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ضوابط جبران خسارت ناشی از سلب مالکیت از سرمایه‌گذار خارجی از دیدگاه تحلیل اقتصادی حقوق | ||
| فصلنامه مطالعات حقوق عمومی دانشگاه تهران | ||
| دوره 51، شماره 3، مهر 1400، صفحه 865-884 اصل مقاله (434.46 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: علمی-پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22059/jplsq.2020.299728.2366 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| محمدعلی بهمئی* 1؛ حسن فرج مهرابی2 | ||
| 1استادیار، گروه حقوق تجارت بین‌الملل، دانشکده حقوق، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران | ||
| 2دانش آموخته دکتری رشته حقوق نفت و گاز، دانشکده حقوق، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران؛ دانش‌آموخته دوره کارشناسی ارشد پیشرفته رشته حقوق مدنی و تجارت بین‌الملل، دانشکده حقوق، دانشگاه لَیدن، لَیدن، هلند | ||
| چکیده | ||
| در این مقاله به بررسی تأثیر ضوابط جبران خسارت ناشی از سلب مالکیت در داوری‌های سرمایه‌گذاری بین‌المللی بر ترجیحات دولت‌ها در معاهدات سرمایه‌گذاری و کارامدی آنها از دیدگاه تحلیل اقتصادی حقوق پرداخته شده است. مطالعۀ انجام‌گرفته در این مقاله نشان داد که دولت‌ها در این معاهدات در پی حمایت از سرمایه‌گذاران متبوع خود در قلمرو دولت متعاهد و همچنین توسعۀ اقتصادی کشور خود هستند و قصد دارند با کاهش پیامدهای خارجی اقدامات علیه سرمایه‌گذاران خارجی و همچنین کاهش ریسک سرمایه‌گذاری در قلمرو خود، ترجیحات مذکور را برآورده سازند. در مقایسۀ ضابطۀ ترمیم کامل خسارت در حقوق بین‌الملل عرفی با ضابطۀ مندرج در معاهدات که اغلب پرداخت غرامت فوری، کافی و مؤثر در زمانی پیش از سلب مالکیت است، مشخص شد که معیار ترمیم کامل خسارت تطابق کمتری با ترجیحات دولت‌ها دارد، ازاین‌رو در همه حال کارامد نیست. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| پرداخت غرامت؛ پیامدهای خارجی؛ تحلیل اقتصادی حقوق؛ سلب مالکیت؛ ضابطۀ کارخانه کورزو؛ فرمول هال | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Compensation for Expropriation of Foreign Investments from the Perspective of Economic Analysis of Law | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Mohammadali Bahmaei1؛ Hassan Faraj Mehrabi2 | ||
| 1Assistant Prof., Department of International Commercial Law, Faculty of Law, University of Shahid Beheshti, Tehran, Iran | ||
| 2Ph.D. in Oil and Gas Law, Faculty of Law, University of Shahid Beheshti, Tehran, Iran and MA. in International Civil and Commercial Law (Advanced LL.M.), Faculty of Law, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| This article discusses how the standard of compensation for expropriation of foreign investments employed by international investment tribunals can affect State parties’ preferences reflected in international investment agreements as well as the efficiency of these standards in light of an economic analysis of law. It is suggested that State parties to these agreements often pursue their own economic development as well as protecting their nationals who invest in the territory of the other contracting State. In so doing, the State parties try to diminish the externalities associated with their measures and decisions on foreign investors on the one hand, and to reduce the risk of investment in their territory for foreign investors, on the other. By comparing the standard of full reparation established in customary international law to the standard of prompt, adequate, and effective compensation due immediately before the expropriation, usually agreed upon in investment agreements, this article concludes that the former standard -i.e. the standard of full reparation- is not entirely compatible with the preferences of State parties to international investment agreements and, thus, cannot always be considered as an efficient standard. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| Compensation, Externalities, Economic Analysis of Law, Expropriation, Chorzów Factory Standard, Hull Formula | ||
| مراجع | ||
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1. فارسی الف) کتاب‌ها 1. ریگو، فرانسوا (1379). خدایان و قهرمانان، در «یک داوری و دو نقد»، ترجمة مرتضی کلانتریان، تهران: آگه. 2. عبدلی، قهرمان (1398). نظریۀ بازی‌ها و کاربردهای آن (بازی‌های ایستا و پویا با اطلاعات کامل)، تهران: جهاد دانشگاهی. 3. کوتر، رابرت؛ تامس، یولن (1389). حقوق و اقتصاد، ترجمة یدالله دادگر و حامده اخوان‌هزاوه، تهران: نور علم. 4. محبی، محسن (1394). مباحثی از حقوق نفت و گاز در پرتو رویۀ داوری بین‌المللی، تهران: شهر دانش. 5. موحد، محمدعلی (1393). درس‌هایی از داوری‌های نفتی: ملی کردن و غرامت، تهران: کارنامه.
2. انگلیسی A) Books 6. Dnes, Antony (2005). The Economics of Law: Property, Contracts and Obligations, Ohio, Thomson/South-Western. 7. Dolzer, Rudolf & Schreuer, Christoph (2012). Principles of International Investment Law, London, Oxford University Press. 8. Epstein, Richard (1985). Takings: Private Property Under the Power of Eminent Domain, Boston, Harvard University Press. 9. Georgakopoulos, Nicholas (2005). Principles and Methods of Law and Economics, Cambridge University Press. 10. Marboe, Irmgard (2009). Calculation of Compensation and Damages in International Investment Law, London, Oxford University Press. 11. Posner, Eric & Sykes, Alan (2013). Economic Foundations of International Law, Boston, Harvard University Press. 12. Sornorajah, Muthucumaraswamy (2010). The International Law on Foreign Investment. Cambridge University Press.
B) Articles 13. Aisbett, Emma & Karp, Larry & McAusland, Carol. (2010). “Police Powers, Regulatory Takings and the Efficient Compensation of Domestic and Foreign Investors”, The Economic Record. Vol. 86, pp. 367-383. 14. Bagwell, Kyle & Sykes, Alan (2005). “India – Measures Affecting the Automotive Sector”, in H. Horn, and P. Mavroidis (eds.), The WTO Case Law of 2002, Cambridge University Press. pp. 158-187. 15. Bubb, Ryan and Rose-Ackerman, Susan. (2007). “BITs and Bargains: Strategic Aspects of Bilateral and Multilateral Regulation of Foreign Investment”. International Review of Law and Economics, Vol. 27, 291-311. 16. Coase, Ronald. (1960). “The Problem of Social Cost”, Journal of Law and Economics, Vol. 3, No,1, pp. 1-44. 17. Douglas, Zachary (2010). “Other Specific Regimes of Responsibility: Investment Treaty Arbitrations and ICSID”, in J. Crawford (ed), The Law of International Responsibility, London, Oxford University Press, pp. 815-842. 18. Dawson, Frank & Weston, Burns. (1962). “Prompt, Adequate and Effective: A Universal Standard of Compensation?” Fordham Law Review, Vol. 30, No.4, pp. 727-758. 19. Elkins, Zachary & Guzman, Andrew & Simmons, Beth (2008). “Competing for Capital: The Diffusion of Bilateral Investment Treaties, 1960-2000”, University of Illinois Law Review, Vol. 2008(1). pp. 265-304. https://illinoislawreview.org/wp-content/ilr-content/articles/2008/1/Simmons.pdf 20. Guzman, Andrew (1998). “Why LDCs Sing Treaties That Hurt Them: Explaining the Popularity of Bilateral Investment Treaties”, Virginia Journal of International Law, Vol. 38, No.4, pp. 639-688. 21. Hill, Charles (1990). “Cooperation, Opportunism, and the Invisible Hand Implications for Transaction Cost Theory”, The Academy of Management Review, Vol. 15, No.3, pp. 500-513. 22. Klein, Benjamin & Crawford, Robert & Alchian, Armen (1978). “Vertical Integration, Appropriable Rents, and the Competitive Contracting Process”, The Journal of Law & Economics, Vol. 21, No.2, pp. 297-326. 23. On Cheung, Sai & Wing You, Tak & Yee Leung, Andrew & Ki Chiu, On (2008). “Catastrophic Transitions of Construction Contracting Behavior”, Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, Vol. 134, Vol.12, pp. 942-965. 24. Maggi, Giovanni & Rodriguez-Clare, Andres (1998). “The Value of Trade Agreements in the Presence of Political Pressures”, Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 106, No.3, pp. 574-601. 25. Ratner, Steven (2017). Compensation for Expropriations in a World of Investment Treaties: Beyond the Lawful/Unlawful Distinction. AJIL, Vol. 111, pp. 1-54. 26. Salacuse, Jeswald (1998). “Undertaking a Foreign Direct Investment”m in J. Salacuse, & W. Streng (eds.), International Business Planning: Law and Taxation, Matthew Bender Elite Products, Chapter 10. 27. Sykes, Alan. (2013). “When Is International Law Useful?”, New York Journal of International Law and Policy, Vol. 45, pp. 787-814. 28. Sykes, Alan (2019). “The Economic Structure of International Investment Agreements with Implications for Treaty Interpretation and Design”, American Journal of International Law, Vol. 113, No.3, pp. 482.534.
C) Cases 29 ADC v. Hungary, ARB/03/16 (ICSID October 2, 2006). 30. Bernhard von Pezold and Others v. Zimbabwe, ARB/10/15 (ICSID July 28, 2015). 31. British Caribbean Bank v. Belize, PCA Case No. 2010-18 (UNCITRAL December 19, 2014). 32. Continental Casualty v. The Argentine Republic, ARB/03/9 (ICSID September 5, 2008). 33. Chevron v. The Republic of Ecuador, PCA 2009-23 (UNCITRAL August 30, 2018). 34. Enron v. Argentine Republic, ARB/01/3 (ICSID January 14, 2004). 35. Franz Sedelmayer v. Russia Federation (SCC July 7, 1998). 36. Gemplus v. Mexico, ARB(AF)/04/3 and 04/4 (ICSID June 16, 2010). 37. Guaracachi America and Rurelec PLC v. The Plurinational State of Bolivia, PCA Case No. 2011-17 (UNCITRAL January 31, 2014). 38. Ioan Micula et al. v. Romania, ARB/05/20 (ICSID September 24, 2008). 39. LG&E Energy et al. v. Argentine Republic, ARB/02/1 (ICSID July 25, 2007). 40. Mr. Franck Charles Arif v. Republic of Moldova, ARB/11/23 (ICSID April 8, 2013). 41. Rusoro Mining. v. Venezuela, ARB(AF)/12/15 (ICSID August 22, 2016). 42. Sempra Energy v. Argentine Republic, ARB/02/16 (ICSID September 28, 2007). 43. Siemens A.G v. The Argentine Republic, ARB/02/8 (ICSID February 6, 2007). 44. Texaco v. Libyan Arab Republic (1987). 45. The Factory at Chorzów (Germany v Poland), Judgement No. 13 (PCIJ 1928). 46. Kuwait v The American Independent Oil Company (1982). 47. Total S.A. v. Argentine Republic, ARB/04/1 (ICSID November 27, 2013). 48. Venezuela Holdings et al. v. Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, ARB/07/27 (ICSID October 9, 2016). 49.Vivendi v. The Argentine Republic, ARB/97/3 (ICSID August 20, 2007).
D) Documents 50. BIT between the Argentine Republic and Japan. (2018, December 1). Retrieved February 20, 2020, from https://investmentpolicy.unctad.org/international-investment-agreements/treaty-files/5799/download 51. BIT between Austria and Bangladesh. (2000, December 21). Retrieved February 20, 2020, from https://investmentpolicy.unctad.org/international-investment-agreements/treaty-files/170/download 52. American Law Institute. (1987). Restatement (Third) of Foreign Relations Law of the United States. 53. International Law Commission. (2001). Report on the Work of Its Fifty-Third Session. United Nations. 54. BIT between Morocco and Nigeria. (2016, December 12). Retrieved February 20, 2020, from https://investmentpolicy.unctad.org/international-investment-agreements/treaty-files/5409/download 55. The Draft Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement Between Canada, of The One Part, and The European Union. (2017, September 21). Retrieved February 21, 2020, from http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2014/september /tradoc_152806.pdf. 56. BIT between United States of America and Argentina. (1991, November 14). Retrieved February 21, 2020, from https://pca-cpa.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/6/2016/01/Treaty-Concerning-the-Reciprocal-Encouragement-and-Protection-of-Investment-Argentina-United-States-of-America.pdf 57. New Zealand-China Free Trade Agreement. (2008, April). Retrieved February 20, 2020, from https://www.mfat.govt.nz/en/trade/free-trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements-in-force/china-fta/nz-china-fta-resources. | ||
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