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سن‌یابی به‌روش لومینسانس نوری نمونه‌های رسوبی برداشت‌شده از تراس‌هایی رودخانه‌ای کارون در خوزستان، جنوب غرب ایران | ||
| فیزیک زمین و فضا | ||
| مقاله 4، دوره 45، شماره 2، مرداد 1398، صفحه 299-311 اصل مقاله (882.02 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22059/jesphys.2019.267349.1007049 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| مرتضی فتاحی* 1؛ کوین وودبریج2؛ مارک دبیتمن3 | ||
| 1دانشیار، گروه فیزیک زمین، مؤسسه ژئوفیزیک، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران | ||
| 2دانشجوی دکتری، انستیتو انرژی و محیط، دانشکده علوم و مهندسی، دانشگاه هال، هال، انگلستان | ||
| 3استاد، دانشکده جغرافی، دانشگاه شفیلد، شفیلد، انگلستان | ||
| چکیده | ||
| تراس‌های آبرفتی اطراف رود کارون به‌صورت توأم تحت‌تأثیر آب‌و‌هوا و تکتونیک بوده و می‌باشند. سازندهای سطحی تراس‌های آبرفتی عموماً محیط‌های مناسبی برای تجمع انسان‌ها بوده‌اند، لذا تحت‌تأثیر انسان‌ها نیز قرار گرفته‌اند و بررسی آنها از دیدگاه‌های مختلف از جمله زمین‌شناسی، ژئومورفولوژی، دیرینه اقلیم‌شناسی و باستان‌شناسی ضروری است. در خوزستان –تراس‌های آبرفتی متعددی وجود دارد که مطالعه آنها اطلاعات مهمی را در اختیار می‌گذارد. یافتن سن رسوبات نقشی کلیدی در این مطالعات دارد. به‌عنوان مثال می‌توان به‌کمک آنها نرخ بالا آمادگی را تخمین زد. این مقاله ارائه‌کننده تکنیک‌هایی است که جهت اندازه‌گیری سن هفت نمونه برداشت شده از تراس‌های رودخانه‌ای کارون انجام شده است. کوارتزهایی از این نمونه‌ها استخراج شد و با استفاده از روش دانه درشت و تک‌الیکوتی سن‌یابی شدند. به‌منظور اندازه‌گیری سن، نمونه‌ها به‌روش لومینسانس نوری تحریک شد و با دو پارامتر دز معادل، دز طبیعی و دز سالانه اندازه‌گیری شد. با تقسیم این دو پارامتر سن نمونه‌ها تخمین زده شد. دزهای معادل به‌دست آمده برای هر نمونه پراکندگی زیادی را نشان دادند که موجب شد تا سن‌های مختلف با توجه به مدل‌های مختلف برای هر نمونه به‌دست آید. اطلاعات کامل در مورد محل تراس‌ها و محل نمونه‌برداری ارائه شده است تا این سن‌ها بتواند جهت تحقیقات بیشتر مورد استفاده قرار گیرد. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| سن‌یابی؛ لومینسانس نوری؛ تراس رودخانه‌ای؛ کارون | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| OSL dating of sediments samples from Karun river traces in Khuzestan, SW Iran | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Morteza Fattahi1؛ Kevin P. Woodbridge2؛ Mark D. Bateman3 | ||
| 1Associate Professor, Department of Earth Physics, Institute of Geophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran | ||
| 2Ph.D. Student, Energy and Environment Institute, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Hull, Hull, UK | ||
| 3Professor, Faculty of Geography, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| The River Karun in lowland Khuzestan, SW Iran is influenced by various factors including tectonics, human activities, climate, and relative sea-level changes. Therefore, it is necessary to study these features from different aspects such as geology, geomorphology, paleoclimatology and Archeology. Disentangling these influences can be improved by investigating where river channels incise across active folds to produce river terraces. Determining the age of river terrace deposits has a fundamental role in these studies; especially since average rates of river incision since the time of terrace deposition can be a guide to average rates of tectonic uplift, particularly over longer timescales of thousands or tens of thousands of years where the influences of changes in aggradation and incision due to changes in sediment supply tend to be evened out (Bull, 1991; Burbank and Anderson 2012). River terraces of the Karun river system were found associated with active folds in the Upper Khuzestan Plains. These folds were mostly asymmetric detachment folds and fault bend folds trending approximately NW-SE, with a more steeply dipping fore-limb to the south-west and a more gently dipping back-limb to the north-east (Blanc et al., 2003). Woodbridge (2013) described these river terraces, and assigned each terrace a new name (from a nearby village or fold). As shown in Figure 1, four river terraces were associated with the Naft-e Safid Anticline: the 'Dar Khazineh terrace', the 'Batvand terrace', the 'Naft-e Safid terrace' and the 'Abgah terrace', on the fold fore-limb and back-limb. One river terrace was associated with the Sardarabad Anticline: the 'Kabutarkhan-e Sufla terrace', and one river terrace was associated with the Shushtar Anticline: the 'Kushkak terrace'; both on the fold back-limb Sediment samples were collected from the river terrace deposits and subjected to Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) dating (Woodbridge and Frostick, 2014; Woodbridge et al., 2016). OSL dating was performed in the luminescence laboratory at the University of Sheffield, U.K. Both the palaeodose (De) and the dose rate was determined to derive an OSL age. For De Determination the procedure outlined in Bateman and Catt (1996) was employed. The single aliquot regenerative (SAR) approach (Murray and Wintle 2000), was used for De determination. All the samples showed a weak naturally OSL decay curves. Many aliquots failed to show good growth curves. All aliquots where the recycling ratio exceeded 10% of unity were excluded from further analysis. Thus, only around 10-20 percent of measured aliquots for each sample passed the criteria of the SAR protocol and their De are reported. The most appropriate preheat temperature for each sample was selected using a dose recovery preheat plateau test. This resulted in selection of preheat temperatures of 220 °C for 10 seconds and cutheat of 200 °C for 10 seconds, which were applied to each sample prior to OSL measurement to remove unstable signal generated by laboratory irradiation. Analyst software was used for De determination. All samples demonstrated a high amount of replicate scatter with a large range of De values. Some of the distribution shape may reflect the limited population size of replicates but it also may reflect incomplete bleaching. Typically, poorly bleached sediments retain a significant level of residual signal from previous phases of sedimentary cycling, leading to inherent inaccuracies in the calculation of a palaeodose value. This is difficult to establish with any certainty from OSL data and should be taken in consideration with the site stratigraphy. In principle a well bleached unpost-depositionally disturbed sample should have replicate palaeodose (De) data which is normally distributed (See Bateman et al. 2003, Fig 3). By plotting the replicate data for each sample as a probability density function, some assessment of where older or younger material has been included in the sample measurements can be made. However, by determining the De of aliquots that contains 1000-2000 grains any heterogeneity in De that individual grains have may still be masked. We tried to overcome this problem by using smaller aliquots or at the single grain level. However, for these particular samples the weak OSL signal and low sensitivity to laboratory dose prevented such analysis. In order to calculate an age, different models can be used. Woodbridge and Frostick (2014) and Woodbridge et al. (2016) published the age for each sample based on the mean De value determined by Finite Mixture Modelling or the Central Age Model. This paper provide the technical information behind dating these samples and provide all ages based on different models and without any judgement about partial bleaching, bioturbation or cryoturbation. Ages are quoted in years from the present day (2010) and are presented with one sigma confidence intervals which incorporate systematic uncertainties with the dosimetry data, uncertainties with the palaeomoisture content and errors associated with the De determination. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| Dating, Optically stimulated luminescence, river traces, Karun | ||
| مراجع | ||
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Adamiec, G. and Aitken M. J., 1998, Dose-rate conversion factors update. Ancient TL 16, 37-50. Aitken, M. J., 1998, An Introduction to Optical Dating: The dating of Quaternary sediments by the use of Photo-Stimulated Luminescence. Oxford Science Publication. Bateman, M. D. and Catt, J. A., 1996, An absolute chronology for the raised beach deposits at Sewerby, E. Yorkshire, UK. Journal of Quaternary Science, 11, 389-395. Bateman, M. D., Frederick, C. D., Jaiswal, M. K. and Singhvi, A. K., 2003, Investigations into the potential effects of pedoturbation on luminescence dating. Quaternary Science Reviews, 22, 1169-1176. Blanc, E. J.-P., Allen, M. B., Inger, S. and Hassani, H., 2003, Structural styles in the Zagros Simple Folded Zone, Iran. Journal of the Geological Society of London, 160, 401-412. Bull, W. B., 1991,Geomorphic responses to climatic change. Oxford University Press, London, U.K. Burbank, D. W. and Anderson, R. S., 2012, Tectonic geomorphology. Second edition. Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester, U.K. Fattahi, M. and Walker, R., 2007, Luminescencedating of the last earthquake of the sabzevarthrust fault, NE IRAN, QuaternaryGeochronology, 2, 284-289. Galbraith, R. and Green, P., 1990, Estimating the component ages in a finite mixture. International Journal of Radiation Applications and Instrumentation. Part D. Nuclear Tracks and Radiation Measurements, 17 (3), pp. 197–206. doi:10.1016/1359-0189(90)90035-V. Marsh, R. E., Prestwich W.V., Rink W.J. and Brennan B. J., 2002, Monte Carlo determinations of the beta dose rate to tooth enamel. Radiation Measurements 35: 609-616. Murray, A. S. and Wintle, A. G., 2000, Luminescence dating of quartz using an improved single-aliquot regenerative-dose protocol. Radiation Measurements 32, 57-73. Murray, A. S. and Olley, J. M., 2002, Precisionand accuracy in the optically stimulatedluminescence dating sedimentary quartz, Astatue review, Geochronometria, 21, 1-16. Murray, A. S. and Wintle, A. G, 2003, The single aliquot regenerative dose protocol: potential for improvements in reliability. Radiation Measurements 37: 377-381. Prescott, J. R. and Hutton, J. T., 1994, Cosmic ray contributions to dose rates for luminescence and ESR dating: large depths and long-term time variations. Radiation Measurements, 2/3, 497-500. Rhodes, E. J., 2000, Observation of thermaltransfer OSL signals in glacigenic quartz,Radiation Measurements, 32, 595-602. Woodbridge, K. P., 2013, The influence of Earth surface movements and human activities on the River Karun in lowland south-west Iran. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Hull, U.K. Available online: https://hydra. hull. ac. uk/resources/hull:8454. Woodbridge, K. P. and Frostick, L. E., 2014, OSL dating of Karun river terrace sediments and rates of tectonic uplift in lowland south-west Iran. Quaternary Newsletter, 134, 44-52. Woodbridge, K. P., Parsons, D. R., Heyvaert, V. M. A., Walstra, J. and Frostick, L. E., 2016, Characteristics of direct human impacts on the rivers Karun and Dez in lowland south-west Iran and their interactions with earth surface movements. Quaternary International, 392, 315-334. | ||
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