
تعداد نشریات | 163 |
تعداد شمارهها | 6,825 |
تعداد مقالات | 73,610 |
تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 134,893,023 |
تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 105,296,658 |
Detection of Avian Metapneumovirus Subtypes A and B in Moroccan Broiler Farms | ||
Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine | ||
مقاله 2، دوره 18، شماره 4، دی 2024، صفحه 479-488 اصل مقاله (722.29 K) | ||
نوع مقاله: Original Articles | ||
شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.32598/ijvm.18.4.1005404 | ||
نویسندگان | ||
Amine Mernizi* 1؛ Oumaima Kadiri2؛ Juan Luis Criado Rius1؛ Mohammed Bouslikhane3؛ Abdeljelil Ghram4؛ Mouahid Mohamed5؛ Elena Catelli6؛ Saâdia Nassik2 | ||
1Laboratorios HIPRA S.A., Amer, Spain. | ||
2Avian Pathology Unit, Department of Pathology and Veterinary Public Health, Agronomic and Veterinary Institute of Hassan II, Rabat, Morocco. | ||
3Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Pathology and Veterinary Public Health, Agronomic and Veterinary Institute of Hassan II Rabat, Morocco. | ||
4Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology Laboratory, Institute Pasteur of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia. | ||
5Mouahid’s Private Vet Clinic, Temara, Morocco. | ||
6Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy. | ||
چکیده | ||
Background: Avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) is a widespread infectious respiratory pathogen affecting turkeys and chickens, with co-predominance of the subtypes A and B. Objectives: There is no official reports in Morocco about the subtypes of aMPV circulating. Hence, using quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) subtypes-specific A and B, we aimed at detecting and identifying the potential subtype(s) circulating. Methods: We conducted a longitudinal study on three broiler flocks that were strictly not vaccinated against aMPV and were located in two different geographical regions. We studied two flocks that expressed typical swollen head syndrome (SHS) and sampled them once. Furthermore, we sampled dead birds of one flock confirmed seropositive from a previous study. A total of 118 swabs pooled in 24 samples were subjected to RNA extraction and amplified using a triplex RT-PCR for specific detection of aMPV subtypes A and B. Additionally, serum samples were taken at slaughtering age to cross-check the molecular results. A total of 84 sera were analyzed with a commercial indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit to detect and titer antibodies against the two subtypes. Results: Avian metapneumovirus was detected by qRT-PCR in all flocks. About 87.50% of the samples were positive for aMPV-B, and 16.67% for aMPV-A and aMPV-B simultaneously. All flocks showed seropositivity, confirming the molecular findings. Conclusion: The present investigation is the first molecular study in Morocco to elucidate the circulation of aMPV-A and aMPV-B in broiler farms in Morocco with a dominance of aMPV-B and the possibility of co-presence of both subtypes. | ||
کلیدواژهها | ||
Avian metapneumovirus؛ Broilers؛ Morocco؛ RT-PCR؛ Subtypes | ||
اصل مقاله | ||
Introduction
The skull heads were stored at the Avian Pathology Unit of the Hassan II Agronomic and Veterinary Institute in Rabat, maintained at a temperature of -20 °C. The skin was preserved to increase the likelihood of detecting the genetic material of the aMPV.
References Al-Hasan, B. A., Alhatami, A. O., Abdulwahab, H. M., Bustani, G. S., Hameed, M. A., & Haider Jawad, A. (2022). First report of Avian metapneumovirus type B in Iraqi broiler flocks with swollen head syndrome. Veterinary World, 15(1), 16–21.[DOI:10.14202/vetworld.2022.16-21] [PMID] [PMCID] Banet-Noach, C., Simanov, L., & Perk, S. (2005). Characterization of Israeli avian metapneumovirus strains in turkeys and chickens. Avian Pathology, 34(3), 220-226. [DOI:10.1080/03079450500112625] [PMID] Bäyon-Auboyer, M. H., Arnauld, C., Toquin, D., & Eterradossi, N. (2000). Nucleotide sequences of the F, L and G protein genes of two non-A/non-B avian pneumoviruses (APV) reveal a novel APV subgroup. The Journal of General Virology, 81(Pt 11), 2723–2733. [DOI:10.1099/0022-1317-81-11-2723] [PMID] Canuti, M., Kroyer, A. N. K., Ojkic, D., Whitney, H. G., Robertson, G. J., & Lang, A. S. (2019). Discovery and characterization of novel rna viruses in aquatic North American wild birds. Viruses, 11(9), 768. [DOI:10.3390/v11090768] [PMID] [PMCID] Catelli, E., Cook, J. K., Chesher, J., Orbell, S. J., Woods, M. A., & Baxendale, W., et al. (1998). The use of virus isolation, histopathology and immunoperoxidase techniques to study the dissemination of a chicken isolate of avian pneumovirus in chickens. Avian Pathology, 27(6), 632-640. [DOI:10.1080/03079459808419395] [PMID] Cha, R. M., Yu, Q., & Zsak, L. (2013). The pathogenicity of avian metapneumovirus subtype C wild bird isolates in domestic turkeys. Virology Journal, 10, [DOI:10.1186/1743-422X-10-38] [PMID] [PMCID] Chacón, J. L., Mizuma, M., Vejarano, M. P., Toquín, D., Eterradossi, N., & Patnayak, D. P., et al. (2011). Avian metapneumovirus subtypes circulating in Brazilian vaccinated and nonvaccinated chicken and turkey farms. Avian Diseases, 55(1), 82-89. [DOI:10.1637/9501-081310-Reg.1] [PMID] Cook, J. K., & Cavanagh, D. (2002). Detection and differentiation of avian pneumoviruses (metapneumoviruses). Avian Pathology, 31(2), 117-132. [DOI:10.1080/03079450120118603] [PMID] Darebaghi, A., Emadi Chashmi, S. H., Kafshdozan, K., & hossein, H. (2021). Molecular detection of avian metapneumovirus in semnan broiler farms. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 15(1), 27-34. [DOI:22059/IJVM.2020.302556.1005087] Dos Santos, M. B., Martini, M. C., Ferreira, H. L., Da Silva, L. H. A., Fellipe, P. A., & Spilki, F. R., et al. (2012). Brazilian avian metapneumovirus subtypes A and B: Experimental infection of broilers and evaluation of vaccine efficacy. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira, 32(12), 1257-1262. [DOI:1590/S0100-736X2012001200008] Franzo, G., Legnardi, M., Mescolini, G., Tucciarone, C. M., Lupini, C., & Quaglia, G., et al. (2020). Avian Metapneumovirus subtype B around Europe: A phylodynamic reconstruction. Veterinary Research, 51(1), 88. [DOI:10.1186/s13567-020-00817-6] [PMID] [PMCID] Franzo, G., Tucciarone, C. M., Enache, M., Bejan, V., Ramon, G., & Koutoulis, K. C., et al. (2017). First report of avian metapneumovirus subtype B field strain in a romanian broiler flock during an outbreak of respiratory disease. Avian Diseases, 61(2), 250-254. [DOI:10.1637/11557-121216-ResNote.1] [PMID] Franzo, G., Drigo, M., Lupini, C., Catelli, E., Laconi, A., & Listorti, V., et al. (2014). A sensitive, reproducible, and economic real-time reverse transcription PCR detecting avian metapneumovirus subtypes A and B. Avian Diseases, 58(2), 216-222. [DOI:10.1637/10676-092413-Reg.1] [PMID] Graziosi, G., Lupini, C., & Catelli, E. (2022). Disentangling the role of wild birds in avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) epidemiology: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 69(6), 3285-3299. [DOI:10.1111/tbed.14680] [PMID] [PMCID] Guionie, O., Toquin, D., Sellal, E., Bouley, S., Zwingelstein, F., & Allée, C., et al. (2007). Laboratory evaluation of a quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR assay for the detection and identification of the four subgroups of avian metapneumovirus. Journal of Virological Methods, 139(2), 150-158. [DOI:10.1016/j.jviromet.2006.09.022] [PMID] Hajijafari Anaraki, M., Sheikhi, N., Haghbin Nazarpak, H., & Nikbahkt Brujeni, G. (2022). Real time detection of different variant strains of infectious bronchitis virus in trachea, lung and kidney of infected broiler chickens. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 16(1), 57-63. [DOI:22059/IJVM.2021.321594.1005165] Kwon, J. S., Lee, H. J., Jeong, S. H., Park, J. Y., Hong, Y. H., & Lee, Y. J., et al. (2010). Isolation and characterization of avian metapneumovirus from chickens in Korea. Journal of Veterinary Science, 11(1), 59-66. [DOI:10.4142/jvs.2010.11.1.59] [PMID] [PMCID] Lachheb, J., Bouslama, Z., Nsiri, J., Badr, C., Al Gallas, N., & Souissi, N., et al. (2022). Phylogenetic and phylodynamic analyses of subtype-B metapneumovirus from chickens in Tunisia. Poultry Science, 102(1), 102253. [DOI:10.1016/j.psj.2022.102253] [PMID] [PMCID] Lemaitre, E., Allée, C., Vabret, A., Eterradossi, N., & Brown, P. A. (2018). Single reaction, real time RT-PCR detection of all known avian and human metapneumoviruses. Journal of Virological Methods, 251, 61-68. [DOI:10.1016/j.jviromet.2017.10.010] [PMID] [PMCID] Mernizi, A., Fathi, H., Criado, J. L., Bouslikhane, M., Ghram, A., & Mouahid, M., et al. (2023). Avian metapneumovirus review: A focus on broilers. Poultry Science Journal, 11(1), 1-17. [DOI:22069/PSJ.2022.20165.1814] Mernizi, A, Bouziane, S., Fathi, H., Criado, J. L., Bouslikhane, M., & Ghram, A., et al. (2023). First seroepidemiological and risk factor survey of avian metapneumovirus circulation in Moroccan broiler farms. Veterinarski Glasnik, 77(1), 51-68, [DOI:10.2298/VETGL220307009M] Motamed, N., & Bashashati, M. (2022). Comparative genetic features of S1 gene from six Massachusetts and variant Avian 2 infectious bronchitis viruses isolated in Iran. Archives of Razi Institute, 77(5), 1611-1619. [PMID] Muofaq Khalaf, S., & Jawad Ali, A. (2023). Immune response and histological changes in broilers chickens vaccinated with mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccines. Archives of Razi Institute, 78(2), 729–735. [PMID] Nikbakht, G., Houshmand, P., Esmailnejad, A., & Abasabadi, F. (2022a). Major histocompatibility complex as marker assisted selection for breeding immunocompetent animal. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 16(3), 211-227. [DOI:22059/IJVM.2022.339598.1005251] Nikbakht, G. (2022b). Novel insights into infection and immunity. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 16(2), 99-100. [DOI:22059/IJVM.2022.337927.1005234] Nguyen, V. G., Chung, H. C., Do, H. Q., Nguyen, T. T., Cao, T. B., & Truong, H. T., et al. (2021). Serological and molecular characterization of avian metapneumovirus in chickens in Northern Vietnam. Veterinary Sciences, 8(10), 206. [DOI:10.3390/vetsci8100206] [PMID] [PMCID] Rautenschlein, S., Aung, Y. H., & Haase, C. (2011). Local and systemic immune responses following infection of broiler-type chickens with avian Metapneumovirus subtypes A and B. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 140(1-2), 10-22. [DOI:10.1016/j.vetimm.2010.11.003] [PMID] Retallack, H., Clubb, S., & DeRisi, J. L. (2019). Genome sequence of a divergent avian metapneumovirus from a monk parakeet (Myiopsitta monachus). Microbiology Resource Announcements, 8(16), e00284-19. [DOI:10.1128/MRA.00284-19] [PMID] [PMCID] Rubbenstroth, D., & Rautenschlein, S. (2009). Investigations on the protective role of passively transferred antibodies against avian metapneumovirus infection in turkeys. Avian Pathology, 38(6), 427–436. [DOI:10.1080/03079450903349204] [PMID] Sharifi, A., Allymehr, M., & Talebi, A. (2022). Concurrent occurrence of infectious bursal disease and multicausal respiratory infections caused by newcastle disease and avian metapneumovirus in broilers. Archives of Razi Institute, 77(3), 1007-1016. [PMID] Sid, H., Benachour, K., & Rautenschlein, S. (2015). Co-infection with multiple respiratory pathogens contributes to increased mortality rates in algerian poultry flocks. Avian Diseases, 59(3), 440-446. [DOI:10.1637/11063-031615-Case.1] [PMID] Suarez, D. L., Miller, P. J., Koch, G., Mundt, E., & Rautenschlein, S. (2019). Newcastle disease, other avian paramyxoviruses, and avian metapneumovirus infections. In: D. E. Swayne, M. Boulianne, C. M. Logue, L. R. McDougald, V. Nair, & D. L. Suarez, et al. (Eds.), Diseases of poultry (pp. 111-166.). New Jersey: Wiley. [DOI:10.1002/9781119371199.ch3] Toquin, D., Guionie, O., Jestin, V., Zwingelstein, F., Allee, C., & Eterradossi, N. (2006). European and American subgroup C isolates of avian metapneumovirus belong to different genetic lineages. Virus Genes, 32(1), 97-103. [DOI:10.1007/s11262-005-5850-3] [PMID] Tucciarone, C. M., Franzo, G., Legnardi, M., Pasotto, D., Lupini, C., & Catelli, E., et al. (2022). Molecular Survey on A, B, C and New Avian Metapneumovirus (aMPV) subtypes in wild birds of Northern-Central Italy. Veterinary Sciences, 9(7), 373.[DOI:10.3390/vetsci9070373] [PMID] [PMCID] Tucciarone, C. M., Franzo, G., Lupini, C., Alejo, C. T., Listorti, V., & Mescolini, G., et al. (2018). Avian Metapneumovirus circulation in Italian broiler farms. Poultry Science, 97(2), 503-509. [DOI:10.3382/ps/pex350] [PMID] Tucciarone, C. M., Andreopoulou, M., Franzo, G., Prentza, Z., Chaligiannis, I., & Cecchinato, M. (2017). First identification and molecular characterization of avian metapneumovirus subtype B from chickens in Greece. Avian Diseases, 61(3), 409-413. [DOI:10.1637/11631-032017-CaseR] [PMID] | ||
مراجع | ||
Al-Hasan, B. A., Alhatami, A. O., Abdulwahab, H. M., Bustani, G. S., Hameed, M. A., & Haider Jawad, A. (2022). First report of Avian metapneumovirus type B in Iraqi broiler flocks with swollen head syndrome. Veterinary World, 15(1), 16–21.[DOI:10.14202/vetworld.2022.16-21] [PMID] [PMCID]
Banet-Noach, C., Simanov, L., & Perk, S. (2005). Characterization of Israeli avian metapneumovirus strains in turkeys and chickens. Avian Pathology, 34(3), 220-226. [DOI:10.1080/03079450500112625] [PMID]
Bäyon-Auboyer, M. H., Arnauld, C., Toquin, D., & Eterradossi, N. (2000). Nucleotide sequences of the F, L and G protein genes of two non-A/non-B avian pneumoviruses (APV) reveal a novel APV subgroup. The Journal of General Virology, 81(Pt 11), 2723–2733. [DOI:10.1099/0022-1317-81-11-2723] [PMID]
Canuti, M., Kroyer, A. N. K., Ojkic, D., Whitney, H. G., Robertson, G. J., & Lang, A. S. (2019). Discovery and characterization of novel rna viruses in aquatic North American wild birds. Viruses, 11(9), 768. [DOI:10.3390/v11090768] [PMID] [PMCID]
Catelli, E., Cook, J. K., Chesher, J., Orbell, S. J., Woods, M. A., & Baxendale, W., et al. (1998). The use of virus isolation, histopathology and immunoperoxidase techniques to study the dissemination of a chicken isolate of avian pneumovirus in chickens. Avian Pathology, 27(6), 632-640. [DOI:10.1080/03079459808419395] [PMID]
Cha, R. M., Yu, Q., & Zsak, L. (2013). The pathogenicity of avian metapneumovirus subtype C wild bird isolates in domestic turkeys. Virology Journal, 10, [DOI:10.1186/1743-422X-10-38] [PMID] [PMCID]
Chacón, J. L., Mizuma, M., Vejarano, M. P., Toquín, D., Eterradossi, N., & Patnayak, D. P., et al. (2011). Avian metapneumovirus subtypes circulating in Brazilian vaccinated and nonvaccinated chicken and turkey farms. Avian Diseases, 55(1), 82-89. [DOI:10.1637/9501-081310-Reg.1] [PMID]
Cook, J. K., & Cavanagh, D. (2002). Detection and differentiation of avian pneumoviruses (metapneumoviruses). Avian Pathology, 31(2), 117-132. [DOI:10.1080/03079450120118603] [PMID]
Darebaghi, A., Emadi Chashmi, S. H., Kafshdozan, K., & hossein, H. (2021). Molecular detection of avian metapneumovirus in semnan broiler farms. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 15(1), 27-34. [DOI:22059/IJVM.2020.302556.1005087]
Dos Santos, M. B., Martini, M. C., Ferreira, H. L., Da Silva, L. H. A., Fellipe, P. A., & Spilki, F. R., et al. (2012). Brazilian avian metapneumovirus subtypes A and B: Experimental infection of broilers and evaluation of vaccine efficacy. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira, 32(12), 1257-1262. [DOI:1590/S0100-736X2012001200008]
Franzo, G., Legnardi, M., Mescolini, G., Tucciarone, C. M., Lupini, C., & Quaglia, G., et al. (2020). Avian Metapneumovirus subtype B around Europe: A phylodynamic reconstruction. Veterinary Research, 51(1), 88. [DOI:10.1186/s13567-020-00817-6] [PMID] [PMCID]
Franzo, G., Tucciarone, C. M., Enache, M., Bejan, V., Ramon, G., & Koutoulis, K. C., et al. (2017). First report of avian metapneumovirus subtype B field strain in a romanian broiler flock during an outbreak of respiratory disease. Avian Diseases, 61(2), 250-254. [DOI:10.1637/11557-121216-ResNote.1] [PMID]
Franzo, G., Drigo, M., Lupini, C., Catelli, E., Laconi, A., & Listorti, V., et al. (2014). A sensitive, reproducible, and economic real-time reverse transcription PCR detecting avian metapneumovirus subtypes A and B. Avian Diseases, 58(2), 216-222. [DOI:10.1637/10676-092413-Reg.1] [PMID]
Graziosi, G., Lupini, C., & Catelli, E. (2022). Disentangling the role of wild birds in avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) epidemiology: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 69(6), 3285-3299. [DOI:10.1111/tbed.14680] [PMID] [PMCID]
Guionie, O., Toquin, D., Sellal, E., Bouley, S., Zwingelstein, F., & Allée, C., et al. (2007). Laboratory evaluation of a quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR assay for the detection and identification of the four subgroups of avian metapneumovirus. Journal of Virological Methods, 139(2), 150-158. [DOI:10.1016/j.jviromet.2006.09.022] [PMID]
Hajijafari Anaraki, M., Sheikhi, N., Haghbin Nazarpak, H., & Nikbahkt Brujeni, G. (2022). Real time detection of different variant strains of infectious bronchitis virus in trachea, lung and kidney of infected broiler chickens. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 16(1), 57-63. [DOI:22059/IJVM.2021.321594.1005165]
Kwon, J. S., Lee, H. J., Jeong, S. H., Park, J. Y., Hong, Y. H., & Lee, Y. J., et al. (2010). Isolation and characterization of avian metapneumovirus from chickens in Korea. Journal of Veterinary Science, 11(1), 59-66. [DOI:10.4142/jvs.2010.11.1.59] [PMID] [PMCID]
Lachheb, J., Bouslama, Z., Nsiri, J., Badr, C., Al Gallas, N., & Souissi, N., et al. (2022). Phylogenetic and phylodynamic analyses of subtype-B metapneumovirus from chickens in Tunisia. Poultry Science, 102(1), 102253. [DOI:10.1016/j.psj.2022.102253] [PMID] [PMCID]
Lemaitre, E., Allée, C., Vabret, A., Eterradossi, N., & Brown, P. A. (2018). Single reaction, real time RT-PCR detection of all known avian and human metapneumoviruses. Journal of Virological Methods, 251, 61-68. [DOI:10.1016/j.jviromet.2017.10.010] [PMID] [PMCID]
Mernizi, A., Fathi, H., Criado, J. L., Bouslikhane, M., Ghram, A., & Mouahid, M., et al. (2023). Avian metapneumovirus review: A focus on broilers. Poultry Science Journal, 11(1), 1-17. [DOI:22069/PSJ.2022.20165.1814]
Mernizi, A, Bouziane, S., Fathi, H., Criado, J. L., Bouslikhane, M., & Ghram, A., et al. (2023). First seroepidemiological and risk factor survey of avian metapneumovirus circulation in Moroccan broiler farms. Veterinarski Glasnik, 77(1), 51-68, [DOI:10.2298/VETGL220307009M]
Motamed, N., & Bashashati, M. (2022). Comparative genetic features of S1 gene from six Massachusetts and variant Avian 2 infectious bronchitis viruses isolated in Iran. Archives of Razi Institute, 77(5), 1611-1619. [PMID]
Muofaq Khalaf, S., & Jawad Ali, A. (2023). Immune response and histological changes in broilers chickens vaccinated with mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccines. Archives of Razi Institute, 78(2), 729–735. [PMID]
Nikbakht, G., Houshmand, P., Esmailnejad, A., & Abasabadi, F. (2022a). Major histocompatibility complex as marker assisted selection for breeding immunocompetent animal. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 16(3), 211-227. [DOI:22059/IJVM.2022.339598.1005251]
Nikbakht, G. (2022b). Novel insights into infection and immunity. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 16(2), 99-100. [DOI:22059/IJVM.2022.337927.1005234]
Nguyen, V. G., Chung, H. C., Do, H. Q., Nguyen, T. T., Cao, T. B., & Truong, H. T., et al. (2021). Serological and molecular characterization of avian metapneumovirus in chickens in Northern Vietnam. Veterinary Sciences, 8(10), 206. [DOI:10.3390/vetsci8100206] [PMID] [PMCID]
Rautenschlein, S., Aung, Y. H., & Haase, C. (2011). Local and systemic immune responses following infection of broiler-type chickens with avian Metapneumovirus subtypes A and B. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 140(1-2), 10-22. [DOI:10.1016/j.vetimm.2010.11.003] [PMID]
Retallack, H., Clubb, S., & DeRisi, J. L. (2019). Genome sequence of a divergent avian metapneumovirus from a monk parakeet (Myiopsitta monachus). Microbiology Resource Announcements, 8(16), e00284-19. [DOI:10.1128/MRA.00284-19] [PMID] [PMCID]
Rubbenstroth, D., & Rautenschlein, S. (2009). Investigations on the protective role of passively transferred antibodies against avian metapneumovirus infection in turkeys. Avian Pathology, 38(6), 427–436. [DOI:10.1080/03079450903349204] [PMID]
Sharifi, A., Allymehr, M., & Talebi, A. (2022). Concurrent occurrence of infectious bursal disease and multicausal respiratory infections caused by newcastle disease and avian metapneumovirus in broilers. Archives of Razi Institute, 77(3), 1007-1016. [PMID]
Sid, H., Benachour, K., & Rautenschlein, S. (2015). Co-infection with multiple respiratory pathogens contributes to increased mortality rates in algerian poultry flocks. Avian Diseases, 59(3), 440-446. [DOI:10.1637/11063-031615-Case.1] [PMID]
Suarez, D. L., Miller, P. J., Koch, G., Mundt, E., & Rautenschlein, S. (2019). Newcastle disease, other avian paramyxoviruses, and avian metapneumovirus infections. In: D. E. Swayne, M. Boulianne, C. M. Logue, L. R. McDougald, V. Nair, & D. L. Suarez, et al. (Eds.), Diseases of poultry (pp. 111-166.). New Jersey: Wiley. [DOI:10.1002/9781119371199.ch3]
Toquin, D., Guionie, O., Jestin, V., Zwingelstein, F., Allee, C., & Eterradossi, N. (2006). European and American subgroup C isolates of avian metapneumovirus belong to different genetic lineages. Virus Genes, 32(1), 97-103. [DOI:10.1007/s11262-005-5850-3] [PMID]
Tucciarone, C. M., Franzo, G., Legnardi, M., Pasotto, D., Lupini, C., & Catelli, E., et al. (2022). Molecular Survey on A, B, C and New Avian Metapneumovirus (aMPV) subtypes in wild birds of Northern-Central Italy. Veterinary Sciences, 9(7), 373.[DOI:10.3390/vetsci9070373] [PMID] [PMCID]
| ||
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 1,127 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 695 |