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چارچوب حقوقی- اقتصادی کنترل بحران آب در آسیای مرکزی | ||
| مطالعات اوراسیای مرکزی | ||
| مقاله 8، دوره 11، شماره 2، مهر 1397، صفحه 381-397 اصل مقاله (593.63 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22059/jcep.2019.214106.449662 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| عباسقلی عسگریان* 1؛ مرتضی عباس‌زاده2؛ مسعود غلامی سملی2 | ||
| 1استادیار روابط بین‌الملل، دانشکدۀ روابط بین‌الملل وزارت امورخارجه | ||
| 2کارشناسی ارشد دیپلماسی در سازمان‌های بین‌المللی، دانشکدۀ روابط بین‌الملل وزارت امورخارجه | ||
| چکیده | ||
| اهمیت آب برای ادامۀ تمدن بشری به اندازه‌ای است که می‌تواند آن دسته از منابع آبی که بین دو یا چند دولت مشترک هستند را به صحنه‌ای از نزاع و درگیری تبدیل کند. بر این اساس اختلاف‌های مرزی و ایدئولوژیکی دولت‌ها و ژئوپلیتیک و هیدروپلیتیک متفاوت کشورها در یک منطقه به بحران‌ها و اختلاف‌های آبی در آن منطقه کمک می‌کند. در منطقۀ آسیای مرکزی نیز، مرزبندی‌های کشورهای این حوزه به‌علت فروپاشی اتحاد شوروی، سبب اختلاف‌های مرزی و هیدروپلیتیکی در آن منطقه شده است که زمان‌هایی به بحران آبی بین این کشورها هم تبدیل شده است. با این حال، با اینکه بحث مربوط به بحران آب در منطقۀ آسیای مرکزی پس از فروپاشی اتحاد شوروی برجسته‌تر شده است؛ اما به‌نظر می‌رسد که عواملی در منطقه وجود دارد که مانع بروز جنگ و حتی بحران‌های شدید در روابط کشورهای منطقه بر سر موضوع استفاده از آب‌های مرزی می‌شود؛ بنابراین این نوشتار ضمن استفاده از روش توصیفی-تحلیلی و بهره‌گیری از روش‌های جمع‌آوری اطلاعات به‌صورت کتابخانه‌ای و اینترنتی به‌دنبال پاسخ به این پرسش است که به‌طورکلی، چه عواملی سبب کنترل بحران آب در آسیای مرکزی و جلوگیری از درگیری‌های منطقه‌ای بین کشورهای منطقه می‌شود؟ در همین زمینه نگارندگان بر این فرضیه استناد کرده‌اند که عواملی در قالب یک چارچوب اقتصادی-حقوقی همچون تبادل انرژی، پیوندهای سازمانی و بین سازمانی و طرح‌های جامع حقوقی برای استفاده از آب، همانند اسناد 1992 آلماتی، 1996 تاشکند در کنترل بحران آب در آسیای مرکزی نقش داشته‌اند. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| آب؛ آسیای مرکزی؛ بحران آب؛ چارچوب سیاسی- حقوقی؛ نزاع و درگیری | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| The Legal-Economic Framework for Controlling the Water Crisis in Central Asia | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Abbasgholi Asgarian1؛ Morteza Abbaszadeh2؛ Masoud Gholami Samali2 | ||
| 1Assistant Professor of International Relations, The School of International Relations, Ministry of Foreign Affairs | ||
| 2M.A. in Diplomacy and International Organizations, The School of International Relations, Ministry of Foreign Affairs | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| Although two thirds of the Earth's surface is covered by water but the water crisis has been a vital issue for the inhabitants of the earth because only 0.26 percent of the water available on the ground is sweet and usable and also available water resources are not evenly distributed. For example, a community has more control over water resources than others. Therefore, shortage of water resources and also uneven distribution at the global level, caused increases the importance of water and if these sources be as international rivers, it can create conflicts on utilization. Therefore, it can be said, those water sources that are shared between two or more governments, can cayse conflicts. Border and ideological differences and also differences in geopolitics and hydropolitics of countries in a region increase the crises and conflicts in the region. The article will examine the relations between Central Asian countries on the issue of water. In this region the water issue is affected by political, economic, legal, technical, and ecological issues. Therefore, the water crisis is one of the most important issues in the region of Central Asia and Russia that a large part of it is influenced by decisions about the geographic and political divisions that have remained since the Soviet Union. Now also in addition to past issues part of the crisis has also been imposed on the region due to geographical conditions and the other part due to the performance of governments that has impact on the current and future crises of the region, especially in the development of agricultural and industrial activities in the countries. In general, when the water crisis discussed in Central Asia that Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan have the origins of the two great rivers, the Amu Darya and Syr Darya and these countries are on the upstream rivers. They reduce the rights of other countries in the region with creation of a dam and water supply. In general, the motivation to create a dam in the Central Asian region is due to several reasons; A) Agriculture: The greatest economic advantage of Central Asian countries is the expansion of the agricultural sector Thus, Central Asian countries have been developing their agriculture since the past, with the diversion of water through the excavating of the canal or the blockade of current waters by creating a dam. However, statistics show that Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan, despite having the sources of Amudarya and Syr Darya rivers, did not make a significant difference between themselves and other countries in the Central Asian region. This depends on variables such as land extant. B) Avoid seasonal floods: The mountainous region and abundant atmospheric rainfall at high altitudes in the winter and spring cause seasonal floods and huge destruction. Therefore the creation of multiple dams can reduce the power of floods. In graphs displayed in text we concluded that the frequency of “high” earthquakes and the average occurrence of floods in Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan is far more than the other countries in the region that are in the downstream position. C) Hydroelectric power generation: The mountainous region of Central Asia and the severe winter cold, plus the shortage of hydrocarbon resources such as oil, gas or coal in Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan has caused these upstream countries to create dams for the production of hydroelectric power to provide their energy in all seasons and in particular the cold seasons. Although the crisis in the Central Asian region has become more important after the Soviet collapse, but it seems there are factors and parameters in the region that prevent the crisis of relations between countries on the issue of using the waters of the border. Therefore, this research uses the descriptive-analytical method and the use of information gathering methods in the form of library and Internet, seeking to answer this question that in general, what factors control the water crisis in Central Asia and prevent regional conflicts among the countries of the region? The hypothesis of this article is that parameters in the framework of an economic-legal framework such as energy exchanges, institutional and inter-organizational links, and comprehensive water utilization plans have contributed to controlling the water crisis in Central Asia. By studying the data gathered in this study, we arrive at this conclusion that the water disagreements and the water crisis in Central Asia are deeply rooted and multilateral but it seems that by designing economic-legal frameworks in the region, it can reduce the incidence of conflicts among actors involved in this issue. In this research, these frameworks are divided as follow: A) Organizational and inter-organizational links: The overlapping of members in organizations working in the field of economy and energy in the Central Asian region creates some kind of convergence and entanglement. The energy economy and its agreements cover issues such as the rights of low-income countries and other relevant issues in international law, and subsequently reduce the tensions. In this regard, the authors referred to four organizations and institutions that in these organizations, most Central Asian countries are members of these three organizations, including the Commonwealth Power Council, the ECO Organization, the Shanghai Organization and the Central Asian Economic Organization. B) Exchange of energy between countries of the region: Hydropower is produced in upstream countries, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan, which do not have much hydrocarbon resources. Other countries in the region, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan have significant oil and gas resources. Therefore, the exchange of water and hydropower between oil and gas can create a kind of interdependence among the countries of the region, and this interdependence will reduce tensions between Central Asian countries. C) Comprehensive legal plans for water use: In this regard, we can refer to the 1992 Almaty Document, which is an intergovernmental agreement between Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan on “Cooperation in the area of joint management and protection of intergovernmental water resources reserves” and the 1996 Tashkent agreement on “The use of fuel and energy resources, construction and operation of gas pipelines in Central Asia” between Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan and finally to the document of March 17, 1998, as a new intergovernmental agreement on “the use of water resources in the Syr Darya river basin.” | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| Central Asia, Conflict, Political-Legal Framework, Water, Water Crisis | ||
| مراجع | ||
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A) English
1. Horsman, Stuart (2001), “Water Potential Spark of Asia: Regional Conflict”, Central Asia and Caucasus Analyst, Vol. 22, No. 10, pp. 26-41. 2. International Crisis Group (ICG) (2013), “Central Asia: Water and Conflict”, Report No. 23, Available at: https://www.crisisgroup.org/europe-central-asia/central-asia/uzbekistan/central-asia-water-and-conflict, (Accessed on: 12/9/2016). 3. International Law Association (ILA) (1966), “The Helsinki Rules on the Uses of the Waters of International Rivers”, Available at: https://www.thehinducentre.com/multimedia/archive/03021/The_Helsinki_Rules_3021443a.pdf, (Accessed on: 12/7/2016). 4. Interstate Commission for Water Coordination of Central Asia (ICWCCA) (2014), “The 25 Years of Water Cooperation in Central Asia: Achievements, Lessons Learnt and Future Outlook”, The Central Asian International Scientific-Practical Conference, Available at: http://www.icwc-aral.uz/, (Accessed on: 23/7/2016). 5. McKinney, D. C. (2013), “Cooperative Management of Tran Boundary Water Resources in Central Asia”, in: D. Burghart and T. Sabonis-Helf (eds.), “The Tracks of Tamerlane-Central Asia’s Path into the 21st Century”, National Defense University Press, Available at: https://ndupress.ndu.edu/Media/News/ Article/1216792/in-the-tracks-of-tamerlane-central-asias-path-to-the-21st-century/, (Accessed on: 25/7/2016). 6. Ministry of Energy Infrastructures and Natural Resources of the Republic of Armenia (2017), “Information-Electricity Council of the Commonwealth of Independent States”, http://www.minenergy.am/en/page/499, (Accessed on: 5/2/2017). 7. Mosello, B. (2008), “Water in Central Asia: a Prospect of Conflict or Cooperation?”, Journal of Public and International Affairs, pp. 152-168, Available at: https://jpia.princeton.edu/sites/jpia/files/2008-9.pdf, (Accessed on: 13/8/2016). 8. Pacific Institute (2015), “Water Crisis in our World”, Available at: https://www.worldwater.org/water-conflict/, (Accessed on: 12/10/2016). 9. People and the Planet (2002), “Freshwater: Lifeblood of the Planet”, Available at: http://www.peopleandtheplanet.com/index.html@lid=26385§ion=38 &topic=44.html, (Accessed on: 8/11/2016). 10. Rosegrant, Mark W. (2014), “War for Water”, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Available at: http://www.ifpri.org/topic/conflict-and-food-security, (Accessed on: 23/7/2016). 11. SIWI (2013), “Regional Water Intelligence Report Central Asia”, Water Governance Facility,Available at: http://www.siwi.org/publications/regional-water-intelligence-report-central-asia/, (Accessed on: 20/8/2016). 12. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) (2012), “Promoting IWRM and Fostering Trans Boundary Dialogue in Central Asia”, Report of Expanding Access to Environmental and Energy Services for the Poor, Countries: Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Kazakhstan, Available at: https://info.undp.org/docs/pdc/.../00056531_ENV-IWRM%20CA%202009-2012.pdf, (Accessed on: 24/8/2016). 13. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) (2014), “Aral-Syrdarya Basin, Water Resources, Main River Basins of Kazakhstan”, Available at: www.undp.org, (Accessed on: 10/6/2016). 14. UN Water (2013), “Water Security and the Global Water Agenda”, Available at: http://www.unwater.org/publications/water-security-global-water-agenda/, (Accessed on: 8/2/2017). 15. Wegerich, K. (2009), “The New Great Game: Water Allocation in Post-Soviet Central Asia”, Georgetown Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 117-123. 16. World Energy Council (2015), “World Energy Trilemma East and Central Asia Regional Workshop”, Available at: https://www.worldenergy.org/events/ 8057b00e-cd9c-e411-940c-00155d6f2e01/, (Accessed on: 21/7/2016).
B) Persian
1. Faghani, Hojatollah (1999), Political-Security Dimensions of the Water Crisis in the Arabic Middle East and the Future of Arab-Israeli Peace Talks, Tehran: Institute for Political and International Studies. 2. Hosseini, Hossein (2006), “What is the Crisis and how Defined it is?” Security, Vol. 5, Nos. 1- 2, pp. 7-51. 3. Kasaei, Alireza (2004), “Crisis Water in Central Asia and Rotation in Foreign Policy”, Central Asia and the Caucasus Studies,No. 48, pp. 213-234. 4. Koolaee, Elaheh and Mohammad Javad Soltani (2013), “The Problem of Water and Central Asia Republics Relations”, World Politics Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 7-34. 5. Rezaei Eskandari, Davoud (2010), “The Global Perspective of the Water Crisis; the Case in Central Asia, Causes and Solutions”, Central Asia and the Caucasus Studies,No. 69, pp. 51-74. | ||
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