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تحلیل حقوقی تحولات شرط فورس‌ماژور در قوانین نفتی و قراردادهای بالادستی صنعت نفت و گاز ایران | ||
| مطالعات حقوق انرژی | ||
| دوره 8، شماره 2، اسفند 1401، صفحه 421-436 اصل مقاله (567.26 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: علمی پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22059/jrels.2023.351569.512 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| هدایت فرخانی1؛ حسین صادقی* 2؛ مهدی ناصر3 | ||
| 1دکتری ، حقوق نفت و گاز ،دانشکدة حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران. | ||
| 2استادیار ،گروه حقوق ،دانشکدة کارآفرینی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران. | ||
| 3دانشجوی دکتری، حقوق خصوصی، دانشکدة حقوق، دانشگاه علوم قضایی و خدمات اداری، تهران، ایران. | ||
| چکیده | ||
| قراردادهای بالادستی نفت و گاز دارای جنبه‌های فنی، اقتصادی، اجتماعی، حقوقی، مالی، سیاسی و زیست‌محیطی است. بلندمدت و مستمر بودن، لزوم صرف هزینه‌های سنگین و سرمایة فراوان، ناشناخته بودن رفتار مخزن و بازار، ریسک زیاد و عدم قطعیت و پیچیدگی و عدم اطمینان، چندبعدی بودن کالای مورد قرارداد (نفت و گاز)، دخالت بازیگران متعدد خصوصی، دولتی و شرکت‌های فراملیتی، مسائل حاکمیتی و دولتی و مردمی بودن منابع نفت و گاز در برخی کشورهای صاحب منابع، همگی سبب افزایش ریسک‌های این قراردادها نسبت به قراردادهای عمومی (غیرنفتی) شده و احتمال وقوع حوادث، تغییر و تحولات بنیادین و اساسی و ایجاد مانع و وقفه در قرارداد را افزایش می‌دهد. در این پژوهش با مطالعه و بررسی قوانین و مقررات ناظر بر صنعت نفت و گاز و قراردادهای بالادستی نفتی در نظام حقوقی ایران، وضعیت و تحولات عذر قراردادی فورس‌ماژور در این قراردادها را مورد تحلیل قرار داده‌ایم. نتایج بررسی نشان می‌دهد با گذشت زمان و اهمیت یافتن قراردادهای نفتی و تکامل ابعاد حقوقی این قراردادها، این شرط بیشتر مورد توجه قرار گرفت و امروزه به یکی از مهم‌ترین شروط قراردادهای بالادستی صنعت نفت و گاز در ایران مبدل شده است. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| بیع متقابل؛ صنعت نفت و گاز؛ عذر قراردادی؛ فورس‌ماژور؛ قراردادهای بالادستی | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Legal Analysis of Force Majeure Clauses in Oil and Gas Law and Upstream Contracts of Iran's Oil and Gas Industry | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| hedayat farkhani1؛ Hossein Sadeghi2؛ mehdi naser3 | ||
| 1PhD of oil and gas law, faculty of law and political science, university of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. | ||
| 2Assistant Professor, Faculty of entrepreneurship, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. | ||
| 3PhD student in private law, faculty of law, University of judicial sciences and administrative services, Tehran, Iran. | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| The upstream contracts of the oil and gas industry, due to the nature and specific characteristics of this industry, have unique characteristics that distinguish this type of contract from other types of international commercial contracts. Complexity, uncertainties, and instabilities have always existed in the oil and gas industry in the upstream sector, i.e., exploration, development, and production stages. Due to the long term of these contracts, it is always possible for events beyond the will and power and prediction of the parties to occur, which may temporarily or permanently create obstacles or delays during the implementation of these contracts. In this case, the continued existence of the contract requires the parties to determine their rights and obligations in the event of force majeure events. Accordingly, the force majeure condition is one of the most important conditions in oil contracts. Iran, as one of the countries with huge oil and gas resources, needs contracts in which the force majeure condition is considered to manage this industry in the upstream and downstream sectors. In this research, with an analytical view, we have given a description of the developments in the inclusion of the force majeure condition in the legal system governing the upstream industry of Iran's oil and gas industry. In this context, the laws and regulations governing this industry and the concluded upstream contracts from the point of view of the force majeure condition, we have investigated to answer this main question: Therefore, if we want to divide the history of the force majeure condition in the upstream contracts of the oil and gas industry, we must consider the existence of three different periods. The first period was the period of neglect and failure to include the force majeure condition in the contracts, which starts from the beginning of the formation of the oil contractual system in Iran, especially in the concession contracts such as Darcy's and Reuter's concessions, until before the nationalization of Iran's oil and gas industry. The second period is when the force majeure condition appeared in the oil Act of 1957 and as a result, this condition was included in most of the upstream contracts concluded between 1950 and 1978. The third period is of great importance to the condition of force majeure and is the time period after the Islamic revolution. It is well-considered and the condition related to force majeure becomes one of the most extensive conditions of oil contracts in this period. In this course, regarding the formal and substantive conditions of force majeure, the conditions of realization and the requirements for citing it, the examples of force majeure and its constituent elements, the effect of force majeure on the life of the contract, the costs incurred, the rights and obligations of the parties and how suspension or termination of the contract and exemption from contractual liability due to the occurrence of force majeure are precisely and explicitly included in oil contracts. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| Force Majeure, Upstream Contracts, Oil and Gas Industry, Contract Excuse, Buy Back | ||
| مراجع | ||
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منابع
الف) فارسی
https://clk.journals.pnu.ac.ir/article_284_7c565de7c15f57be2207f90531a98a18.pdf (10 دی 1401)
https://jiee.atu.ac.ir/article_684.html (13 مرداد 1401)
https://irhj.sbu.ac.ir/article_94645.html (20 شهریور 1401)
ب) خارجی
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