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سرشت، سرنوشت و روشهای اندازهگیری آلایندههای آلی لجن فاضلاب در خاک | ||
تحقیقات آب و خاک ایران | ||
دوره 52، شماره 2، اردیبهشت 1400، صفحه 577-595 اصل مقاله (938.07 K) | ||
نوع مقاله: یادداشت تحقیقاتی | ||
شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22059/ijswr.2021.311026.668760 | ||
نویسندگان | ||
علی عطایی* 1؛ نادر قلی ابراهیمی2؛ حسین اسدی3؛ منوچهر گرجی3 | ||
1فارغ التحصیل دکتری گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه تبریز، ایران | ||
2استادیار هیدرولیک مهندسی رودخانه-پژوهشکده حفاظت خاک و آبخیزداری تهران ایران | ||
3گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران | ||
چکیده | ||
لجن فاضلاب مواد نیمه جامد حاصل از ترسیب ذرات معلق در جریان تصفیه فاضلابها است. به دلیل حجم بسیار زیاد لجن تولیدشده، روشهای مختلفی برای دفع آنها پیشنهاد شده است و از آنجاییکه غلظت عناصر غذایی این مواد زیاد است، استفاده بهعنوان کود در زمینهای کشاورزی یک راهکار موردتوجه است. با این وجود حضور آلایندههای مختلف بهطور قابلتوجهی باعث محدودیت استفاده از لجن بهعنوان کود و اصلاحکننده خاک شده است. با توجه به سمیت زیاد آلایندههای آلی و عوارض جبرانناپذیر حضور آنها در محیطزیست، هدف این مقاله، بررسی تنوع آلایندههای آلی موجود در لجن و حدود مجاز آن برای استفاده در اراضی کشاورزی، سرنوشت این آلایندهها در خاک و انواع روشهای اندازهگیری آن است. هیدروکربنهای حلقوی چندهستهای، بیفنیلهای چندکلره، دی اتیل هگزیل فتالات، نونیلفنل و نونیلفنل اتوکسیلات، آلکیلوبنزن سولفانات خطی، هالیدهای آلی، دیبنزو دیاکسینها و فورانهای چند کلره از مهمترین آلایندههای آلی شناختهشده در لجن فاضلاب هستند. این آلایندهها میتوانند توسط ذرات جامد خاک جذب، توسط موجودات خاکزی تجزیه، یا همراه با آب یا ذرات خاک در مسافتهای طولانی انتقال یابند. عصارهگیری از نمونه لجن، پاکسازی عصاره و اندازهگیری آنها با دستگاه کروماتوگرافی گازی یا مایع، مراحل تعیین غلظت آلایندههای آلی در لجن است. استفاده از روشهای جدید در عصارهگیری همانند اولتراسونیک، شرایط تحتفشار و ماکروویو، باعث افزایش سرعت استخراج و کاهش مصرف حلالها و مواد شیمیایی مورد نیاز و تعداد مراحل آزمایش شده است. این تحقیق ضمن معرفی انواع آلایندههای آلی و روشهای آزمایشگاهی اندازهگیری آن در لجن فاضلاب به بررسی حدود مجاز آلایندههای آلی در محیطزیست و اراضی کشاورزی میپردازد، بطوریکه برای تصویب و وضع قوانین و مقررات مرتبط با کیفیت لجن و کاربرد آن در بخش کشاورزی مورد استفاده قرار گیرد. | ||
کلیدواژهها | ||
آلایندههای نوظهور؛ آنالیز دستگاهی؛ حد مجاز؛ ترکیبات آلی | ||
عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
Organic Pollutants of Sewage Sludge, Fate in Soil and their Analytical Methods | ||
نویسندگان [English] | ||
Ali Ataee1؛ Nadergholi Ebrahimi2؛ Hossein Asadi3؛ Manouchehr Gorji3 | ||
1PhD Graduated, Department of soil science, College of agriculture, Tabriz University, Iran. | ||
2Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Research Institute (SCWMRI) Tehran, Iran. | ||
3Soil Science Department, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran | ||
چکیده [English] | ||
Sewage sludge is a semisolid residual material resulting from the sedimentation of the suspended solid during the wastewater-treatment processes. Since large amounts of sludge are being produced, different ways of disposal have been introduced. One tempting option is to use it as fertilizer in agricultural fields due to its high contents of inorganic nutrients and organic materials. However, the presence of contaminants considerably restricts the application of sewage sludge for the fertilisation and reclamation of soils. Because of the high toxicity of organic pollutants and their irreparable effects on the environment, the aim of this study was to investigate the diversity of organic pollutants in sewage sludge, their limit values for agricultural lands, and the fate of them in the soil. Also methods of analysis of organic trace compounds have been compiled. Some of the most frequently detected contaminants in sewage sludge are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, di-ethylhexylphthalate, nonylphenol and nonylphenol ethoxylates, linear alkylbenzene sulphonates, adsorbable organic halides, polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and furans. These pollutants in the soil may undergo sorption by mineral particles, degradation by soil organisms or transportation with water or soil particles over long distances. Extraction of the sludge sample, subsequent clean-up of the extract and final analysis by either gas or liquid chromatography are methodologies for determining the concentration of organic pollutants in sewage sludge. Novel techniques in extraction such as ultrasonic extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, and pressurized liquid extraction require less solvents reagents and smaller sample siz, are more automated and reduce the number of analytical steps. This study show a better understanding of variety of organic pollutants in sewage sludge, their analytical methods and limit values that is imperative to restricting legislation and specification suitable properties of sludge for land application. | ||
کلیدواژهها [English] | ||
Emerging contaminants, Instrumental analysis, Limitation values. Organic Compounds | ||
مراجع | ||
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