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دین در چو غربی | ||
مجله ادیان و عرفان | ||
دوره 56، شماره 2، اسفند 1402، صفحه 553-573 اصل مقاله (539.65 K) | ||
نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22059/jrm.2024.371550.630499 | ||
نویسنده | ||
قربان علمی* | ||
دانشیار، گروه ادیان و عرفان تطبیقی، دانشکدۀ الهیات و معارف اسلامی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران. | ||
چکیده | ||
مقالۀ حاضر به روش توصیفی و تحلیلی، به بررسی مفهوم و تحلیل کارکرد دین در چین باستان، در دوره چو غربی، پرداختهاست. آثار بهجامانده از این دوره، از جمله شمایلنگارها و نوشتههای روی ظروفِ برنزی آیینی، نگاشتههای روی استخوانهای غیبگویی، آرامگاههای سلطنتی و برخی دیگر از آثار متأخر، بیانگر عقاید و شعائر دینی چینیان باستان در آن دورهاست. دین مردم در دورۀ اول چو (چو غربی)، شامل باور به تیآن (آسمان) بهعنوان خدای متعالی، ارواح نیاکان، ارواح و خدایان طبیعت و باور به زندگی پس از مرگ است. خدای متعالی در رأس، و سایر ارواح و ایزدان در مرتبۀ پایینتر بوده و کارگزار تیآن محسوب میشوند. تیآن خدایی شخصی، حاکم بر کل عالم هستی، آفریننده و نگهدارندۀ همه موجودات است؛ او بهمنظور یاری ابنای بشر از رهگذر مکاشفه با آنها گفتگو دارد و همواره ایشان را به عدالت داوری میکند. مردم این دوره، افزون بر باور به خدای قادر مطلق-تیآن-به زندگی پس از مرگ نیز اعتقاد داشتند. به زعم آنان، انسان دارای دو روح است: یکی «پئو»، که پس از مرگ، به جهان فرودین سقوط نموده و در آنجا زندگی تاریکی خواهد داشت؛ و دیگری «هون» که به قصر شانگدی یا تیآن صعود کرده و همانجا به خوشی زندگی میکند. همچنین جهت حصول شرایط زندگی مساعد، یا دستکم در امان ماندن از بلاها، باید به خدای متعالی، ارواح و نیاکان احترام گذاشت و برای آنها قربانی گزارد. برخلاف دورۀ شانگ، در دورۀ چو، نه روح فرمانروای مرده، بلکه خود فرمانروای زنده، بهعنوان تیآنزی (فرزند آسمان)، واسطة آسمان و زمین است که باید براساس تیآنمینگ (حُکم آسمانی) به عدالت بر مردم حکومت کند. | ||
کلیدواژهها | ||
چو؛ شانگدی؛ چین باستان؛ تیآنمینگ؛ تیآن؛ باورها و آیینهای ابتدایی | ||
عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
Religion of Western Chu | ||
نویسندگان [English] | ||
GHorban Elmi | ||
Associate Professor, Department of Comparative Religions and Mysticism, Faculty of Theology and Islamic Studies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran | ||
چکیده [English] | ||
This article, in a descriptive and analytical way, investigates the nature, elements and function of religion in ancient China, during the Western Chu period. The works left from this period - including iconography and writings on ritual bronze vessels, writings on occult bones, royal tombs and some later works - express their religious beliefs and rituals. The religion of western chu included the belief in Tien as the Supreme God, the spirits of ancestors, the spirits and gods of nature, and the belief in life after death. The Supreme God was at the head and the rest of the spirits and gods were at a lower level and were his agents. Tien is a personal deity, ruler of all existence, creator and sustainer of all beings. He sends revelations to help people and judges them with justice. In addition to believing in Tien, they believed in life after death, that man has two souls: one is P’o, who after death, will fall to the lower world and live a dark life there. Another is Hun, who ascended to Tien’s Palace and lives there happily. In order to obtain favorable living conditions, or at least to be safe from calamities, one must respect and worship God, spirits and ancestors and make sacrifices for them. Unlike the Shang period, in the Chu period, not the spirit of the dead ruler but the living ruler himself is the intermediary between Heaven and Earth, who should rule the people justly according to Tien Ming. | ||
کلیدواژهها [English] | ||
Chu, religious beliefs, rituals, Tien | ||
سایر فایل های مرتبط با مقاله
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