selected Writings of Bakhtin, Medvedev, Voloshinov, Ed. Pam Morris, Bloomsbury Academic, London.
Bakhtin, Mikhail (1981a), Discourse in the Novel, In the Dialogue Imagination, ed. Michael Holquist, University of Texas Press, Austin.
Bakhtin, Mikhail (1981b), Forms of Time and of The Chronotope in The Novel, In the Dialogue Imagination, ed. Michael Holquist, University of Texas Press, Austin.
Bakhtin, Mikhail (1986), Speech Genres and Other Late Essays, Eds. Caryl Emerson and Michael Holquist, Trans. Vern Mcgee, University of Texas Press, Austin.
Bakhtin, Mikhail (1990), Art and Answerability: The Early Essays of M.M. Bakhtin, Trans. by Vadim Liapunov, Kenneth Brostorm and Michael Holquist, University of Texas Press, Austin.
Benton, Tim (1995), Speaking without Adjectives: Architecture in the Service of Totalitarianism, in Art and Power: Europe under the Dictators, 1930–45, ed. Dawn Ades et al., Hayward Gallery, London.
Carmona, M & et al (2010), public places, public spaces: The dimensions of urban design, Archtectural press, London.
Clifford, J (1988), The Predicament of Culture: Twentieth Century Ethnography, Literature and Art, Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
Cross, Jennifer, E (2001), What is sense of place, Western State College: 12th Headwaters Conference.
Davidson, Judith (1993), Bakhtin as a Theory of Reading, Technical report, Center for the Study of Reading, University of Illions.
Falahat, Somayeh & Shirazi, M. Reza (2012), New Urban Development in Safavid Isfahan Continuity or Disjunction, Planning Perspectives, Vol. 27, No. 4, pp.611-624.
Featherstone, M (1993), Global and Local Cultures, In Mapping The Futures: Local Cultures, Global Changes, ed. by J. Bird et al., Routledge, London and New York.
Green, R. (1999), Meaning and Form in Community Perception of Town Character, Journal of Environmental Psychology, 19(3), 311-329.
Haghighat bin, M and et al. (2012), Innovations in the Charbagh Axis of the Safavid Period, International Journal of Architectural Engineering & Urban Planning, Vol. 22, No. 2, pp.80-90.
Hellman, Louis (1993), The Language of Architecture, In The Routledge Companion to Contemporary Architectural Thought, ed. Ben Farmer and Hentie Louw, London and New York.
Hirschkop, Ken (1989), Bakhtin and Cultural Theory, In Bakhtin and Cultural Theory, Ed. By Ken Hirschkop & David Shepherd, Manchester University Press, Manchester & New York.
Hobsbawm, F (1983), Inventing Traditions, In The Invention of Tradition, ed. By F. Hobsbawm & T. Ranger, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Hummon, D (1992), Community Attachment: local sentiment & sense of place, plenum, New York.
Jackson, J. B (1994), A Sense of Place, a Sense of Time, Yale University Press, New Haven.
Jakson, P & Penrose, J (1993), Introduction: Placing Race and Nation, In Construction of Race, Place and Nation, Ed by P. Jakson & J. Penrose, London, UCL Press.
Jorgensen, B & Stedman, R (2006), A Comparative Analysis of Predictors of Sense of Place Dimensions: Attachment to, Dependence on, and Identification with Lakeshore Properties, Journal of Environmental Management, No. 79, pp.316 - 327.
Kertzer, David I (1988), Ritual, Politics and Power, Yale University Press, New Haven.
Kumar, Amith (2015), Bakhtin and Translation Studies: Theoretical Extensions and Connotations, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, Newcastle.
Leedy, Paul D (1997), Practical Planning and Design, Merill, an Imprint of Prentice hall, Columbus, Ohio.
Lefebvre, Henri (1991), The Production of Space, Trans. David Nicholson-Smith, Blackwell, Oxford.
Lewis, P. F (1979), Defining a Sense of Place, The Southern Quarterly, The University of Southern Mississippi, 17(3&4), pp.24-46.
McChesney, Robert D (1988), Four sources on Shah Abbas’s building of Isfahan, Muqarnas, Issue 5, PP 103-134.
Messy, D (1994), Space, Place and Gender, University of Minnesota Press, Minnesota.
Norberg-Schultz, C (1980), Genius loci: Towards a Phenomenology of Architecture, Academy Editions, London.
Penrose, J (1993), Introduction: Reification in the Name of Change: The Impact of Nationalism on Social Constructions of Nation, In Construction of Race, Place and Nation, Ed by P. Jakson & J. Penrose, UCL Press, London.
Rahimi, Babak (2011),Theater State and the Formation of Early Modern Public Sphere in Iran: Studies on Safavid Muharram Rituals, Brill, Leiden.
Relph, E (1976), Place and Placelessness, Pion Limited, London.
Schumacher, Thomas L (1991) Surface and Symbol: Giuseppe Terragni and the Architecture of Italian Rationalism, ADT, London.
Shamai, S (1991), Sense of Place: An Empirical Measurement, Geoforum, No.22, pp.347-358.
Shamai, S & Ilatov, Z (2005), Measuring Sense of Place: Methodological Aspects, Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, 96(5), 467 - 476.
Tuan, Y. F (1980), Rootedness versus sense of place, Landscape, No. 24, pp.3-8.
Walcher, Heidi A (1998), Between Paradise and Political Capital: The Semiotics of Safavid Isfahan, Middle Eastern Natural Environment, Lessons and Legacies, Bulletin 103, pp. 330-345.
Whyte, William (2006), How Do Buildings Mean? Some Issus of Interpretation in The History of Architecture, In History and Theory, No.45, pp.153-177.
| ||
|
Statistics Article View: 1,479 PDF Download: 3,305 |
||