سامانه پشتیبانی خدمات اطلاعات

  اخبار و اعلانات

 آمار

تعداد نشریات161
تعداد شماره‌ها6,532
تعداد مقالات70,500
تعداد مشاهده مقاله124,091,497
تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله97,195,308
آبادیان, حسین, رحمانی, سامان. (1402). پیامدهای سیاسی - اجتماعی ورود سرمایه خارجی و برونگرایی اقتصاد گیلان در دوره قاجار. , 53(4), 650-625. doi: 10.22059/jpq.2024.366360.1008122
حسین آبادیان; سامان رحمانی. "پیامدهای سیاسی - اجتماعی ورود سرمایه خارجی و برونگرایی اقتصاد گیلان در دوره قاجار". , 53, 4, 1402, 650-625. doi: 10.22059/jpq.2024.366360.1008122
آبادیان, حسین, رحمانی, سامان. (1402). 'پیامدهای سیاسی - اجتماعی ورود سرمایه خارجی و برونگرایی اقتصاد گیلان در دوره قاجار', , 53(4), pp. 650-625. doi: 10.22059/jpq.2024.366360.1008122
آبادیان, حسین, رحمانی, سامان. پیامدهای سیاسی - اجتماعی ورود سرمایه خارجی و برونگرایی اقتصاد گیلان در دوره قاجار. , 1402; 53(4): 650-625. doi: 10.22059/jpq.2024.366360.1008122

پیامدهای سیاسی - اجتماعی ورود سرمایه خارجی و برونگرایی اقتصاد گیلان در دوره قاجار

فصلنامه سیاست
مقاله 1، دوره 53، شماره 4، اسفند 1402، صفحه 650-625    اصل مقاله (463.89 K)
نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی
شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22059/jpq.2024.366360.1008122
نویسندگان
حسین آبادیان* 1؛ سامان رحمانی2
1استادیار، گروه تاریخ، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه بین‌المللی امام خمینی، قزوین، ایران
2دکترای علوم سیاسی، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران
چکیده
‌همزمان با تحولات صنعتی در اروپا، گیلان به‌سبب ظرفیت‌‌‌های اقتصادی متعدد، مورد توجه سرمایه‌‌گذاران و تجار خارجی قرار گرفت و جزء نخستین مناطق کشور بود که جهت‌گیری اقتصاد آن به‌سوی جذب در اقتصاد منطقه‌ای با محوریت روسیه حرکت کرد. بر این پایه این منطقه ‌‌‌‌‌به‌ویژه از نیمه دوران قاجار درگاه ورود سرمایه‌‌گذاران خارجی، در حوزه‌‌‌های شیلات، صنعت، کشاورزی و نفت بود. مسیر تجاری گیلان نیز از اصلی‌‌‌‌‌ترین شاهراه‌‌‌های ورود کالاهای نوین مصرفی بود که گمرکات آستارا و انزلی در آن نقش بی‌بدیلی داشتند. در عین حال به‌علت ضعف حکومت ملی در ایران،‌ این انباشت سرمایه در گیلان، سبب قدرت‌یابی و تا حدی انفکاک آن از استقلال ملی شد که همین امر نیز موقعیت این منطقه را نسبت به حکومت مرکزی تقویت‌‌‌‌ می‌کرد. پژوهش حاضر در پی پاسخگویی به دو پرسش زیر است: ۱. شکل‌گیری برون‌گرایی اقتصادی در گیلان در اواخر قاجار چه فرایندی را طی کره است؟ و ۲. این برون‌گرایی اقتصادی چه تأثیری بر شرایط اجتماعی و سیاسی منتهی به اواخر قاجار در گیلان داشته است؟ در فرضیه پژوهشی استدلال می‌شود که نخست ورود جریان سرمایه خارجی به گیلان، کم‌کم موجب استقلال نسبی اقتصاد گیلان از اقتصاد ملی و وابستگی آن به اقتصاد جهانی به‌ویژه روسیه شد؛ دوم این استقلال نسبی خود موجب شد تا هزینه‌های ایستادگی در برابر حکومت به کمترین اندازه برسد و نفوذ سیاسی حکومت را در برابر قدرت‌های اقتصادی محلی (ایرانی یا غیرایرانی) کاهش دهد. در این پژوهش با بهره‌گیری از روش تحلیل مضمونی کیفی داده‌های گردآوری‌شده از اسناد تاریخی و دستاوردهای پژوهش‌های پیشین، روند این برون‌گرایی اقتصادی در گیلان و پیامدهای سیاسی- اجتماعی آن بررسی خواهند شد.
کلیدواژه‌ها
اقتصاد ملی؛ برون‌گرایی؛ تقسیم کار جهانی؛ سرمایه‌‌گذاری خارجی؛ کالای سرمایه‌ای
عنوان مقاله [English]
The Political-Social Consequences of Foreign Capital and Externalization of the Gilan’s Economy in the Qajar Era
نویسندگان [English]
Hossein Abadian1؛ Saman Rahmani2
1Professor, Department of History, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran
2A PhD Candidate in Political Science, Department of Political Science, Faculty of Law & Political Science, University of Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]
During the industrial revolution in Europe, foreign investors and businessmen were drawn to the numerous business opportunities of Gilan, which subsequently became one of the first regions in Iran to begin the process of integration into the global economy. Indeed, this northern territory bordering the Caspian Sea attracted foreign investment in the economic sectors of fisheries, industry, agriculture and oil, particularly in the second half of the Qajar era. The trade routes of Gilan had been among the main highways for the importation of new consumer goods, and accordingly the customs authorities in Astara and Anzali played a unique role in the country’s international trade. However, due to the weakness of the Iranian government that ultimately led to the fall of the Qajar Dynasty, this accumulation of capital in Gilan led to the expansion of the power and influence of this province in relation to the central government; and to some extent, it gained more autonomy from the national economy. The two research questions to be answered are:  a) What was the nature of the process of economic externalization in Gilan in the late Qajar period? and b) What were the implications of this economic externalization for the social and political conditions of Gilan in the late Qajar period? In the research hypothesis, it is argued that the foreign capital injection into the economy   of  Gilan gradually led to its dependency on the global economy and concurrently helped it to gain relative economic independence from the national economy which in turn weakened the political influence of the central government over the local economic players. Data is collected by the use of the method of qualitative thematic analysis of historical records and documents in addition to exploring the findings of previous research on the subject. As the last decades of Qajar rule approached, Gilan was well on the threshold of becoming an industrialized province with more economic independence from the government in Tehran, due to the direct ties established between foreign investors and a score of Gilan’s merchants and upper-class businessmen who no longer needed to be supported by the central government.
The authors’ theoretical framework is based on Eric Wolf's study of the peasant revolts in the 20th century. His main argument is that the peasant revolts had occurred in the situations where the local economy-global economy linkage had resulted in the relative strengthening of the villagers and the creation of a large middle-class and wealthy peasants. At the same time, this linkage has led to the foreign powers’ support for the ‘rebel’ region and consequently to the weakening of the central government’s hold on that region. In the conclusion, it is stated that the foreign investors, notably Russia, created the economic dependency of merchants, peasants and artisans of Gilan by importing capital goods, establishing several factories and commercial offices, purchasing fertile land from the local. Russia also provided extensive military support for its loyal local allies in Gilan, and thus the central government’s power in this province was severely weakened politically and militarily. As a result, the groundwork was put in place for the activities of opposition forces in Gilan in the period of 1905-1925.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
Capital Goods, Extroversion, Foreign Investment, Global Division of Labor, National Economy
مراجع

References

  1. Abbott, W. (1996). "Tejārat and manāfeh-ye gilān dar sāl-e 1869, Trade and Interest of Gilan in 1869,” trans. Ahmad Saif, Tārikh-e moʿāser Īrān, Contemporary History of Iran, Vol 10. Tehran: Institute of Cultural Research and Studies of the Mostazfahān Foundation of the Islamic Revolution. [In Persian]
  2. Abdollahyov, F. (1982). Rostāiyān-e Īrān dar avākher-e qājārieh, Iran's Villagers in the Late Qajar Period, A Collection of Articles on Agrarian and Peasant Issues, trans. Marina Kazemzadeh. Tehran: Āgā [In Persian]
  3. Abrahamian, E. (2021). Maghālāti dar jāmeʿeh’shenāsi siāsi Iran, Essays in Iran's Political Sociology, trans. Soheila Torabi Farsi. Tehran: Shirāzeh Ketāb Mā. [In Persian]
  4. Alavi, S.A. (2006). Rejāl-e asr-e mashroteh (Elites of the Constitutional Age). Tehran: Asā [In Persian]
  5. Ashraf, A. (1980). Mavāneʿ-e tārikhi-ye roshd-e sarmāyeh'dāri dar Īrān-e doreh-ye qajāriyeh, Historical Obstacles of the Growth of Capitalism in Iran in the Qājār Era, Tehran: Zamineh. [In Persian]
  6. Azimi Dobakhshari, N. (2012) Tārikh-e tahavolāt-e ejtemāʿi and eghtesādi-ye gilān, History of Social and Economic Developments in Gilan, Rasht: Gilakā [In Persian]
  7. Behzadi, M.; Kasravi, R. (2019). Ahd’nāmeh-ye golestān and torkmanchāy, matn-e kāmel-e ahd’nāmeh’hā az roy-e ārshiv-e vezārat-e khārejeh-ye rosieh, Treaty of Golestan and Turkmanchai, the Full Text of the Treaties from the Archives of Russia’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Tehran: Parandeh. [In Persian]
  8. Benjamin Greene Wheeler, S. (1990). Īrān and Īrāniyān-e asr-e nāser al-din shah, Persia and the Persians in Qajar Era, Trans. Mohammad Hossein Kordbacheh. Tehran: Jāvidān. [In Persian]
  9. Chodźko, A. (1975). Sarzamin-e gilān, The Land of Gilan, trans. Siros Sahami. Tehran: Payām. [In Persian]
  10. Curzon, G. (1990). Īrān and qaziyeh-e Iran, Persia and the Persian Question, Trans. Vahid Mazandarani. Tehran: Elmi farhangi, Vols. 1-2. [In Persian]
  11. D'allemagne, H. (1956). Du Khorassan au pays des Backhtiaris: Trois mois de Voyage en Perse, From Khorasan to the Land of the Backhtiaris: Three Months of Travel in Persia, Trans. Ali Mohammad Farahvoshi. Tehran: Amir Kabir. [In Persian]
  12. Detailed Documents of the Fifth Majles-e shorā-ye eslāmi, Session 154: April 1925 and Session 105: 29 November 1925 and Session 103: 1 January 1926," CD-ROM of Internal Documents of the 24th Session of the Islamic Consultative Assembly (lib.majles.ir). Available at: Majles Digital Library, https://lib.majles.ir/parvan/ home/. [In Persian]
  13. Document No. 16345/296, Ivanovski's Letter to Monajem’bāshi, (n.d.) Department of Non-book Document Collection, National Library and Records Organization of Iran (opac.nlai.ir). Available at: http://opac.nlai.ir/opac-prod/search/searchDF.do (Accessed 17 April 2023). [In Persian]
  14. Document No: 12791-0-N, (n.d.) Bā kārvan tārikh (sanad), the Digital Exhibition of Documents of the Institute of Contemporary History of Iran (iichs.org). Available at: http://www.iichs.org (Accessed 17 April 2023). [In Persian]
  15. Document No: 14-127-40M, (n.d.) Bā kārvan tārikh (sanad), Digital Exhibition of Documents of the Institute of Contemporary History of Iran (iichs.org). Available at: http://www.iichs.org. [In Persian]
  16. Documents of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA). (2001) "Document No. 89: 213,” "Document No. 97: 237,” "Document No. 105: 252,” "Document No. 123: 281,” Documents on Iran-Russia Relations from Naser al-Din Shah Era to the Fall of the Qajar Dynasty, ed Fatemeh Ghaziha. Tehran: MFA. [In Persian]
  17. Entner, M.L. (1990). Russo-Persian Commercial Relations, 1828-1914, Ahmad Tavakoli. Tehran: Afshar Endowment. [In Persian]
  18. Fakhraei, I. (1992). Gilān dar jonbesh-e mashrotiyāt, Gilan in the Constitutional Movement, Tehran: Enghelāb-e Eslāmi, 3rd [In Persian]
  19. Fakhteh-Jobneh, G (1992) "Ozāeʿ-e siyāsi, ejtemāʿi and eghtesādi-ye gilān dar āstāneh-ye enghelāb-e mashrotiāt, Political, Social and Economic Conditions of Gilan on the Eve of the Constitutional Revolution," Gilān’nāmeh, Gilan Letter, Rasht: Tāʿati, Vol. 3. [In Persian]
  20. Ferguson, F.D. (1976). "Rural/Urban Relations and Peasant Radicalism: A Preliminary Statement," Comparative Studies in Society and History 18, 1: 106-118, .
  21. File Folder 108-102:1302, (n.d.) Majmoeʿh-ye scan-e asnād-e dijitāli (Digital Scanned Documents Collection). Tehran: Political Studies and Research Institute. Available at: https://psri.ir (Accessed 17 April 2023). [In Persian]
  22. Foran, J. (2010). Moghāvemat-e shekanandehm tārikh-e tahavolāt-e ejtemāʿi-ye Iran az 1500, Fragile Resistance: Social Transformation in Iran from 1500 to the Revolution, Trans. Ahmad Tadayon. Tehran: Rasā. [In Persian]
  23. Hasannejad, (2019). “Ravābet-e bāzār’hā-ye shomāl-e Iran bā bāzār’hā-ye tezāri dar doreh-ye safavi and Qājār, The Relationships between Northern Iranian Markets and Imperial Markets in the Qajar Era," Tārikh-e andish, History of Thought, 1, 4: 52-39. Available at: https://www.noormags.ir/view/fa/articlepage/1498092 (Accessed 18 April 2023). [In Persian]
  24. Issawi, C. (1990). Tārikh-e eghtesādi-ye Iran, Iran's Economic History), trans. Yaqob Azhand. Tehran: Gostareh. [In Persian]
  25. Issawi, C. (1999). "Nofoz-e eghtesādi-ye oropā and eghtesād-e Iran dar āstāneh-ye mashrotiyat, 1872-1921, Economic Influence of Europe and Iran's Economy on the Threshold of Constitutionalism 1921-1872," trans. Nader Mir Saidi, Fasl’nāmeh-ye tārikh-e moʿāser-e Iran, Iran's Contemporary History, 3, 11: 69-94. Available at: https://www.noormags.ir/view/fa/articlepage/418114. [In Persian]
  26. Jamalzadeh, M.A. (1956). Ganj-e Shāygān: ozaeʿ eghtesādi-ye Iran, Ganj-e Shaygan: Iran’s Economic Situation, Tehran: Kāveh. [In Persian]
  27. Karimi Gilayeh, Y. (2020). Taaʿmoli yek gharn siyāsat and eghtesād, A Reflection of Century of Politics and Economy in Gilan, Tehran: Givā. [In Persian]
  28. Katouzian, M.A. (1995). Eghtesād-e siyāsi-ye Iran, The Political Economy of Modern Iran, trans. Mohammad Reza Nafisi and Kambiz Azizi. Tehran: Markaz. [In Persian]
  29. Kazembeigi, M.A. (2019). Ravābet-e eghtesādi-ye Iran and rosiyeh az āghāz tā soghot-e qājārieh, Iran-Russian Economic Relations from the Beginning to the Fall of Qajar, Tehran: Ministry of Foreign Affairs. [In Persian]
  30. Khalilifar, S. (2018). “Nahād’hā-ye eghtesādi-ye Rasht dar doreh-ye safavi and Qājār, Economic Institutions of Rasht in the Safavid and Qajar Periods," Nashriyeh-ye Tārikh’Andish, Journal of Historical Thinking, 1, 2: 112-99. Available at: https://www.noormags.ir/ view/fa/ articlepage/1497800 (Accessed 18 April 2023). [In Persian]
  31. Kulagina, L. (1980). Estilā-ye empriālism bar Iran and tabdil-e in keshvar beh nimeh’mostamereh, The Conquest of Iran by Imperialism and the Transformation of This Country into a Semi-Colony, Trans. Siros Yazidi. Tehran: Elm. [In Persian]
  32. Leitten, W. (1988). Iran Az nofoz-e mosālemat’āmiz tā taht’olhemāyategi: asnād and haghāyegh-e darbāreh-ye tārikh-e nofoz-e oropāin dar Iran, Iran from Peaceful Influence to Protectorate: Documents and Facts about the History of European Influence in Iran 1860-1919), Trans. Maryam Mirahmadi. Tehran: Moin. [In Persian]
  33. McDaniel, R.A. (1971). “Economic Change and Economic Resiliency in 19th Century Persia,” Iranian Studies 4, 1: 36-49, .
  34. Migdal, J.S. (1974). Peasant, Politics and Revolution: Pressures toward Political and Social Change in the Third World. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  35. Millspaugh, A. (1977). Mamoriyāt-e āmrikāi’hā dar Iran, American Mission in Iran, Trans. Hossein Abotarabian. Tehran: Payām. [In Persian]
  36. Motazed, Kh. (1987). Haj Amin al-Zarb, tārikh-e sarmāyeh’gozāri-ye sanʿati dar Iran, Haj Amin al-Zarb, History of Industrial Investment in Iran, Tehran: Jamālzā [In Persian]
  37. Nadi, Z; and et al. (2018). “Roshd-e monāsebāt-e arbābi and tasir ān bar zendegi-ye keshāvarzān dar doreh-ye Qājār, The Growth of Landowner Relations and its Impact on the Life of Farmers during the Qajar Era, with an Emphasis on Northern Provinces of Iran,” Nashriyeh-e pajohesh’hā-ye tārikhi, Journal of Historical Research, 9, 4: 277-292, <DOI:10.22108/jhr.2017.83592>.
  38. Neshat, G. (1981). “From Bazaar to Market: Foreign Trade and Economic Development in Nineteenth-Century Iran,” Iranian Studies 4, 1-2: 53-85. Available at: http://www.jstor.org/stable/ 4310353 (Accessed 4 November 2023).
  39. Nikitin, B. (1977). Memoirs and Travelogues, trans. Ali Mohammad Farahoshi. Tehran: Ma'rif, 2nd [In Persian]
  40. Noshirvani, S. (1982). SAR’āghāz-e tejāri’shodan-e keshāvarzi dar Iran, The Beginning of the Commercialization of Agriculture in Iran, in the Collection of Articles on Agricultural and Peasant, Tehran: Agāh. [In Persian]
  41. Orsolle, E. (2003). Le Caucase et la Perse, trans. Ali Asghar Saidi. Tehran: Research Institute of Humanities and Cultural Studies. [In Persian]
  42. Owen, E. (1983). Iran Today, trans. Ali Asghar Saidi. Tehran: Naqsh-e Jahān. [In Persian]
  43. Pavlovich, M; and et al. (1978). Ce maghāleh darbāreh-ye enqelāb-e mashroteh-ye Iran, Three Essays on Iran's Constitutional Revolution, Trans. Maziar Hoshiar. Tehran: Amir Kabir. [In Persian]
  44. Pourmohammadi Amlashi, N. (2007). "Negareshi jāmeʿeh’shenākhti b josnbesh’hā-ye rostāi-ye gilān dar asr-e mashroteh, A Sociological Approach to the Rural Movements of Gilan in the Constitutional Era," Faslnāmeh-ye tārikh, History Quarterly, Mahalat University, 2, 7: 51-71. Available at: https://ensani.ir/fa/article/9726 (Accessed 17 April 2023). [In Persian]
  45. Rabino, H. (1987). Velāyat-e dār’ol-marz-e Iran, gilān, Dārolmarz Provinces of Iran, Gilan, Trans. Jafar Khammamizadeh. Rasht: Tāaʿti. [In Persian]
  46. Shormij, M. (2019). "Naghsheh avāmel-e eghtesādi dar shekl’giri-ye jonbesh-e mashroteh-ye gilān, The Role of Economic Factors in the Formation of the Gilan Constitutional Movement, during 1911-1948 Period)," Pajohesh’hā-ye tarikhi-ye Iran and eslām. Journal of Historical Research of Iran and Islam, 13, 25: 85-102, <DOI:10.22111/jhr.2019.25346.2357>. [In Persian]
  47. Torabi Farsani, S. (2005). Tojār, mashrotiyat and dolat-e modern, Merchants, Constitutionalism and Modern Government, Tehran: Tārikh-e Īrān. [In Persian]
  48. Wolf, E.R. (1969). Peasant Wars in the Twentieth Century. New York: Harper & Row.
  49. Zagoria, D.S. (1976). “Introduction: Peasants and Revolution.” Comparative Politics 8, 3: 321-326. Available at: http://www.jstor. org/ stable/ 421402 (Accessed 4 November 2023).
آمار
تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 227
تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 293


سامانه مدیریت نشریات علمی. قدرت گرفته از سیناوب