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نقد و توجیه رویکردهای تحققی و اقتصادی به مفهوم تقصیر در مسئولیت مدنی و آثار عملی آن در دعاوی مرتبط | ||
مطالعات حقوق تطبیقی | ||
مقاله 11، دوره 11، شماره 2، مهر 1399، صفحه 613-638 اصل مقاله (406.76 K) | ||
نوع مقاله: مقاله علمی - پژوهشی | ||
شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22059/jcl.2020.291112.633911 | ||
نویسندگان | ||
محسن صادقی* 1؛ امیر غفاری2 | ||
1دانشیار گروه حقوق خصوصی دانشگاه تهران | ||
2دانشجوی دکتری حقوق خصوصی دانشگاه تهران | ||
چکیده | ||
فارغ از مواردی که قانون یا قرارداد نحوۀ احراز تقصیر عامل زیان را مشخص میکنند، مسئلۀ چگونگی احراز تقصیر پیچیده و محتملالوجوه است.این تحقیق در صدد پاسخ به این سؤال است که پرسش از تقصیرآمیز بودن رفتار، آیا پرسشی توصیفی است یا هنجاری؟ به تعبیر دیگر، وقتی دادرس در پی احراز تقصیر خوانده در دعوای مسئولیت مدنی است، آیا بایستی همانند دانشمندان تجربی در جهان خارج به تجربه بپردازد و پس از کشف رفتار متعارف (رفتاری که بیشترین تکرار را داراست) در خصوص قضیۀ متنازعفیه، انحراف رفتار خوانده را با آن بسنجد؟ یا آنکه فارغ از اینکه درواقع چه رفتاری به چه میزان معمول است، وی باید انسانی ایدئال (که اصلاً در جهان وجود خارجی ندارد) را درنظر بگیرد و میزان انحراف رفتار خوانده را با آن بسنجد. به عبارت دیگر، آیا معیار در احراز تقصیر، انحراف از رفتار انسان متعارف است یا انسان معقول؟ در این تحقیق نشان دادیم که رویکرد توصیفی به مفهوم تقصیر غیرمنطقی است. روش تحقیق کتابخانهای و میدانی است. در دو گفتار به بررسی رویکرد هنجاری و توصیفی خواهیم پرداخت. | ||
کلیدواژهها | ||
انسان معقول و متعارف؛ تقصیر؛ فلسفۀ حقوق مسئولیت مدنی؛ رویکرد هنجاری و توصیفی | ||
عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
A Case for Positive and Economic-Based Approaches to Reasonableness in Tort Law and their Practical Implications | ||
نویسندگان [English] | ||
Mohsen Sadeghi1؛ Amir Ghaffari2 | ||
1Associate Professor, Faculty of Law and Political Sciences, University of Tehran | ||
2Phd student in Private Law, University of Tehran | ||
چکیده [English] | ||
In spite of some instances in which statute or contract specifically determines the approach by which the standard of care is to be tested, the notion of Reasonable Man which plays a crucial role at the heart of Duty of Care is an ambiguous and abstruse issue. The Article sets forth an answer to the following question: Should reasonableness be a normative or a positive notion? In other words, should the reasonable person be defined in accordance with a normative ethical commitment or in accordance with an empirically observed practice or perception? We put forward and defend the thesis that positive approach is illogical and normative approach, namely Economic Welfare approach, is categorically sound, although the latter raises partially surmountable practical problems. This Article is basically founded on Documentary Research and Literature Review and is presented in two parts; The first involves dealing with the positive approach and the latter with the normative one. | ||
کلیدواژهها [English] | ||
Philosophy of Tort Law, Reasonable Person, Fault, Normative and Descriptive | ||
مراجع | ||
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