پیوندهای مفید
اخبار و اعلانات
آمار
| تعداد نشریات | 161 |
| تعداد شماره‌ها | 6,532 |
| تعداد مقالات | 70,504 |
| تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 124,123,752 |
| تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 97,231,851 |
تعیین مراحل فنولوژی و انباشت سرمایی و گرمایی درخت سیب تابستانه تحت شرایط اقلیمی کرج | ||
| پژوهش های جغرافیای طبیعی | ||
| مقاله 9، دوره 50، شماره 1، فروردین 1397، صفحه 123-139 اصل مقاله (1.36 M) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله کامل | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22059/jphgr.2018.223751.1006982 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| غلامعباس فلاح قالهری* 1؛ حمزه احمدی2 | ||
| 1استادیار اقلیم شناسی، گروه جغرافیا، دانشکدة جغرافیا و علوم محیطی، دانشگاه حکیم سبزواری | ||
| 2دانشجوی دکتری اقلیم شناسی کشاورزی، گروه جغرافیا، دانشکدة جغرافیا و علوم محیطی، دانشگاه حکیم سبزواری | ||
| چکیده | ||
| ارزیابی مراحل فنولوژی و انباشت سرمایی و گرمایی درختان میوه براساس شرایط اقلیمی حائزِ اهمیت است. در مطالعة حاضر زمان رخداد و آستانههای دمایی مراحل فنولوژی درخت سیب تابستانه در مقیاس BBCH به صورت میدانی مشخص شد. سپس، با استفاده از آمار دمای ساعتی و روزانه، انباشت سرمایی منطقه براساس کاربست مدل‌های ساعات سرمایی، یوتا، و دینامیکی و انباشت گرمایی براساس کاربست مدل‌های درجة روزهای رشد مؤثر و فعال، و اندرسون و ریچاردسون تعیین شد. نتایج نشان داد که در درخت سیب تابستانه هفت مرحله فنولوژی با طول فصل رشد 132روزه رخ میدهد. انباشتِ سرمایی منطقه براساس مدلِ CH 1041 ساعت، براساس مدلِ یوتا 1716 واحد سرمایی، و براساس مدل دینامیکی 76 سهم سرمایی مشخص شد. بیشترین انباشت سرمایی در ماه‌های دسامبر، ژانویه، و فوریه رخ میدهد. براساس مدل‌های درجة رشد مؤثر و فعال به ترتیب 2223 و 3026 درجة روز و براساس مدل اندرسون و ریچاردسون به ترتیب 7203 و 12086 درجة ساعت رشد (GDH) رخ میدهد. کفایت انباشت سرمایی منطقه برای واریتههای زودرس مناسب است؛ اما برای واریتههای دیررس محدودیت دارد. روند تغییرات افزایشی معنیدار در دماهای ساعتی ایام سرد، به‌خصوص دماهای کمینة شبانه، مشاهده شد؛ این شرایط کاهش انباشت سرمایی و ظهور زودهنگام گُل‌دهی و افزایش خطر سرما و یخبندان را همراه خواهد داشت. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| انباشت سرمایی؛ انباشت گرمایی؛ درجة ساعتهای رشد؛ فنولوژی | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Phenological Stages and Chilling and Heating Accumulation of Apple Tree under the Climatic Conditions of Karaj | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Golamabbas Fallah Ghalhari1؛ Hamzeh Ahmadi2 | ||
| 1Assistant Professor of Climatology, Geography department, Hakimsabzevari University, Iran | ||
| 2PhD Student of Agricultural Climatology, Geography Department, Hakimsabzevari University, Iran | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| Introduction Identification of the phenological stages and the heating and chilling accumulation of fruit trees on the basis of the climatic conditions is of great importance to discover the potentialities and to identify the compatible species. Most deciduous trees need chilling and heating accumulation to have complete growth. In fact, chilling accumulation is necessary to overcome the dormancy or sleep period and heating accumulation is necessary for flowering and the change of phenological stages. The study of the phenological behavior of fruit trees is important as the impact of environmental conditions. Weather and climate constitute a key determinant in successful production of deciduous fruits. Identifying the phenological stages and climatic condition requirements for fruit trees can help promoters and gardeners to choose the best and most suitable varieties. Materials and Methods This study as statistical-field is an applied research. In the field study, in order to identify the time of the occurrence of phenological stages and the temperature thresholds, a series of daily and weekly visits and writing field were regularly conducted in the growing season of the crab apple tree. For this purpose, a commercial fertile garden with an appropriate cultivated land area of crab apple tree was selected. The garden complex is located adjacent to Karaj Meteorological Station, Alborz Province, Iran. In the process of conducting field observations, with the assistance of gardening and horticulture experts, , four crab apple trees were selected from a set of one hectare of apple trees in different parts of the garden as an Iranian early-season variety. The phenological stages and temperature conditions were recorded on the basis of principal and secondary codes of the BBCH scale with daily and weekly visits. In the process of field visit, the phenological conditions of the trees were examined and compared, and ultimately, the final date and temperature threshold of the stage were recorded. The required statistical data for the hourly and daily climatic parameters from 1985 to 2014 were obtained from the Iranian Meteorological Organization as well as Alborz Province Meteorological Department. The chilling requirement was determined through the models as the Chilling Hours (CH), UTAH and dynamic (CP or Chill Portions) models, and the heating requirement was identified through the effective and active growing degree day and growing degree hour models on the basis of Anderson and Richardson’s models. The Mann-Kendall's nonparametric method was also used to determine the process of temperature changes. Results and Discussion In the early-season apples, the end and beginning of the sleep or dormancy period occur in late February and mid-October. The longest phenological stage is the fruit development stage, starting from the end of flowering in the first ten days of April till the end of June and early July. In the Karaj climate, early-season apples begin to sprout in late February and are completely asleep in late October. Its winter chilling accumulation was obtained as 1027 chill hours based on the CH model, 1771 chilling units based on the UTAH Model, and 76 chilling portions based on the dynamic (CP) model. Based on Anderson’s model, 7203 growing degree hours (GDH) and based on Richardson’s model, 12086 growing degree hours (GDH) are required for heating accumulation from the end of dormancy to full flowering. During the whole growth period for the seven main phenological stages, 2223 and 3026 effective and active growing degree days are required. The increase in the hourly temperature, especially the minimum temperatures, is obvious during dormancy at the end of the cold season at most hours of the day. The temperature has a significant upward trend in February and March. The climatic conditions of Karaj have the necessary chilling and heating accumulation for cultivation of the early-season varieties of crab apple. Given the rising hourly temperature, the early emergence of flowering in the middle of the winter in the future and the risk of frost are not unexpected. Conclusion The output of chilling accumulation models on the basis of long-term hourly temperature data from Karaj Station showed that there is sufficient chilling accumulation for the early-season varieties of the crab apple tree in Karaj climate. The highest chilling accumulation occurs during the dormancy period in December, January and February. The chilling accumulation results can be used as a model for other deciduous trees. The climatic potential of the region provides chilling accumulation for early-season varieties, but it is limited for late-season varieties with high requirements. In terms of heating accumulation, there is no specific limitation for the apple trees. The results of hourly temperature variations in the cold season of the year, i.e. the dormancy period of the fruit trees in the study area indicated that the air temperature has an increasing trend at the end of the winter season, especially in February and March. This increasing trend is more visible during the night and morning hours when the minimum temperatures occur. This significant increase in the hourly temperature of the cold season of the year and the dormancy period of the fruit trees, in the one hand, will reduce the chilling accumulation of the apple trees and other similar trees, and on the other hand, by accelerating the early emergence of germination and flowering phenological stages at the end of the cold season will bring about a serious risk of late-frost and cold for the early-season apple trees as well as other fruit trees. Hence, it is important to make necessary decisions for dealing with the frost and cold climate crisis. The results of this study indicated that the temperature conditions contain the most important climatic necessity for the fruit trees and that fruit trees are highly responsive to any temperature changes. The use of hourly and daily temperature data is of great importance in measuring the chilling and heating potentials in order to select the compatible species with the climatic conditions of each region for preventing the loss of capital and resources. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| apple tree, Chilling Requirement, growing degree hours, heating requirement, Phenology | ||
| مراجع | ||
|
آمارنامةمحصولات باغی (1392). معاونت برنامه‌ریزی و اقتصادی، وزارت جهاد کشاورزی، تهران. رضایی، م. (1391). برآورد نیازهای دمایی شش رقم تجاری زردآلوی منطقة شاهرود در شرایط آزمایشگاهی و مزرعه‌ای، مجلة به‌زراعی کشاورزی، 14(1): 21ـ32. روشن، غ. (1386). بررسی آگروکلیمایی نواحی سازگار با کشت زیتون (Olea europaea L.) در ایران، رسالة دکتری، دانشکدة جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهران. سبزی‌پرور، ع.ا. و شادمانی، م. (1390). تحلیل روند تبخیر و تعرق مرجع با استفاده از آزمون من- کندال و اسپیرمن در مناطق خشک ایران، نشریة آب و خاک (علوم و صنایع کشاورزی)، 25(4): 823ـ834. خوشحال، ج.؛ رحیمی، د. و مجد، م. (1392). تعیین مراحل فنولوژی و محاسبة نیازهای حرارتی گل محمدی منطقة برزگ کاشان، نشریة جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی محیطی، 52(4): 169ـ178. غریبی، خ. (1395). مدیریت ریسک و بیمة باغبانی (نمونة الگویی: زیتون، موز، و انبه)، تهران: انتشارات پژوهشکدة بیمه. ولاشدی، ر.ن. و سبزی‌پرور، ع.ا. (1395). ارزیابی الگوهای برآورد نیاز سرمایی زمستانه با استفاده از داده‌های مشاهدهای پدیدة شناختی درخت سیب در ارومیه، علوم باغبانی ایران، 47(3): 561ـ570. Anderson, J.L.; Richardson, E.A. and Kesner, C.D. (1985). Validation of chill unit and flower bud phenology models for'Montmorency'sour cherry, In I International Symposium on Computer Modelling in Fruit Research and Orchard Management, 184: 71-78.
Bishnoi, O.P. (2010). Applied Agro climatology, Oxford Book Company Publisher, London.
Campoy, J.A.; Ruze, D.; Allderman, L.; Cook, N. and Egea, J. (2012). The fulfilment of chilling requirements and the daptation of apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) in warm winter climates: An approach in Murcia (Spain) and the Western Cape (South Africa), Europ Journal Agronomy, 37: 43-55.
Cesaraccio, C.; Spano, D.; Duce, P. and Snyder, R.L. (2001). An improved model for determining degree-day values from daily temperature data, International Journal of Biometeorology, 45(4): 161-169.
Cesaraccio, C.; Spano, D.; Snyder, R.L.and Duce, P. (2004). Chilling and forcing model to predict bud-burst of crop and forest species, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 126(1): 1-13.
Cornelius, C.; Petermeier, H.; Estrella, N. and Menzel, A. (2011). A comparison of methods to estimate seasonal phenological development from BBCH scale recording, International journal of biometeorology, 55 (6): 867-877.
Darbyshire, R.; Pope, K.and Goodwin, I. (2016). An evaluation of the chill overlap model to predict flowering time in apple tree, Scientia Horticulturae, 198: 142-149.
Darbyshire, R.; Webb, L.; Goodwin, I. and Barlow, S. (2011). Winter chilling trends for deciduous fruit trees in Australia, Agricultural and forest meteorology, 151(8): 1074-1085.
Egea, J.; Ortega, E.; Martı́nez-Gómez, P. and Dicenta, F. (2003). Chilling and heat requirements of almond cultivars for flowering, Environmental and Experimental Botany, 50(1):79-85.
Erez, A. (Ed.). (2013). Temperate fruit crops in warm climates, Springer Science & Business Media.
Erez, A. and Fishman, S. (1997). The dynamic model for chilling evaluation in peach buds, In IV International Peach Symposium, 465: 507-510.
Erez, A.; Fishman, S.; Linsley-Noakes, G.C. and Allan, P. (1989). The dynamic model for rest completion in peach buds, In II International Symposium on Computer Modelling in Fruit Research and Orchard Management, 276: 165-174.
Fadón, E.; Herrero, M. and Rodrigo, J. (2015). Flower development in sweet cherry framed in the BBCH scale, Scientia Horticulturae, 192: 141-147.
Farajzadeh, M.; Rahimi, M.; Kamali, G.A. nad Mavrommatis, T. (2010). Modelling apple tree bud burst time and frost risk in Iran, Meteorological Applications, 17(1): 45-52.
Ferree, D.C. and Warrington, I.J. (2003). Apples: botany, production and uses, CABI publishing. London, UK.
Fishman, S.; Erez, A. and Couvillon, G.A. (1987). The temperature-dependence of dormancy breaking in plants—computer-simulation of processes studied under controlled temperatures, Journal of Theoretical Biology, 126(3): 309-321.
Garden crops statistical letter (2013). Department of Economic and Planning, Islamic republic of Iran, Ministry of Agriculture – Jahad, Iran, Tehran.
Gharibi, Kh. (2016). Risk management & Orchard Insurance (Typical Patterns: Olive, Banana, Mango), Insurance Publisher, Tehran.
Gue, L.; Dai, J.; Ranjitkar, S. and Yu, H. (2014). Chilling and heat requirements for flowering in temperate fruit trees, International journal of biometeorology, 58: 1195-1206.
Ikinci, A.; Mamay, M. Unlu, L.; Bolat, I. and Ercisli, S. (2014). Determination of Heat Requirements and Effective Heat Summations of Some Pomegranate Cultivars Grown in Southern Anatolia, Erwerbs-Obstbau, 56(4): 131-138.
Jackson, D. and Looney, N.E. (Eds.). (1999). Temperate and subtropical fruit production, CABI. publishing. London, UK.
Khoshhal, J.; Rahimi, D. and Majd, M. (2014). Analyzing the phonological growth stages and required temperature rate of Gole Mohammadi, Geography and Environmental Planning Journal, 52(4):169-178.
Luedeling, E.; Kunz, A. and Blanke, M.M. (2013). Identification of chilling and heat requirements of cherry trees—a statistical approach, International Journal of Biometeorology, 57(5): 679-689.
Luedeling, E. and Brown, H.P. (2011). A global analysis of the comparability of winter chill models for fruit and nut trees, International Journal of Biometeorology, 55: 411-421.
Maulión, E.; Valentini, G.H.; Kovalevski, L.; Prunello, M.; Monti, L.L.; Daorden, M.E.; Quaglino, M. and Cervign, G.D.L.C. (2014). Comparison of methods for estimation of chilling and heat requirements of nectarine and peach genotypes for flowering, Sci. Hort., 177: 112-117.
McMaster, G.S. and Wilhelm, W.W. (1997). Growing degree-days: one equation, two interpretations, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 87(4):291-300.
Pérez, F.J.; Ormeno, N.; Reynaert, B. and Rubio, S. (2008). Use of the dynamic model for the assessment of winter chilling in a temperate and a subtropical climatic zone of Chile, Chilean journal of agricultural research, 68(2): 198-206.
Pope, K.S.; Dose, V.; Da Silva, D.; Brown, P.H. and DeJong, T.M. (2015). Nut crop yield records show that budbreak-based chilling requirements may not reflect yield decline chill thresholds, International journal of biometeorology, 59(6): 707-715.
Rea, R. and Eccel, E. (2006). Phenological models for blooming of apple in a mountainous region, Int of Biometeorology, 51: 1-16.
Rezaie, M. (2012). Evaluation of temperature requirements of six apricot cultivars under lab and field conditions in Shahrood, Journal of Crops Improvement, 14(1): 21-32.
Richardson E.A.; Seeley, S.D. and Walker, D.R. (1974). A model for estimatingthe completion of rest for “Redhaven” and “Elberta” Peach Trees, Hort Science, 9: 331-332.
Roshan, A.A.(2007). Agroclimate assessment of adaptable regions with (Olea europaea L.) olive cultivation in Iran, Ph. D. Thesis, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran.
Ruiz, D.; Campoy, J.A. and Egea, J. (2007). Chiiling and heat requirments of apricot cultivars for flowering, Environmental and Experiment Botany, 61: 254-263.
Sabziparvar, A.A. and Shadmani, M. (2011). Trends Analysis of Reference Evapotranspiration Rates by Using the Mann- Kendall and Spearman Tests in Arid Regions of Iran, Journal of Water and Soil, 25(4): 823-834.
Severino, V.; Gravina, A.; Manzi, M. and Arias, M. (2007). Models for Quantifying Effective Winter Chill on Apple Endodormancy, In VIII International Symposium on Temperate Zone Fruits in the Tropics and Subtropics, 872: 113-120.
Valashedi, R.N. and Sabziparvar, A.A. (2016). Evaluation of winter chill requirement models using the observed apple tree phenology data in Kahriz (Urmia, Iran), Iran Horticultural Sciences, 47(3): 561-570.
Valentini, N.; Me, G.; Ferrero, R.and Spanna, F. (2001). Use of bioclimatic indexes to characterize phenological phases of apple varieties in Northern Italy, International journal of biometeorology, 45(4):191-195.
Weinberger, J.H. (1950). Chilling requirements of peach varieties, Proc. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci., 56: 122-128.
Zhang, J. and Taylor, C. (2011). The dynamic model provides the best description of the chill process on ‘Sirora’pistachio trees in Australia, HortScience, 46(3):420-425. | ||
|
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 1,116 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 666 |
||