The Mediating Role of Emotional Inhibition on the Relationship between Emotion Awareness Levels and Life Events with Post-Traumatic Stress Syndrome

نادری، ی.، مرادی، ع.، رمضان‌زاده، ف.، و واقفی‌نژاد، م. (1395). طرحواره‌های هیجانی (ESs) در افراد مبتلا به اختلال استرس پس از ضربه (PTSD) به‌عنوان یک عامل خطر در PTSD. مطالعات روان‌شناسی بالینی. 6(22)، 22-1. https://doi.org/10.22054/jcps.2016.3888

نامدارپور، ف.، فاتحی‌زاده.، م.، بهرامی.، ف، و محمدی فشارکی، ر. (1397). پیامدهای نشخوار فکری در زنان دارای تعارضات زناشویی: مطالعۀ کیفی. مجلۀ پژوهش‌های مشاوره. 17(67)، 153-124. https://civilica.com/doc/1213051

ورمقانی، ح.، فتحی آشتیانی، ع.، و پورشریفی، ح. (1397). بررسی ویژگی‌های روان‌سنجی نسخۀ فارسی فهرست اختلال استرس پس از ضربه منطبق با ویراست پنجم نظام تشخیصی و آماری اختلالات روانی. پژوهش‌های کاربردی روان‌شناختی. 9(3)، 142-131. https://doi.org/10.22059/japr.2018.69707.

References

American Psychiatric Association, DSM-5 Task Force. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5™ (5^th Ed.). American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596

Amrollahi, S., Moradi, A. R., & Hasani, J. (2016) Effectiveness of memory specificity training for cognitive vulnerability and dissociative experiences in patients with PTSD. JCP, 4(3), 31-40.
http://jcp.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2572-fa.html (In Persian)

Asadollahi, F., Mohammadi, M., Naziri, G., & Fath, N. (2022). Validation and confirmatory factor analysis of persian version of kellner's emotional inhibition scale in clinical population of Lorestan Province. Quarterly of Applide Psychology, 16(2), 57-37. https://doi.org/10.52547/apsy.2021.224133.1194 (In Persian)

Bae, H., Kim, D., Koh, H., Kim, Y., & Park, J. S. (2008). Psychometric properties of the life events checklist-Korean version. Psychiatry Investigation, 5(3), 163. https://doi.org/10.4306/pi.2008.5.3.163

Barańczuk, U. (2019). The five factor model of personality and emotion regulation: A meta-analysis. Personality and Individual Differences, 139, 217-227. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1016/j.paid.2018.11.025

Beblo, T., Fernando, S., Kamper, P., Griepenstroh, J., Aschenbrenner, S., Pastuszak, A., ... & Driessen, M. (2013). Increased attempts to suppress negative and positive emotions in borderline personality disorder. Psychiatry Research, 210(2), 505-509. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2013.06.036

Blevins, C. A., Weathers, F. W., Davis, M. T., Witte, T. K., & Domino, J. L. (2015). The posttraumatic stress disorder checklist for DSM‐5 (PCL‐5): Development and initial psychometric evaluation. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 28(6), 489-498. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22059

Cardinale, E. M., Subar, A. R., Brotman, M. A., Leibenluft, E., Kircanski, K., & Pine, D. S. (2019). Inhibitory control and emotion dysregulation: A framework for research on anxiety. Development and Psychopathology, 31(3), 859-869. https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0954579419000300

Carew, C. L., Milne, A. M., Tatham, E. L., MacQueen, G. M., & Hall, G. B. (2013). Neural systems underlying thought suppression in young women with, and at-risk, for depression. Behavioural Brain Research, 257, 13-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2013.09.016

Cheung, R. Y., & Ng, M. C. (2019). Mindfulness and symptoms of depression and anxiety: The underlying roles of awareness, acceptance, impulse control, and emotion regulation. Mindfulness, 10(6), 1124-1135. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12671-018-1069-y

Chung, M. C., Symons, C. Gilliam, J., & Kaminski, E. R. (2018). Posttraumatic stress disorder, emotional suppression and psychiatric co-morbidity in patients with chronic idiopathic urticaria: a moderated mediation analysis. Journal of Mental Health, 27(5), 442-449. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638237.2018.1437601

Clapp, J. D., Patton, S. C., & Beck, J. G. (2015). Expressive inhibition in response to stress: Implications for emotional processing following trauma. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 29, 109-118. https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.janxdis.2014.11.008

Davis, M. H. (1980). A multidimensional approach to individual differences in empathy. JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, 10, 85. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/34891073

Demers, L. A., Olson, E. A., Crowley, D. J., Rauch, S. L., & Rosso, I. M. (2015). Dorsal anterior cingulate thickness is related to alexithymia in childhood trauma-related PTSD. PLoS One, 10(10), e0139807. https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0139807

Dworsky, C. K. O., Pargament, K. I., Wong, S., & Exline, J. J. (2016). Suppressing spiritual struggles: The role of experiential avoidance in mental health. Journal of contextual behavioral science, 5(4), 258-265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcbs.2016.10.002

Geiger, P. J., Peters, J. R., & Baer, R. A. (2014). Using a measure of cognitive distortion to examine the relationship between thought suppression and borderline personality features: A multi-method investigation. Personality and Individual Differences, 59, 54-59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.11.005

Geisler, F. C., & Schröder-Abé, M. (2015). Is emotion suppression beneficial or harmful? It depends on self-regulatory strength. Motivation and Emotion, 39, 553-562. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11031-014-9467-5

Grandi, S., Sirri, L., Wise, T. N., Tossani, E., & Fava, G. A. (2011). Kellner’s Emotional Inhibition Scale: a clinimetric approach to alexithymia research. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 80(6), 335-344. https://doi.org/10.1159/000328576

Guadagnoli, E., & Velicer, W. F. (1988). Relation of sample size to the stability of component patterns. Psychological bulletin, 103(2), 265. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.103.2.265

Ha, J. H., & Jue, J. (2018). The mediating effect of emotion inhibition and emotion regulation between adolescents’ perceived parental psychological control and depression. Sage Open, 8(3), 2158244018793680. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244018793680

Heir, T., Bonsaksen, T., Grimholt, T., Ekeberg, Ø., Skogstad, L., Lerdal, A., & Schou-Bredal, I. (2019). Serious life events and post-traumatic stress disorder in the Norwegian population. BJPsych open, 5(5), e82. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2019.62

Hemming, L., Taylor, P., Haddock, G., Shaw, J., & Pratt, D. (2019). A systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between alexithymia and suicide ideation and behaviour. Journal of affective disorders, 254, 34-48. https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jad.2019.05.013

Hyland, P., Karatzias, T., Shevlin, M., McElroy, E., Ben-Ezra, M., Cloitre, M., & Brewin, C. R. (2021). Does requiring trauma exposure affect rates of ICD-11 PTSD and complex PTSD? Implications for DSM–5. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 13(2), 133. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/tra0000908

Igarashi, T., Komaki, G., Lane, R. D., Moriguchi, Y., Nishimura, H., Arakawa, H., ... & Maeda, M. (2011). The reliability and validity of the Japanese version of the Levels of Emotional Awareness Scale (LEAS-J). BioPsychoSocial medicine, 5, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/1751-0759-5-2

Karatzias, T., Shevlin, M., Fyvie, C., Grandison, G., Garozi, M., Latham, E., ... & Hyland, P. (2020). Adverse and benevolent childhood experiences in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Complex PTSD (CPTSD): implications for trauma-focused therapies. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 11(1), 1793599. https://doi.org/10.1080%2F20008198.2020.1793599

Kellner, R. (1986).Abridged Manual of the Emotional Inhibition Scale. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico.

Khalili, A., Heydari Nasab, L., Mokhtari, A. (2016). Introduction and evaluation of LEAS emotional awareness level scale. National Conference on New Researches in Psychology and Social Sciences. Tehran, Iran. https://civilica.com/doc/527107 (In Persian)

Knobler, H. Y., & Abramowitz, M. Z. (2022) Posttraumatic stress disorders: trauma and mental disorders. in: kurtz lR, editor. encyclopedia of violence, peace, & conflict (3^rd Edition). Oxford: Academic Press. 745-53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-820195-4.00217-x

Krause, E. D., Mendelson, T., & Lynch, T. R. (2003). Childhood emotional invalidation and adult psychological distress: The mediating role of emotional inhibition. Child abuse & neglect, 27(2), 199-213. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0145-2134(02)00536-7

Lancaster, C. L., Teeters, J. B., Gros, D. F., & Back, S. E. (2016). Posttraumatic stress disorder: overview of evidence-based assessment and treatment. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 5(11), 105. https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fjcm5110105

Lane, R. D., & Schwartz, G. E. (1987). Levels of emotional awareness: a cognitive-developmental theory and its application to psychopathology. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 144(2), 133-143. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.144.2.133

Lane, R. D., & Smith, R. (2021). Levels of emotional awareness: theory and measurement of a socio-emotional skill. Journal of Intelligence, 9(3), 42. https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fjintelligence9030042

Leahy, R. L. (2016). Emotional schema therapy: A meta‐experiential model. Australian Psychologist, 51(2), 82-88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ap.12142

Litz, B. T. (1992). Emotional numbing in combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder: A critical review and reformulation. Clinical Psychology Review, 12(4), 417-432. https://doi.org/10.1016/0272-7358(92)90125-R

Liu, L., Xu, Y., Wu, Y., Li, X., & Zhou, C. (2021). Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Validation of the Emotional Inhibition Scale in a Chinese Cancer Sample. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 654777. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.654777

Mazloom, M., & Yaghubi, H. (2017). Role of Emotion Regulation and Thought Control in Prediction of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 8(4), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.22075/jcp.2017.2249 (In persian)

McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. (1985). Updating Norman’s “adequacy taxonomy”: Intelligence and personality dimensions in natural language and in questionnaires. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49(3), 710–721. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.49.3.710

Moroni, L., Mazzetti, M., Ramirez, G. A., Farina, N., Bozzolo, E. P., Guerrieri, S., ... & Dagna, L. (2021). Beyond neuropsychiatric manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus: focus on post-traumatic stress disorder and alexithymia. Current Rheumatology Reports, 23(7), 52. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11926-021-01019-5

Murray, H., & Wild, J., & Ehlers, A. (2021). Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Psychology, 6, 384-409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-818697-8.00229-6

Naderi, Y., Moradi, A., Ramezanzade, F., & Vaghefinezhad, M. (2016). Emotional Schemas (ESs), Depression and Anxiety in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Patient: As a Risk Factor in PTSD. Clinical Psychology Studies, 22(6), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.22054/jcps.2016.3888 (In persian)

Najmi, S. (2013). Thought suppression. Oxford Handbooks Online: Oxford University Press.

Namdarpour, F., Fatehizadeh, M., Bahrami, F., & Mohammadi Fesharaki, R. (2018). Mental Rumination Consequences in Women with Marital Conflicts: A Qualitative Study. Consulting Researches Journal, 17(67), 122-153. https://civilica.com/doc/1213051 (In persian)

Ogłodek, E. A. (2022). Alexithymia and emotional deficits related to posttraumatic stress disorder: an investigation of content and process disturbances. Case Reports in Psychiatry, 2022(1), 7760988. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/7760988

Orcutt, H. K., Reffi, A. N., & Ellis, R. A. (2020). Experiential avoidance and PTSD. In Emotion in posttraumatic stress disorder (pp. 409-436). Academic Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-816022-0.00014-4

Passardi, S., Peyk, P., Rufer, M., Wingenbach, T. S., & Pfaltz, M. C. (2019). Facial mimicry, facial emotion recognition and alexithymia in post-traumatic stress disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 122, 103436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2019.103436

Predatu, R., David, D. O., & Maffei, A. (2020). The effects of irrational, rational, and acceptance beliefs about emotions on the emotional response and perceived control of emotions. Personality and Individual Differences, 155, 109712. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2019.109712

Rzeszutek, M., Lis-Turlejska, M., Palich, H., & Szumiał, S. (2018). The Polish adaptation of the Life Events Checklist (LEC-5) for PTSD criteria from DSM-5. Psychiatr Pol, 52(3), 499-510. https://doi.org/10.12740/pp/onlinefirst/69218

Sadeghi,. M., Taghva, A., Goudarzi, N., & Rahnejat, A. M. (2016).validity and reliability of persian version of post- traumatic stress disorder scale in war veterans. Iranian Journal of War and Public Health, 8(4), 243-249. http://ijwph.ir/article-1-596-en.html (In persian)

Saeidpoor, S., Kazemi-Rezai, S. A., Karbalaei-Esmaeil, E., Kazemi-Rezai, S. V., & Ahmadi, F. (2017). Diagnostic role of cognitive emotion regulation strategies, cognitive fusion and thought control strategies in Obsessive-Compulsive disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 9(3), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.22075/jcp.2017.10900.1058 (In Persian)

Shadkam, S., Molazadeh, J., & Yavari, A. H. (2016). Study of the mediating role of emotion regulation difficulties in the relationship between exposure to traumatic events and risky sexual behavior among substance abusers. Scientific-Research Journal of Yafteh, 18(3), 87-78. http://yafte.lums.ac.ir/article-1-2361-fa.html (In persian)

Traue, H. C., Kessler, H., & Deighton, R. W. (2016). Emotional Inhibition. In G. Fink (Ed.), Stress: Concepts, Cognition, Emotion, and Behavior (pp. 233-240). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-800951-2.00028-5

Useda, J. D., Duberstein, P. R., Conner, K. R., Beckman, A., Franus, N., Tu, X., & Conwell, Y. (2007). Personality differences in attempted suicide versus suicide in adults 50 years of age or older. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 75(1), 126. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006x.75.1.126

van Schie, K., Wanmaker, S., Yocarini, I., & Bouwmeester, S. (2016). Psychometric qualities of the Thought Suppression Inventory-Revised in different age groups. Personality and Individual Differences, 91, 89-97. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1016/j.paid.2015.11.060

Varmaghani, H., Fathi Ashtiani, A., & Poursharifi, H.(2018). Psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5). Psychological Research Quarterly, 9(3), 131-142. https://doi.org/10.22059/japr.2018.69707 (In Persian)

Versluis, A., Verkuil, B., Lane, R. D., Hagemann, D., Thayer, J. F., & Brosschot, J. F. (2021). Ecological momentary assessment of emotional awareness: Preliminary evaluation of psychometric properties. Current Psychology, 40(3), 1402-1410. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1007/s12144-018-0074-6

Weathers, F. W., Blake, D. D., Schnurr, P. P., Kaloupek, D. G., Marx, B. P., & Keane, T. M. (2013). The life events checklist for DSM-5 (LEC-5).

Weathers, F. W., Litz, B. T., Keane, T. M., Palmieri, P. A., Marx, B. P., & Schnurr, P. P. (2013). The PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5). Scale available from the National Center for PTSD at www.ptsd.va.gov

Weissman, D. G., Nook, E. C., Dews, A. A., Miller, A. B., Lambert, H. K., Sasse, S. F., ... & McLaughlin, K. A. (2020). Low emotional awareness as a transdiagnostic mechanism underlying psychopathology in adolescence. Clinical Psychological Science, 8(6), 971-988. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167702620923649