پیوندهای مفید
اخبار و اعلانات
آمار
| تعداد نشریات | 161 |
| تعداد شماره‌ها | 6,532 |
| تعداد مقالات | 70,504 |
| تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 124,122,287 |
| تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 97,230,072 |
نارکوتروریسم در آسیای مرکزی، تهدیدهای پیش‌رو و اقدام‌‌‌های جمهوری اسلامی ایران و روسیه برای مقابله با آن | ||
| مطالعات اوراسیای مرکزی | ||
| دوره 13، شماره 2، مهر 1399، صفحه 491-514 اصل مقاله (548.26 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22059/jcep.2020.285900.449854 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| تاج الدین صالحیان* 1؛ مهدی پادروند2 | ||
| 1دکتری روابط بین‌الملل، مدرس دانشکدۀ ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه ایلام | ||
| 2دانش‌آموختۀ کارشناسی ارشد روابط بین‌الملل، دانشگاه گیلان | ||
| چکیده | ||
| قاچاقچیان مواد مخدر برای رسیدن به منافع ناشی از حمل‌ونقل این کالا در آسیای مرکزی سبب ایجاد مشکلات متعددی برای جمهوری‌های نواستقلال آسیای مرکزی، جمهوری اسلامی ایران و روسیه شده‌‌اند. بیشتر نیروهای تروریستی در آسیای مرکزی از جمله طالبان و برخی گروه‌های افراط‌گرای محلی، با ایجاد شبکۀ انتقال مواد مخدر جایگاه و موقعیت خود را تقویت کرده‌اند و از این راه ضمن جذب نیروهای مورد نظر، به منابع مالی چشمگیری دسترسی پیدا کرده‌اند و سبب ایجاد مشکلات زیادی برای کشورهای این منطقه می‌شوند. در این نوشتار، ضمن بررسی مشکلاتی که قاچاقچیان مواد مخدر برای کشورهای آسیای مرکزی، ایران و روسیه ایجاد کرده‌اند به روش توصیفی-تحلیلی، اطلاعات لازم به‌وسیلۀ کتاب، مقاله و منابع اینترنتی جمع‌آوری شده است. پرسش اصلی را این‌گونه مطرح کرده‌ایم که قاچاقچیان مواد مخدر چگونه امنیت کشورهای آسیای مرکزی و به‌تبع آن ایران و روسیه را با خطر جدی روبه‌رو کرده‌اند و ایران و روسیه برای مدیریت این بحران چه راهبردهایی را در پیش گرفته‌اند؟ در پاسخ، این فرضیه را مطرح کردیم که قاچاقچیان مواد مخدر مشکلات اقتصادی، سیاسی و امنیتی را با انجام عملیات‌های تروریستی (نارکوتروریسم) در این منطقه ایجاد کرده‌اند، بنابراین ایران و روسیه برای کنترل این مشکل از راه تقویت مرزهای مشترک با کشورهای آسیای مرکزی و همکاری در ابعاد دوجانبه و چندجانبه و نیز همکاری‌های منطقه‌ای با نهادها و سازمان‌ها و ایجاد قوانین سخت‌گیرانۀ داخلی در پی کاهش مشکلات ایجادشده از راه نارکوتروریسم در آسیای مرکزی هستند. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| آسیای مرکزی؛ ایران؛ روسیه؛ قاچاقچیان مواد مخدر؛ نارکوتروریسم | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Narco-terrorism in Central Asia, Leading Threats and Measures taken by the Islamic Republic of Iran and Russia to Deal with it | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Tajeddin Salehiyan1؛ Mehdi Padervand2 | ||
| 1Ph.D. in International Relations, Instructor at the Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Ilam University | ||
| 2M.A. in International Relations, University of Guilan | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| With the collapse of the Soviet Union and the creation of a power vacuum in the region, as well as the liberation of these countries from the yoke of the Soviet empire, for various reasons that cannot be explained, this region became a favorable ground for religious extremist groups to operate. In the meantime, for various reasons this region has been of special importance for the two countries of the Islamic Republic of Iran and Russia. Iran’s cultural and historical commonalities with Central Asian countries are related to the past. In the past, Iran and Central Asia had a single geographical land. In addition to proximity, ethnic and religious commonalities have led to close ties between Iran and the region. This is why these countries have an adaptive approach to Iranian culture and customs. In general, Central Asia is of special importance for the Islamic Republic of Iran because of its cultural-historical and economic components, geopolitical features, and finally high position of security and political stability. With the collapse of the Soviet Union, Russia, with a special definition of these areas that were formerly members of the Soviet Union and with the title of being close to them, still claim these areas including Central Asia to be under its influence. Drug traffickers (narco-terrorism) have created many problems for the newly independent republics of Central Asia, the Islamic Republic of Iran, and Russia. To achieve their benefits, they transit these goods in Central Asia. This is because most of the terrorist forces in Central Asia, including the Taliban and some local extremist groups, have strengthened themselves by creating a network of drug transit networks, thus attracting the desired forces, accessing financial resources, and even significant information. There are many problems for the countries of this region. Negatively, the presence of the United States and NATO, as well as Israel’s security investment in the region and ultimately the emergence of extremist religious groups alongside the structural weaknesses of the governments of this region, poverty, corruption, and economic problems in most of these societies, are having their effects on their function as states. Drug traffickers have become an emerging phenomenon of narco-terrorism, prompting two major countries, Iran and Russia, to take action to prevent damages from the afore-mentioned issues and to protect the security, political, and even social borders. In this article, while examining the problems and difficulties created by drug traffickers for Central Asian countries, Iran and Russia, necessary information is collected through descriptive-analytical methods through books, articles, and internet resources. The main question is how drug traffickers have seriously endangered the security of Central Asian countries and consequently the Islamic Republic of Iran and Russia, and what strategies Iran and Russia have to take to manage this crisis? Have they adopted a foreign policy for the system? Inspired by the theories of defensive realism, the hypothesis suggests that drug traffickers have created economic, political, and security problems through terrorist operations in the region. Therefore, to control this problem by strengthening common borders with Central Asian countries and cooperating in bilateral and multilateral dimensions, as well as regional cooperation through established institutions and organizations, Iran and Russia seek to reduce the problems created by narco-terrorism in Asia. Russia, through bilateral and multilateral initiatives and institutional measures with the Commonwealth of the Independent States, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, and the Islamic Republic of Iran, has adopted strong domestic laws, accompanied by UN programs, has approved domestic programs, and finally institutional measures taken in ECO and Shanghai cooperation organizations all of which have sought to seriously counter narco-terrorism in the region. But it seems that despite the serious and acceptable internal and regional efforts of Iran and Russia and their comprehensive coordination to combat narco-terrorism in the region, these efforts are not enough so there seems to be a long way to go before final success can be achieved. Considering the issues raised above and the threats posed by drug trafficking and narco-terrorism for countries on the transit route for drug trafficking (including Iran and Russia) as well as the target and destination countries of these narcotic drugs (including European countries), the moves were taken to adopt a comprehensive and immediate action to gather the countries of the region and other trans-regional actors to form a comprehensive and immediate institution are not enough. To combat drug trafficking, regional and trans-regional organizations can come up with relatively short and immediate solutions. One of the most important regional examples of anti-trafficking and drug usage is the European Monitoring Center of drugs and addiction. The center is one of the institutions of the European Union, which aims to provide information and data. It is objective and reliable in terms of drugs and addiction. Another body is the US Commission on the Control of Substance abuse, which seeks to control and monitor drug abuse. Thus, regional, trans-regional and international institutions can be consolidated in the region and combat narco-terrorism with a new strategy that supports domestic, regional, and global efforts in this respect. These measures can be taken in the presence of all drug-producing countries, the countries which are on the transit routes and target countries for drug trafficking, in the presence of international security agencies, including the Security Council. Otherwise, it seems that despite all these efforts, narco-terrorism will continue to exist in the region. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| Central Asia, Drug Traffickers, Narco-terrorism, Russia, The Islamic Republic of Iran | ||
| مراجع | ||
|
Adami, Ali and Hamidreza Azizi (2013), “Shanghai Cooperation Organization and Joint Security Threats in Central Asia”, Central Asia and the Caucasus Studies, Vol. 19, No. 81, pp. 1-28 [in Persian].
Asgaripour, Hamid (2008), Complete Set of Domestic Laws and International Drug Rules, Tehran: Majd [in Persian].
Azami, Hadi and Ali Akbar Dabiri (2012), “Evaluation of Iran’s Geopolitical Opportunities and Challenges in Central Asia”, Journal of Geographical Space, Vol. 12, No. 40, pp. 46-25 [in Persian].
Basiri, Mohammad Ali and Mehdi Moradi (2012), “Putin’s Return to the Kremlin: the Future of Russia’s Foreign Policy against Central Asian and Caucasus Countries”, Iran and Eurasia Quarterly (Iras), Vol. 6, No. 8, pp. 185-214 [in Persian].
Batsaikhan, Uuriintuya and Marek Dabrowski (2017), “Central Asia — Twenty-Five Years after the Breakup of the USSR”, Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405473917300429, (Accessed on: 3/9/2017).
Bjornehed, Emma (2004), “Narco-Terrorism: The Merger of the War on Drugs and the War on Terror”, Vol. 6, Nos. 3-4, pp. 305–324 (doi: 10. 1080/17440570500273440).
Boonstra, Jos and Riccardo Panella (2018), “Three Reasons why the EU Matters to Central Asia”, Available at: http://voicesoncentralasia.org/ three-reasons-why-the-eu-matters-to-central-asia, (Accessed on: 13/3/2018).
Bukhari, Gul (2018), “Imran Khan and the Military: Allies Today, Foes Tomorrow?” Available at: https://www.aljazeera.com/in depth/opinion/ Imran-khan-military-allies-today-foes-tomorrow-180807142326489. Html, (Accessed on: 8/8/2018).
Bvalvardi, Majid (2009), “The Impact of Drug Trafficking in the Economies of Central Asian Countries”, Central Asia and the Caucasus Studies, No. 61, pp. 187-205 [in Persian].
Dubnov, Arkady (2018), “Reflecting on a Quarter Century of Russia’s Relations with Central Asia”, Available at: https://carnegieendowment.org/2018/04/19/reflecting-on-quarter-century-of-russia-s-relations-with-central-asia-pub-76117, (Accessed on: 19/4/2018).
Ebrahimi Turkman, Abuzar (2006), “The Role of Culture in Iran-Central Asia Relations”,Iran and Eurasia Quarterly, Vol. 2, No. 14, pp. 1-5 [in Persian].
Giles, Keir (2009), “Russian National Security Strategy to 2020”, Available at: https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/154909/RusNatSecStrategyto2020.pdf, (Accessed on: 9/5/2020).
Goble, Paul (2018), “Central Asia Ready to Move on Without Russia”, Available at: https://jamestown.org/program/central-asia-ready-movewithout- Russia, (Accessed on: 20/3/2018).
Gurganus, Julia (2018), “Russia’s Afghanistan Strategy”, Available at: https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/Afghanistan/2018-01-02/Russia’sAfghanistan-strategy, (Accessed on: 2/1/2018).
Hafeznia, Mohammad Reza, Mahmoud Shams Dolatabadi and Mohammad Hossein Afshardi (2007), “Iran’s Geopolitical Interests in Central Asia and Opportunities Ahead”, Geopolitical Quarterly, Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 191-78 [in Persian].
Haji Yousefi, Amir Mohammad (2005), Foreign Policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the Light of Regional Developments 2001-1991, Tehran: Ministry of Foreign Affairs [in Persian].
Haji Yousefi, Amir Mohammad and Marzieh Saadat Alvand (2008), “Iran and Shanghai Cooperation Organization: Hegemony and Anti-Semitism”, Journal of Political Science, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 163-194 [in Persian].
Hedayati Shahidani, Mehdi and Danial Rezapour (2016), “External Position in the Security Discourse of Russian Neo-Safarists”, Central Asia and the Caucasus Studies, Vol. 22, No. 96, pp. 127-161 [in Persian].
Islamic Parliament Research Center of The Islamic Republic of Iran (1997), “Expediency Discernment Council, the Law on Amending the Law on Combating Narcotics and Adding Substances to it, approved on 25/10/1988”, Nov. 8, Available at: rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/99642, (Accessed on: 1398/09/15) [in Persian].
Jalali, Mahmoud and Others (2017), “Drug Terrorism and the Preventive Approach to Global Law and the Islamic Republic of Iran against it”, Political Studies, Vol. 10, No. 37, pp. 125-144 [in Persian].
Kalinovsky, Artemy (2018), “Central Asia’s Precarious Path to Development, Will Today’s Projects Repeat Soviet Era Mistakes?”, Available at: https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/central-Asia/2018-08-02/central-Asia’s-precarious-path-development, (Accessed on: 2/8/2018).
Koolaee, Elaheh (1996), “Shanghai Organization and Central Asian Security”, Political Science Research, Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 46-29 [in Persian].
Kranz, Michal (2017), “Here’s How the Region the New York Attacker Emigrated from Became Fertile Ground for Terrorism”, Available at: https://www.businessinsider.com/central-asia-fertile-ground-for-terrorismsayfullo-saipov-2017-11, (Accessed on: 1/11/2017).
Lanteigne, Marc (2017), “Russia, China and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization: Diverging Security Interests and the ‘Crimea Effect’”, Available at: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-697901_7, (Accessed on: 31/12/2018).
Lotfizadeh, Abolfazl and Masoumeh Salehi (2018), “Opportunities, Mechanisms and Strategic Areas of Sustainable Development of Iran Relations with the Central Asian Muslim Network in the Present Decade”, Islamic World Studies Quarterly, Vol. 7, No. 25, pp. 101-119 [in Persian].
Mokhtari, Ismail (2010), “Objectives and Challenges of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization”, Daneshnameh, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 151-163 [in Persian].
Omelicheva, Mariya Y. (2018), “Mapping the Terrorism/Trafficking Nexus in Central Asia”, Prepared for the Annual Conference of the Central Eurasian Studies Society November 2016 Princeton University, Available at: ipsr.ku.edu/trafficking/pdf/CESS2016_omelicheva.pdf, (Accessed on: 3/5/2020) [in Persian].
Peyrouse, Sebastien (2017), “Diagnosing Central Asia’s Drug Problem”, Available at: https://reconnectingasia.csis.org/analysis/entries/ diagnosing-central-asias-drugproblem, (Accessed on: 7/3/2017).
Peyrouse, Sebastien (2018), “Drug Trafficking in Tajikistan: a Very Deep but not Incurable Evil”, Available at: https://georgetownjournalofinternationalaffairs.org/onlineedition/2018/3/1/drug-trafficking-in-tajikistan-a-very-deep-but-not-incurable-evil, (Accessed on: 1/3/2018).
Qaedi, Mohammad Reza (2002), “Russia’s Strategy for NATO to the East”, Strategy, Vol. 11, No. 24, pp. 199-215 [in Persian].
Rahmani, Bardia (2018), “How the War on Drugs is Making Tajikistan More Authoritarian”, Available at: https://thediplomat.com/2018/07/how-the-war-on-drugs-is-making-tajikistan-more-authoritarian, (Accessed on: 9/7/2018).
Ramani, Samuel (2017), “Russia’s Anti-Drug Crusade in Afghanistan”, Available at: https://thediplomat.com/2017/12/ russiasantidrugcrusadeinAfghanistan, (Accessed on: 28/12/2017).
Saadat, Ali and Arshad Bakhtiari (2011), “Study of Drug Crisis in Central Asia and the Need Regional Police Cooperation”, International Police Studies, Vol. 2, No. 5, pp. 5-20 [in Persian].
Satubaldina, Assel (2018), “Radicalization, Drug Trafficking, Environment are Key EU-Central Asia Security Challenges, Say Experts and Officials”, Available at: https://astanatimes.com/2018/02/radicalization-drugtrafficking-environment-are-key-eu-central-Asia-security-challenges-say-experts-and-officials, (Accessed on: 27/2/2018).
Shaburkin, Alexander (1998), “Circular Defense of the Commonwealth of Independent States”, Nezavisimaya Gazeta, No. 10, p. 9 [in Persian].
Shahsavand, Parichehr and Farhad Rajabi (2011), “The Impact of Drug Trafficking on the Formation of Regional Eco-Challenges”, Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 7, No. 17, pp. 59-96 [in Persian].
Stronski, Paul and Nicole NG (2018), “Cooperation and Competition: Russia and China in Central Asia, the Russian Far East, and the Arctic”, Available at: https://Carnegieendowment.org/2018/02/28/cooperation-and-competition-Russia-and-china-in-central-asia-russian-far-east-and-arctic-pub-75673, (Accessed on: 28/2/2018).
Taghvaei, Ehsan (2011), “The Role of the Collective Security Treaty Organization in Central Eurasian Security”, Central Asia and the Caucasus Studies, Vol. 17, No. 76, pp. 1-21 [in Persian].
Vaezi, Mahmoud (2009), “Russian and Western Interests in Central Asia and the Caucasus and the Role of Multilateral Organizations”, Central Asia and the Caucasus Studies, Vol. 15, No. 66, pp. 103-139 [in Persian].
Ward, Alex (2017), “The 3 Big Takeaways from Trump’s New National Security Plan”, Available at: https: //www.vox.com/2017/12/18/ 16791570/trump-national-security-speech-strategy-revisionist, (Accessed on: 18/12/2017).
Yazdani, Enayatollah, Najmeh Masoudi and Hossein Dalvand (2012), “A Survey on the Islamic Republic of Iran’s Security Approach to Central Asia”, Central Asia and the Caucasus Studies, Vol. 18, No. 79, pp. 136-169 [in Persian]. | ||
|
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 1,034 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 618 |
||