پیوندهای مفید
اخبار و اعلانات
آمار
| تعداد نشریات | 158 |
| تعداد شماره‌ها | 6,225 |
| تعداد مقالات | 67,692 |
| تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 115,003,644 |
| تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 89,683,139 |
چین، هند و نظم منطقهای در آسیای مرکزی: آزمونی برای مدیریت قدرتهای بزرگ؟ | ||
| مطالعات اوراسیای مرکزی | ||
| دوره 15، شماره 1، شهریور 1401، صفحه 205-228 اصل مقاله (536.42 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22059/jcep.2022.345680.450083 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| سید احمد فاطمی نژاد* ؛ روح اله اسلامی شعبجره | ||
| استادیار گروه علوم سیاسی، دانشکدۀ حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد | ||
| چکیده | ||
| منطقۀ آسیای مرکزی از قرن‌های گذشته مورد توجه قدرتهای بزرگ بوده و سبب رقابت میان آن‌ها شده است. پس از پایان جنگ سرد نیز علاوه بر روسیه، کشورهایی مانند آمریکا، چین و هند در پی گسترش نفوذ خود در این منطقه بوده‌اند. در این فضا طبیعی است که قدرتهای بزرگ به‌عنوان یکی از عوامل مؤثر در نظم منطقهای آسیای مرکزی نقش داشته‌اند. با وجود اینکه رقابت آمریکا و روسیه در مناطق مختلف از جمله آسیای مرکزی همواره مورد توجه پژوهشگران بوده، رقابت چین و هند کمتر مورد توجه قرار گرفته است. بنابراین هدف اصلی در این نوشتار این است که نشان دهیم چین و هند چه نقشی در نظم منطقهای آسیای مرکزی دشته‌اند. رهیافت استفاده‌شده در این نوشتار، الگوی «مدیریت قدرتهای بزرگ» و ارتباط آن با نظم منطقهای است که از مکتب انگلیسی روابط بین‌الملل استخراج شده است. روش مورد استفاده در این نوشتار، نوعی تبیین کارکردی است که نقش یک عنصر (قدرتهای بزرگ) در یک پدیدۀ ویژه (نظم منطقهای آسیای مرکزی) را بررسی می‌کنیم. یافته‌های پژوهش نشان می‌دهد چین و هند در گام اول با مدیریت رقابت دوجانبۀ خود به‌طور کلی و در گام دوم با مهار مناقشات و رقابت‌های منطقهای خود در آسیای مرکزی به حفظ نظم منطقهای در آسیای مرکزی کمک کرده‌اند. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| آسیای مرکزی؛ چین؛ مدیریت قدرتهای بزرگ؛ نظم منطقهای؛ هند | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| China, India and Regional Order in Central Asia: A Test for “Great Power Management”? | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| seyed ahmad fatemi nejad؛ Rohollah Eslami, | ||
| Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, Faculty of Law & Political Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| Introduction: Central Asia is geopolitically landlocked, demographically sparsely populated, economically underdeveloped and politically unimportant, but it has often been the subject of great powers competition. In the 19th century, this region was considered the center of the “Great Game” and in the 20th century, it was one of the points of friction between the Eastern and Western blocs. Today, US, China, Russia and India are the four main competing powers in Central Asia which are trying to dominate the region in order to reach the hegemonic position at the regional and international levels. Therefore, it seems that the competition of great powers is among the most effective factors in the international order in different regions, including Central Asia. Among the above-mentioned four great powers, it seems that the role of China and India needs to be investigated more than others because they play an increasing role in the order of this region and have been studied and researched less than Russia and the United States. China and India are usually seen as two emerging powers that sometimes face each other in terms of global power balance, regional rivalries, issues related to hard power and even economic issues. Among the regions where China and India seem to compete is Central Asia. The growing interests of these two states in Central Asia have disrupted the traditional “Great Game” in the heart of Asia. Although India still cannot compete with China’s strong influence in Central Asia, over time it has strengthened its positions in this region. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to address how the regional order of Central Asia is in the light of India-China rivalry. Research Question: The question raised here is what role India and China have played in maintaining regional order in Central Asia. The answer to this question is especially important because the competition between these two states in Central Asia is expanding and both are great power candidates in the near future. Research Hypothesis: Here, relying on the model of “Great Power Management”, it can be assumed that China and India have helped to maintain order in the region in the first step by managing their mutual competition in general and in the second step by curbing their regional conflicts in Central Asia. Methodology (and Theoretical Framework if there are): The hypothesis has been tested using the combined method. On the one hand, by using the comparative method, the practice of China and India in order building in Central Asia is studied and On the other hand, the role of a factor (great powers) in a specific phenomenon (Central Asian regional order) is investigated with the functional explanatory method. In this article, the theory of the English school of IR and especially its emphasis on the role of great powers in the international order is applied. According to the English School of International Relations, one of the institutions that play a role in maintaining international order is “Great Power Management”. The role of great powers in ensuring international order is due to the inequality of governments in accessing power, but its performance also requires the recognition and approval of others. Results and Discussion: In order to maintain regional order, great powers should focus on managing their bilateral relations in the first step. In this case, we have especially witnessed that China and India have moved in this direction by supporting and maintaining the balance of power at the level of international system. Since the sphere of influence of great powers goes beyond their surrounding areas, therefore, any change in the balance of power in international system also affects their bilateral relations. Therefore, maintaining the balance of power in international system is one of the factors affecting their mutual relations. Bilateral relations between China and India is no exception to this rule. The second step that great powers must take to maintain regional order is related to their behavior in the disputed region. One of the prominent strategies of great powers in managing regional order and preventing conflicts with other powers is to use their local superiority to control conflicts that can turn into crises if they escalate. According to this view, after the Cold War, China has achieved a significant position in Central Asia and in many cases has used its local priority to prevent the spread of existing crises. On the other hand, India has respected China’s spheres of influence and has avoided a strong reaction due to its delayed influence in Central Asia. Conclusion: The regional order of Central Asia is largely influenced by the approaches and behaviors of the major powers operating there. Although India and China are not “great powers” in the strict sense, but according to their plans, efforts and vision, they can be included among the current main players and great power candidates in the international system. These two countries have played a prominent role in the regional order of Central Asia. In order to maintain regional order, major powers should focus on managing their bilateral relations in the first step. In this context, it has been especially observed that China and India have sought to support and maintain the balance of power in the international system. Moreover, New Delhi and Beijing have not allowed the crisis in their bilateral relations to get out of control and create widespread and uncontrollable tensions. The third strategy in this field refers to the joint action of India and China in Central Asia, which has been carried out in the form of joint institutions such as the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. Therefore, these two powers have played a significant role in the regional order of Central Asia. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| Great Power Management, Regional Order, Central Asia, China, India | ||
| مراجع | ||
|
Adhikari, Mukunda and Zhiguo Ma (2022), “The Belt and Road Initiative as a Gateway to the Sea for Land-Locked Countries: With Reference to Nepal”, Sage Open, January-March, pp. 1–17, (doi: 10.1177/21582440221087271). Aqayii, Seyed Davud and Mohammad Javad Qahramani (2019), “China's Approach to the Shanghai Cooperation Organization in the Light of the New Foreign Policy of this Country (from 2013 to 2018)”, Central Eurasia Studies, Vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 291-307, (doi: 10.22059/jcep.2019.259040.449774), [in Persian]. Basu, Titli (2020), “Sino-US Disorder: Power and Policy in Post-COVID Indo-Pacific”, Journal of Asian Economic Integration, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 159–179, (doi: 10.1177/2631684620940448). Bull, Hedley (2002), The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics. 3rd Edition; New York, N.Y: Palgrave. Bull, Hedley (2020), The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics, Translated by Farhang Rajaee, Tehran: IPIS, [in Persian]. Chen, Xiangming and Fakhmiddin Fazilov (2018), “Re-centering Central Asia: China’s New Great Game in the old Eurasian Heartland”, Palgrave Communications, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 1-13 (doi: 10.1057/s41599-018-0125-5). Clark, Ian (2009), “Towards an English School Theory of Hegemony”, European Journal of International Relations, Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 203-228, (doi: 10.1177/1354066109103136). Cooley, Alexander (2012), Great Games, Local Rules: The New Great Power Contest in Central Asia, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Contessi, Nicola P. (2016), “Central Asia in Asia: Charting Growing Trans-Regional Linkages”, Journal of Eurasian Studies, No. 7, pp. 3–13, (doi: 10.1016/j.euras. 2015.11.001). Cooper, Andrew F., and Asif B. Farooq (2016), “The Role of China and India in the G20 and BRICS: Commonalities or Competitive Behaviour?”, Journal of Current Chinese Affairs, Vol. 45, No. 3, pp.73–106, (doi: 10.1177/ 186810261604500303). Fakheri, Mahdi (2021), “The Impact of Regional Arrangements on China's Foreign Policy in Central Asia”, Central Eurasia Studies, Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 251-274, (doi: 10.22059/jcep.2021.310112.449952), [in Persian]. Fatemi Nejad, Seyed Ahmad (2015), “India-Pakistan Conflict after 1998 and Crisis Management of Great Powers”, International Relations Studies, No. 12, pp. 59-98, Available at: http://www.iisajournals.ir/article_41954.html, (Accessed on: 27/8/2022), [in Persian]. Fatemi Nejad, Seyed Ahmad and Alireza Mohammadzadeh (2018), “Investigating the Position of New Afghanistan in Regional Security Complexes from Central Asia to South Asia”, Central Eurasia Studies, Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 399-416, (doi: 10.22059/jcep.2019.216523.449668), [in Persian]. Fatemi Nejad, Seyed Ahmad and Mohammadreza Hashemi (2016), “Russia and Central Asia: Laying the Groundwork for the Regional International Society”, Central Eurasia Studies, Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 325-340, (doi: 10.22059/jcep.2016. 60545). [in Persian]. Fenna Egberink and Frans-Paul van der Putten (2010), “ASEAN and Strategic Rivalry Among the Great Powers in Asia”, Journal of Current Haas, Marcel de. (2017), “Relations of Central Asia with the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and the Collective Security Treaty Organization”, The Journal of Slavic Military Studies, Vol. 30, No. 1, pp. 1-16, (doi: 10.1080/ 13518046.2017.1271642). Högselius, Per (2022), “The Hidden Integration of Central Asia: The Making of a Region through Technical Infrastructures”, Central Asian Survey, Vol. 41, No. 2, pp. 223-43, (doi: 10.1080/02634937.2021.1953963). Hooijmaaijers, Bas (2021), “The BRICS Countries’ Bilateral Economic Relations, 2009 to 2019: Between Rhetoric and Reality”, Sage Open, October-December, pp. 1–16, (doi: 10.1177/21582440211054128). Ji, Deqiang, Zhengrong Hu, and Yousaf Muhammad (2016), “Neighboring Competitor? Indian Image in Chinese Media”, Global Media and China, Vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 234–250, (doi: 10.1177/2059436416668186). Karami, Jahangir and Hamidreza Azizi (2013), “China's Security Relations with Central Asia: from Security Links to Regional Security Complex”, Central Eurasia Studies, Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 135-154, (doi: 10.22059/jcep.2013.35156), [in Persian]. Kazantsev, Andrei, Medvedeva, Svetlana and Ivan Safranchuk (2021), “Between Russia and China: Central Asia in Greater Eurasia”, Journal of Eurasian Studies, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 57–71, (doi: 10.1177/1879366521998242). Keyvanhoseini, Seyed Asqar and Shirin Omranimanesh (2018), “Countering Terrorism and the Transformation of China's Regional Foreign Policy in Central Asia (2002-2016)”, Central Eurasia Studies, Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 453-467, (doi: 10.22059/jcep.2019.241224.449728), [in Persian]. Khajesarvi, Qolamreza and Others (2013), “America's Interests in Central Asia and the Threats of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization”, World Politics Quarterly, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 65-86, Available at: https://www.interpolitics. guilan.ac.ir/article_750.html, (Accessed on: 27/8/2022), [in Persian]. Koolaee, Elaheh and Mandana Tisheyar (2012), “The Security-Building Role of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization around Afghanistan”, World Politics Quarterly, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 61-84, Available at: https://www.interpolitics. guilan.ac.ir/article_731.html, (Accessed on: 27/8/2022), [in Persian]. Kukreja, Veena (2020), “India in the Emergent Multipolar World Order: Dynamics and Strategic Challenges”, India Quarterly, Vol. 76, No. 1, pp. 8–23, (doi: 10. 1177/0974928419901187). Kushki, Mohammadsadegh and Seyed Mahmood Hoseini (2016), “A Perspective on India's Membership in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, Opportunities and Challenges”, Central Eurasia Studies, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 115-132, (doi: 10.22059/jcep.2016.58576), [in Persian]. Laruelle, Marlène, Jean-François Huchet, Sébastien Peyrouse and Bayram Balci (2014), China and India in Central Asia: A New "Great Game"? New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Lu, Na-Xi, Huang, Meng-Fang, and Lu, Shan-Bing (2019), “How the Belt and Road Initiative Can Help Strengthen the Role of the SCO and Deepen China’s Cooperation with Russia and the Countries of Central Asia”, India Quarterly, Vol. 75, No. 1, pp. 56–68, (doi: 10.1177/0974928418821484). Luzyanin, Sergey (2007), “Central Asia in Trilateral Cooperation: Regional Potential and Resources of SCO”, China Report, Vol. 43, No. 2, pp. 237–243, (doi: 10.1177/0009445507043002013). Menon, Shivshankar (2016), “China, the World and India”, China Report, Vol. 52, No. 2, pp. 129–137, (doi: 10.1177/0009445515627212). Musavi Shafaiee, Masood (2015), “The Fifth Generation of Chinese Leaders and the Silk Road Economic Belt Initiative”, International Relations Studies, No. 17, pp. 201-222, Available at: http://www.iisajournals.ir/article_41995.html, (Accessed on: 27/8/2022), [in Persian]. Neumann, Iver B. (2003), “The English School on Diplomacy: Scholarly Promise Unfulfilled”, International Relations, Vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 341-69, (doi: 10.1177/ 00471178030173006). Ogden, Chris (2022), “The Double- Edged Sword: Reviewing India–China Relations”, India Quarterly, Vol. 78, No. 2, pp. 210–228, (doi: 10.1177/ 09749284221089530). Paul, Tim V. (2019), “When Balance of Power Meets Globalization: China, India and the Small States of South Asia”, Politics. Vol. 39, No. 1, pp. 50–63, (doi: 10.1177/0263395718779930). Peyrouse, Sébastien (2016), “Discussing China: Sinophilia and Sinophobia in Central Asia”, Journal of Eurasian Studies, Vol. 7, pp. 14–23, (doi: 10.1016/ j.euras.2015.10.003). Pradhan, Ramakrushna (2022), “India-Kazakhstan Energy Relations: Looking Back and Looking Ahead”, Journal of Eurasian Studies, Vol. 00, No. 0, pp. 1-16, (doi: 10.1177/18793665221093798). Rakhimov, Mirzokhid (2010), “Internal and External Dynamics of Regional Cooperation in Central Asia”, Journal of Eurasian Studies, No. 1, pp. 95–101, (doi: 10.1016/j.euras.2010.04.002). Rana, Kishan S. (2017), “India and China in Asia”, China Report, Vol. 53, No. 2, pp. 87–106, (doi: 10.1177/0009445517697401). Shafiee, Nowzar (2017), “America and India Cooperation in the Great Game of Power in Central Asia”, Central Eurasia Studies, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 101-116, (doi: 10.22059/jcep.2017.62902), [in Persian]. Simbar, Reza and Mehdi Padrvand (2018), “Challenges of Russia's Foreign Policy in Central Asia”, Central Asia and Caucasus Quarterly, No. 101, pp. 57-85, Available at: http://ca.ipisjournals.ir/article_31760.html, (Accessed on: 27/8/ 2022), [in Persian]. Singh, Sandeep and Bawa Singh (2019), “Geopolitics of ports: Factoring Iran in India’s Counterbalancing Strategy for “Sino-Pak Axis”, Journal of Eurasian Studies, Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 169–182, (doi: 10.1177/1879366519850712). Smith, Dianne L. (1996), “Central Asia: A New Great Game?”, Asian Affairs, Vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 147–75, Available at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/30172401, (Accessed on: 27/8/2022). Tisheyar, Mandana and Mojtaba Tuiserkani (2019), “Central Asia between South Korea’s Eurasian Initiative and China's Belt and Road Initiative”, Central Asia and the Caucasus Quarterly, No. 107, pp. 106-126, Available at: http://www. ca.ipisjournals.ir/article_38340.html, (Accessed on: 27/8/2022), [in Persian]. Tohidi, Zahra (2011), “Goals of India and Pakistan in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization”, Research Letter of Foreign Policy, No. 30, pp. 261-282, Available at: https://www.noormags.ir/view/fa/articlepage/48381/ 263/text, (Accessed on: 27/8/2022), [in Persian]. Tsereteli, Mamuka (2019), “Land Transportation Link Between Indian Subcontinent and Europe Is a Strategic Necessity”, India Quarterly, Vol. 75, No. 1, pp. 87–93, (doi: 10.1177/0974928418821475). | ||
|
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 395 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 308 |
||