پیوندهای مفید
اخبار و اعلانات
آمار
| تعداد نشریات | 161 |
| تعداد شماره‌ها | 6,532 |
| تعداد مقالات | 70,501 |
| تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 124,095,291 |
| تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 97,201,532 |
تحلیل مورفولوژیکی مجرای رودخانۀ زرینه رود با استفاده از مدل رزگن | ||
| پژوهش های جغرافیای طبیعی | ||
| مقاله 8، دوره 50، شماره 1، فروردین 1397، صفحه 101-122 اصل مقاله (1.92 M) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله کامل | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22059/jphgr.2018.218965.1006956 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| منصور خیری زاده اروق* 1؛ محمدحسین رضائی مقدم2؛ رسول دانش فراز3؛ معصومه رجبی2 | ||
| 1دانش آموختة دکتری ژئومورفولوژی، دانشکدة جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی، دانشگاه تبریز | ||
| 2استاد گروه ژئومورفولوژی، دانشکدة جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی، دانشگاه تبریز | ||
| 3دانشیار گروه عمران، دانشکدة فنی و مهندسی، دانشگاه مراغه | ||
| چکیده | ||
| در این پژوهش مورفولوژیِ مجرایِ رودخانة زرینهرود با استفاده از مدل ژئومورفولوژیکی رزگن بررسی میشود. این پژوهش متکی بر نقشههای توپوگرافی مقیاس 1:2000 و کارهای میدانی است. زرینهرود در بازههای بالادست سد نوروزلو عمدتاً از نوع C رزگن است. این رودخانه از پاییندست شهر محمودآباد تا پایاب سد انحرافی نوروزلو به نمونهای مشخص از رودخانههای نوع C4 با بستر گراولی و مورفولوژی حوضچه- خیزآب تبدیل میشود. بازههای نوع D، به صورت محلی، در مقاطعی دیده میشوند که فرسایشپذیری شدید مواد کناره و کنترل محدود پوشش گیاهی بستری عریض با نسبتهای عرض به عمق بالا و پشتههای نقطهای فعال داخل مجرا به‌وجود آوردهاند. بازههای نوع G و F در امتداد سد نوروزلو تا شهر میاندوآب در نتیجة دخالتهای انسانی‌ـ به صورت برداشت بیرویة شن و ماسه و گودافتادگی بستر رودخانه‌ـ به‌وجود آمدهاند. این روند، به صورت منقطع، در امتداد پاییندست ادامه مییابد و رودخانه به بازهای در حال گذار از نوع C به نوع F تبدیل میشود. زرینهرود در بازة انتهایی به رودخانههای نوع E تبدیل میشود. دخالتهای نسبتاً کمِ عامل انسانی و دشت سیلابیِ هموار و توسعهیافته باعث افزایش نسبتِ گودشدگی شده است. همچنین، چسبندگی بالای مواد کناره به مقادیر پایین نسبت عرض به عمق منجر شده است. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| پلان‌فرم؛ زرینهرود؛ مدل رزگن؛ مدل HEC-RAS؛ مورفولوژی | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Morphological Analysis of Zarrineh-Roud River Using Rosgen Model | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Mansoor Kheirizadeh Arough1؛ Mohammad Hossein Rezaei Moghaddam2؛ Rasoul Daneshfaraz3؛ Masoumeh Rajabi2 | ||
| 1PhD in Geomorphology, Faculty of Geography and Planning, University of Tabriz, Iran | ||
| 2Professor of Geomorphology, Faculty of Geography and Planning, University of Tabriz, Iran | ||
| 3Associate Professor of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Maragheh, Iran | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| Introduction A basic belief in geomorphology says that ‘form implies process.’ Thus, numerous geomorphic classifications have been developed for landscapes, hillslopes, and rivers. The form–process paradigm is a potentially powerful tool for conducting quantitative geomorphic investigations (Shroder, 2013: 730). Streams typically have similar suites of channel morphologies, with repeatable patterns of occurrence, which resulted in numerous classification efforts (Roper et al., 2008: 417-427). Recent approaches for river classification focus on watershed analysis related to land management and stream restoration, using a hierarchical approach that nests successive scales of physical and biological conditions and allows a more holistic understanding of basin processes (Shroder, 2013: 739). One of the most widely used hierarchical channel classification systems was developed by Rosgen (1985, 1994, 1996, Shroder, 2013: 742). In the current study, Zarrineh Roud river channel planform are studied by using Rosgen geomorphological model in combination with HEC-RAS model. Materials and Methods This study is based on fieldworks and topographic maps of scale 1: 2000 (West Azerbaijan Regional Water Authority). The data from Sari-Qamish and Nezam-Abad hydrometric stations in the main stream and Qureh-Chay and Janaqa stations on the tributaries were used for calculation of return periods and discharge–stage relation. To determine the friction coefficient distribution of channel and floodplain, land cover maps was generated using Google Earth satellite imagery. Laboratory equipment including Van Veen Grab- Bottom Sampler, shakers, digital scales, and caliper were used for Sediment particle size analysis (granulometry). Rosgen (1985, 1994, 1996) hierarchical system was used to analyze river channel morphology. The Rosgen system uses six morphological measurements for classifying a stream reach-entrenchment, width/depth ratio, sinuosity, number of channels, slope, and bed material particle size. These criteria are used to define eight major stream classes with about 100 individual stream types (The Federal Interagency Stream Restoration Working Group, 2001, chapter 7: 29). In this research, some of these parameters were calculated using HEC-RAS hydrodynamic model. For steady, gradually varied flow, the primary procedure for computing water surface profiles between cross-sections is called the direct step method. The basic computational procedure is based on the iterative solution of the energy equation. Given the flow and water surface elevation at one cross-section, the goal of the standard step method is to compute the water surface elevation at the adjacent cross-section. The flow data for HEC-RAS consists of flow regime, discharge information, initial conditions and boundary conditions (HEC, 2010). Results and Discussion Zarrineh Roud River based on different variables, such as channel planform, geological controls, bed material and anthropogenic effects, was divided into five different reaches: Reach (1) from start point to Shahindejh industrial town; reach (2) from industrial town to Norouzlu Dam; reach (3) from this dam to Miandoab city; reach (4) from Miandoab to Chelik village; reach (5) from Chelik village to Urmia Lake. Reach (1) is type C3, which according to the slope and bed material divided into two sub-reaches: sub-reach C3b and sub-reach C3. Type C3 streams have a good recovery potential, moderate sediment supply, moderate streambank erosion potential and very high vegetation controlling. In this reach, the lateral dynamics of channel is low due to the geological control and low erodibility of bank material. Also, the bed incision is largely limited due to the presence of coarse material and bed armoring. Therefore, this reach is relatively stable. From starting point of reach (2) significant changes can be observed in the geomorphological characteristics of the Zarrineh Roud River. Floodplain width significantly developed and geological controls reduced. In this reach, Zarrineh Roud River becomes specific example of gravel Bed Rivers that extends to the downstream Norouzlu Dam. At the upstream of reach (2), the river is transformed into a type D4 stream. According to the field studies, high erodibility of bank materials along with poor control of vegetation are the main reasons to create the type D in some parts of this reach. Other parts of reach (2) are very specific example of type C stream that according to the slope and bed material, belong to the type C4. This reach shows complete characteristics of type C4 streams, so that, it has a high sediment supply, very high streambank erosion potential and very high vegetation control. In fact, vegetation cover combined with the erodibility of the streambanks determines the degree of lateral adjustment and stability of this reach. In this reach, most meanders are active. Lateral migration of meanders is accompanied by the mass failure in elevated clay banks. Reach (3), from downstream of Norouzlu dam to Miandoab city, in most sections, are converted into type G and type F streams. In fact, in this reach, a conversion has taken place from type C (C4 in upstream and C5 in downstream) to type G and type F due to very extensive anthropogenic interference. In this reach, sand and gravel mining is widely uncontrolled. River bed entrenched up to several meters (confined) and often isolated by steep and vertical banks from floodplain. Type G5, type F4 and type F5 streams have very poor recovery potential, very high sediment supply, very high streambank erosion potential and high vegetation control. This reach in terms of natural lateral dynamics is inactive. Based on the delineative criteria of Rosgen model, reach (4) have characteristics of the type C5b streams. In this reach, flood prone areas are reduced due to the human interference. Flood prone areas are mainly in accordance with scroll bars which developed in the convex sides of meanders. This reach due to the anthropogenic disturbances does not have typical characteristics of type C streams and is better considered as a reach converted from type C to type F. Reach (5) is converted to a type E that according to substrate material and slope, divided into two sub-reaches: sub-reach type E5b upstream and sub-reach type E6b downstream. In this reach, floodplain is very broad and developed. Creation of a developed meandering pattern is related to the low stream power and cohesive bank material. This reach is also relatively stable. Conclusion Efficiency of Rosgen model upstream the reaches of Norouzlu Dam and final reach is relatively good and almost all sections are compatible with a type of Rosgen streams. In these reaches, river form and pattern largely indicate the processes governing river channel and river morphology controlled by variations of stream power and variability of bank and riparian conditions. In the both reaches (3) and (4), due to high control of anthropogenic factors, explanation ability of the Rosgen model is limited and incompatibilities are observed in determining the type of Rosgen streams. These two reaches are critical reaches along the Zarrineh Roud River. Rosgen (1997) proposed four priority in its geomorphological approach to restoration of incised rivers that prioritized as follows: Conversion of G and/or F stream types to C or E in previous elevation w/floodplain; Conversion of F and/or G stream types to C or E; reestablishment of floodplain at existing level or higher but not at original level; Conversion into a new stream type without an active floodplain but containing flood prone area. Conversion of G to B stream type or F to Bc; Stabilization of channel in place. Given that rehabilitation and restoration of type G and type F are difficult, it is better to apply restrictions in relation to sand mining regardless of the conversion the reach (4) (downstream Miandoab) to type G or type F. For type F and type G reaches is recommended, because of the high population density in the region and increase in the probability of flood event, the second priority, conversion of F and/or G stream types to C or E and reestablishment of floodplain at existing level or higher but not at original level. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| Morphology, planform, Rosgen model, HEC-RAS model, Zarrineh Roud River | ||
| مراجع | ||
|
خیریزاده آروق، م. (1395). تحلیل مورفودینامیک و تغییرات جانبی مجرای رودخانة زرینهرود (از شاهیندژ تا دریاچة ارومیه)، رسالة دکتری، دانشکدة جغرافیا و برنامهریزی، دانشگاه تبریز. خیریزاده آروق، م.؛ رضایی مقدم، م.ح.؛ رجبی، م. و دانش‌فراز، ر. (1396). تحلیل تغییرات جانبی مجرای رودخانة زرینهرود با استفاده از روشهای ژئومورفومتریکی، پژوهشهای ژئومورفولوژی کمّی، 5(4): 76ـ102. روستایی، ش.؛ خورشیددوست، ع.م. و خالقی، س. (1392). ارزیابی مورفولوژی مجرای رودخانة لیقوان با روش طبقه‌بندی راسگن، پژوهشهای ژئومورفولوژی کمّی، 1(4): 1ـ16. لایقی، ص. و کرم، ا. (1393). طبقه‌بندی هیدروژئومورفولوژیکی رودخانة جاجرود با مدل رزگن، پژوهشهای ژئومورفولوژی کمّی، 3(3): 130ـ143. یمانی، م. و تورانی، م. (1393). طبقه‌بندی ژئومورفولوژیکی الگوی آبراهۀ طالقانرود در محدودۀ شهرک طالقان از طریق روش رزگن، پژوهشهای جغرافیای طبیعی، 46(2): 183ـ198. Ashmore, P. (1991). Channel morphology and bed load pulses in braided, gravel-bed streams, Geografiska Annaler, Series A, Physical Geography, 73: 37-52. Carling, P. (1991). An appraisal of the velocity-reversal hypothesis for stable pool-riffle sequences in the River Severn, England, Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 16: 19-31. Committee on American River Flood Frequencies, National Research Council. (1999). Improving American river flood frequency analyses, National Academy Press. Crosato, A. (2008). Analysis and modelling of river meandering, PhD thesis, Published and distributed by IOS Press under the imprint Delft University Press. Garde, R.J. (2006). River morphology, New Age International (P) Ltd., Publishers, 479p. Gibling, M.R. and Davies, N.S. (2012). Palaeozoic landscapes shaped by plant evolution, Nature Geoscience, 5: 99-105. HEC (Hydrologic Engineering Center) (2010). HEC-RAS river analysis system, hydraulic reference manual, U. S. Army Corps of Engineers. Hicks, D.M., Gomez, B and Trustrum, N.A. (2000). Erosion thresholds and suspended sediment yields, Waipaoa river basin, New Zealand. Water Resources Research, Vol. 36, No. 4, pp. 1129-1142. Keirizadeh, M.; Rezaei Moghaddam, M.H.; Rajabi, M. and Daneshfaraz, R. (2017). Analyzing Lateral Changes of the Zarrineh-Roud River Channel Using Geomorphometric Techniques, Quantitative geomorphological researches, 5(4): 76-102. (In Persian). Kheirizadeh Arouq, M. (2017). Analysis of Morphodynamics and Channel Lateral Changes of the Zarrineh-Rud River (From Shahin-Dejh to Urmia Lake), PhD thesis, Faculty of Geography and Planning, University of Tabriz. (In Persian). Kleinhans, M.G. (2010). Sorting out river channel patterns, Progress in Physical Geography, 34: 287-326. Kleinhans, M.G. and Van den Berg, J.H. (2011). River channel and bar patterns explained and predicted by an empirical and physics-based method, Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 36: 721-738. Kondolf, G. Mathias and Piegay, H. (2003). Tools in fluvial geomorphology, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 688 P. Lauer, J. and Parker, G. (2008). Net local removal of floodplain sediment by river meander migration, Geomorphology, 96: 123-149. Layeghi, S. and Karam, A. (2014). Hydrogeomorphological classification of Jajroud River using Rosgen model, Quantitative geomorphological researches, 3(3): 130-143. (In Persian). Leopold, L.B. and Wolman, M.G. (1957). River channel patterns: braided, meandering, and straight, Geological Survey Professional Paper 282-B. United Sates Government Printing Office, WA, USA. pp. 39-85. Leopold, L.B.; Wolman, M.G. and Miller, J.P. (1964). Fluvial Processes in Geomorphology, Dover Publications Inc., New York, NY. USA. 504p. Madej, M.A. (1999). Temporal and spatial variability in thalweg profiles of a gravel-bed river, Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 24(12): 1153-1169. Martin, Derek J. (2005). Geospatial analysis of gravel bar deposition and channel migration within the Ozark national scenic riverways, Missouri (1955-2003). A thesis presented to the graduate college Of Southwest Missouri State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree master of science, geospatial sciences. 109p. Merwade, V.M. (2004). Geospatial description of river channels in three dimensions, Doctoral thesis, The University of Texas at Austin. Montgomery, D.R. and Buffington, J.M. (1997). Channel reach morphology in mountain drainage basins, Geological Society of America Bulletin, 109(5): 596-611. Natural Resources Conservation Service (2008). Stream restoration design (National Engineering Handbook 654), Technical Supplement 3E: Rosgen Stream Classification Technique-Supplemental Materials, United States Department Agriculture. Paola, C.; Mullin, J.; Ellis, C.; Mohrig, D.C.; Swenson, J.B.; Parker, G.; Hickson, T.; Heller, P.L.; Pratson, L.; Syvitski, J.; Sheets, B. and Strong, N. (2001). Experimental stratigraphy, GSA Today, 11(7): 4-9. Parker, G. (1979). Hydraulic geometry of active gravel rivers, Journal of the Hydraulic Division, American Society of Civil Engineers, 105: 1185-1201. Roper, Brett B.; Buffington, John M.; Archer, E.; Moyer, Ch. and Ward, M. (2008). The role of observer variation in determining rosgen system types in northeastern Oregon mountain streams, Journal of the American water resources association, 44(2): 417- 427. Rosgen, David L. (1994). A classification of natural rivers, Catena, 22: 169-199. Rosgen, David L. (1997). A geomorphological approach to restoration of incised rivers, Proceedings of the Conference on Management of Landscapes Disturbed by Channel Incision, pp: 1-11 Roustaei, Sh.; KhorshidDoust, A.M. and Khaleghi, S. (2013). Evaluating morphology of Liqvan-Chay river channel using Rosgen classification, Quantitative geomorphological researches, 1(4): 1-16. (In Persian). Shroder, John F. (2013). Treatise on geomorphology, Vol. 9: treatise on fluvial geomorphology, Elsevier Inc, 860p. The Federal Interagency Stream Restoration Working Group (2001). Stream corridor restoration: principles, processes, and practices, Adopted part 653 of National Engineering Handbook, USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service. Van Dijk, W. M. (2013). Meandering rivers - feedbacks between channel dynamics, floodplain and vegetation. PhD thesis, Department Physical Geography Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, 206p Yamani, M. and Toorani, M. (2014). Geomorphological Classification of Taleghan River Pattern in Taleghan Town by Rozgen Method, Physical geography research quarterly, 46(2): 183-198. (In Persian). Zolezzi, G.; Luchi, R. and Tubino, M. (2012). Modeling morphodynamic processes in meandering rivers with spatial width variations, Rev. Geophys, 50, RG4005: 1-24. | ||
|
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 1,503 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 621 |
||