پیوندهای مفید
اخبار و اعلانات
آمار
| تعداد نشریات | 162 |
| تعداد شماره‌ها | 6,692 |
| تعداد مقالات | 72,232 |
| تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 129,198,168 |
| تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 102,028,106 |
نگرشی در منطق ایجاد گفتمان ضدتروریسم روسیه پس از یازده سپتامبر | ||
| مطالعات اوراسیای مرکزی | ||
| دوره 17، شماره 2، اسفند 1403، صفحه 215-249 اصل مقاله (758.12 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22059/jcep.2024.366764.450174 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| ارسلان قربانی شیخ نشین* 1؛ لیلا مروتی2 | ||
| 1استاد، روابط بین‌الملل، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه خوارزمی، تهران، ایران | ||
| 2دانشجوی دکتری روابط بین‌الملل، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه خوارزمی، تهران، ایران | ||
| چکیده | ||
| پس از رویداد یازده سپتامبر در سال 2001، کنشگران در نظام بین‌الملل ناگزیر، به جهت‌گیری‌های ویژه‌ای در رویارویی با پدیدۀ تروریسم روی آوردند. روسیه تروریسم را به عنوان خطری آشکار برای امنیت ملی خود ارزیابی کرد و مانند بسیاری از کشورهای دارای اقلیت مسلمان، در مورد پیوستن برخی از شهروندان مسلمان از بخش‌های گوناگون روسیه به گروه‌های تروریستی، دغدغه‌های امنیتی فراوانی دارد. افزون بر این، روسیه همواره نگران گسترش و نفوذ تروریسم و آسیب‌های برآمده از آن در کشورهای آسیای مرکزی و قفقاز است. بنابراین، با خوانش متفاوت از تروریسم، نوعی گفتمان ضدتروریستی هماهنگ با منافع خود پی‌ریزی کرده است. این پژوهش با بهره‌مندی از دو رویکرد توصیفی ـ تحلیلی و علّی به دنبال یافتن پاسخی برای این پرسش است: «چه گزینه‌هایی موجب ایجاد و شکل‌گیری راهبرد ضدتروریسم روسیه پس از رویدادهای یازده سپتامبر شد؟» در پاسخ به این پرسش، پژوهش پیش رو مدعی است که راهبرد ضد تروریسم روسیه پس از یازده سپتامبر، پیرامون ایدۀ بنیادی رویارویی با اسلام‌گرایی افراط‌گرا ایجاد و استوار شد و دست‌آویز مداخلۀ روسیه با هدف تأمین امنیت آن در کشورهای پیرامون شد. نویسندگان با بهره‌گیری از چارچوب نظری تحلیل گفتمان لاکلا و موفه و شناسه‌های اساسی آن انجام شده است. یافتۀ بنیادین آنان است که پس از یازده سپتامبر و با گسترش اندیشه‌های افراط‌گرا و اسلام‌گرایی افراط‌گرا در جهان، جلوگیری از پیوستن اقلیت‌های مسلمان داخلی روسیه به سازمان‌های افراط‌گرا و تروریستی یک اولویت اساسی و امنیتی برای روسیه ارزیابی می‌شود. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| گفتمان ضد تروریسم؛ اسلام‌گرایی تندرو؛ آسیای مرکزی؛ قفقاز؛ روسیه؛ یازده سپتامبر | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| A Reflection on the Logic of the Development of Russia's Anti-Terrorism Discourse after September 11 | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Arsalan Ghorbani1؛ Leila Morovati2 | ||
| 1Professor, International Relations Department, Faculty of Law & Political Science, University of Kharazmi, Tehran, Iran | ||
| 2A Ph.D. Candidate, International Relations, Faculty of Law & Political Science, University of Kharazmi, Tehran, Iran | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| Introduction: With the occurrence of the September 11, 2001, the activists of the international system inevitably turned to specific directions in dealing with the phenomenon of terrorism. In the meantime, the Russian Federation, as a powerful player in the eastern part of the international system, considered terrorism as a potential and actual threat to its national security. In addition, Russia is always worried about the spread and influence of terrorism and the dangers arising from it in the countries located in Central Asia and the Caucasus. Therefore, with a different reading of terrorism, Russia has proposed a kind of anti-terrorist discourse that suits its interests. Therefore, it is emphasized in this article, that Russia's view on terrorism, like other actors of the international system, is derived from the discourse procedures of this country in building itself and the other. On the one hand, Russia's anti-terrorism discourse constitutes Russia's motivations and interests in the fight against terrorism and on the other hand, it causes examples of terrorism to be represented in the foreign policy of this country and the presentation of an anti-terrorist policy in line with Russia's priorities. Research question: This research, seeks to find an answer to the question, what factors caused the development and formation of Russia's anti-terrorism discourse after the September 11 incident? Research hypothesis: In response to this question, the present research claims that after September 11, Russia's anti-terrorism discourse was developed and consolidated around the central idea of Radical Islamism and extremism, and led to Russia's intervention with the aim of providing national security in peripheral regions such as Central Asia and the Caucasus. Methodology and theoretical framework: This article is done using the theoretical framework of discourse analysis of Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe and its main components. The research method in the article is a combination of descriptive-analytical and causal approach, and the method of collecting research data is based on library and internet sources. This theoretical approach is applicable to communication studies such as political discourses, news analysis and other social communication topics. It can be used to examine a hegemonic discourse and a particular political discourse is shaped by different dominant political forces. In general, this theoretical model can be used to analyze broad issues related to discourse actions. Based on this, this discursive approach and its components have a high explanatory power for analyzing issues in social and political fields. In this article, the principles, and propositions of discourse analysis theory of Laclau and Mouffe are used to detail the field of Russian anti-terrorism discourse. The most important propositions used are: central sign, floating sign, articulation, sphere of discourse, antagonism and hostility. In this way, first, Russia's discursive system against terrorism has been articulated; Then, based on the discourse indicators in the Russian anti-terrorism discourse, an attempt has been made to examine the most important terrorist groups that have been identified by the Russian Federation and Russia's practical actions against these groups. Results and discussion: The findings of this research indicate that Russia, along with the international system, after the September 11th incident, has faced the phenomenon of terrorism and based on its priorities and interests, it has started anti-terrorist discourse. Since September 11th, Russia has put the anti-terrorism policy on the agenda for many security reasons, including maintaining the security of the national borders and ensuring the security of the areas under its influence. Protecting the regions of Central Asia and the Caucasus against the risk of the spread and penetration of terrorism is considered one of Russia’s security priorities , because insecurity in these regions is a warning sign for Russia. In other words, these areas are considered as Russia’s gateway because there is a possibility of spreading any security challenges and tensions in these areas to the national borders of Russia. In addition, the Central Asian region as Russia's private life is of great importance for Russia due to security, economic reasons and shared historical and cultural background. In general, separatism as the main factor, along with factors such as radical Islamism, violent extremism and drug terrorism, constitute the discourse indicators of Russia's fight against terrorism, and since any discourse is bound to define "other" and "alienation" in order to continue its existence, therefore, based on its rhetorical signs in the fight against terrorism, Russia has introduced several xenophobic groups such as ISIS, Islamic Party of Uzbekistan and Caucasus Emirate Organization as terrorist groups, and its performance in dealing with these groups was explained in the context of this article. Conclusion: The activities of Takfiri and Jihadi terrorist groups in the Middle East is a security threat for Russia because it causes the penetration of these groups in the regions under Russian influence, such as Central Asia and the Caucasus, and the emergence of drug terrorism and arms trafficking and endangers the security of Russia. The presence of separatist movements in the North Caucasus region is a cause of concern for Russia. From Russia's point of view, the existence of the Muslim minority in this region provides the basis for the activities of radical Islamists and Salafist ideas. Therefore, the Russian government has adopted a policy of cooperation with the countries of the Central Asian region to fight terrorism. Russia interprets the fight against these separatist movements and suppression of their movements as part of its global straggle against terrorism. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| Anti-terrorism Discourse, Radical Islamism, Central Asia, Caucasus, Russia, September11 | ||
| مراجع | ||
|
Aitamurto, Kaarina (2021), “Patriotic Loyalty and Interest Representation among the Russian Islamic Elite”, Religion, Vol. 51, No. 2, pp. 280-298, (doi: 10.1080/0048721X.2021.1865604). Bjornehed, Emma (2004), “Narco-Terrorism: The Merger of the War on Drugs and the War on Terror”, Global Crime, Vol. 6, No. 3,4, pp. 305- 324, (doi: 10.1080/17440570500273440). Charap, Samuel, Elina Treyger and Edward Geist (2019), Understanding Russia’s Intervention in Syria, Santa Monica, RAND, Available at: https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR3100/RR3180/RAND_RR3180.pdf, (Accessed on: 21/06/2023). Cohen, Arie (2017), “Russia, Islam, and the War on Terrorism”. Archived from the Original, pp. 556- 567, Available at: https://demokratizatsiya.pub/archives/10-4_Cohen.pdf, (Accessed on: 21/06/2023). Cohen, Ariel (2012), “A Threat to the West: The Rise of Islamist Insurgency in the Northern Caucasus and Russia’s Inadequate Response”, Sea, Vol. 2, No. 2, Available at: http://thf_media.s3.amazonaws.com/2012/pdf/bg2643.pdf, (Accessed on: 21/06/2023). Dabirimehr, Amir and Malihe Tabatabai Fatmi (2014), “Laclau and Mouffe’s Theory of Discourse”, Journal of Novel Applied Sciences, Vol. 3, No. 11, pp. 1283-1287, Available at:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/356664994_LACLAU_and_Mouffe”s_Theory_of_Discourse, (Accessed on: 21/06/2023), [in Persian]. Daheshiar, Hossein and Mahdieh Heydari (2020), “Analyzing the Russian’s Interventionist Policy in the Syrian Crisis”, Political Studies of Islamic world, Vol. 9, No. 4, pp. 1-18. Available at: https://psiw.journals.ikiu.ac.ir/article_2274_691cba3d9ea46879f5af717b087b99e8.pdf, (Accessed on: 21/06/2023), [in Persian]. Eltiaminia, Reza and Dariush Qanbari (2023), Ethnic Politics in Russia and its Impact on Extremism in the North Caucasus, Central Eurasia Studies, Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 49-71, (doi: 10.22059/JCEP.2023.304933.449936), [in Persian]. Farhadi, Mohammad (2022), A Comparative Study of the Opportunities and Challenges of Sino-Russian Economic Plans in Central Asia for Iran, Central Eurasia Studies, Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 229-255, (doi: 10.22059/JCEP.2022.334448.450041), [in Persian]. Hedenskog, Jakob (2020), “Russia and International Cooperation on Counter-Terrorism”. Available at: https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/65949624/Russia_and_International_Cooperationon_on_Counter_Terrorism-libre.pdf, (Accessed on: 21/06/2023). Kermach, Ruslan (2016), “The Separatism of Chechnya in 1991: Prerequisites for the Republic’s Secession from Russia”, pp. 203- 216, (doi:10.18523/kmlpj88600.2016-2.203-2016) Kroupenev, Artem (2009), “Radical Islam in Chechnya”, International Institute for Counter Terrorism (ICT), pp. 1-23, Available at: file:///C:/Users/admin/Downloads/SSRN-id1333154%20(1).pdf, (Accessed on: 21/06/2023). Koolaee, Elaheh, Sika SaadalDin and Zohreh Khanmohmmadi (2021), The Collection of Strategic Documents of the Russian Federation, Tehran: Research Institute of Strategic Studies, [in Persian]. Laclau, Ernesto and Chantal Mouffe (1985), Hegemony and Socialist Strategy, Towards a Radical Politics. London: Verso. Available at: https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/51365840/hegemony-libre.pdf, (Accessed on: 21/06/2023). Laub, Zachary (2014), “Instability in Russia’s North Caucasus Region”, Council on Foreign Relations, Vol. 6, pp. 1-8, Available at: https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/176756/instability-russias-north.pdf, (Accessed on: 21/06/2023). Legieć, Arkadiusz (2019), The Risks of Foreign Fighters in the Ukraine-Russia Conflict. No. 150, Available at: https://www.pism.pl/upload/images/artykuly/923fb571-282f-4c29-ad73-4291ad3eb204/1572011021988.pdf, (Accessed on: 21/06/2023). National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation (2021), Wordpress.com Available at: https://rusmilsec.files.wordpress.com/2021/08/nss_rf_2021_eng_.pdf, (Accessed on: 21/06/2023). Petersson, Bo and Derek Stanford Hutcheson (2021), “Rising from the Ashes: The Role of Chechnya in Contemporary Russian Politics”, pp. 147-166, Available at: https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1557806/FULLTEXT01.pdf, (Accessed on: 21/06/2023). Putin, Vladimir (2004), “Speech at the Central Asian Cooperation Organization Summit”. Available at: http://www.en.kremlin.ru/events/president/transcripts/22643/print, (Accessed on: 21/06/2023). Putin, Vladimir (2005), “Remarks by the President in Address to the United Nations General Assembly, New York”. Available at: http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/transcripts/page/406, (Accessed on: 21/06/2023). Putin, Vladimir (2015), “Remarks by the President in Address to the United Nations General Assembly, New York”, Washingtonpost, Available at: https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2015/09/28/read-putins-u-n-general-assembly-speech, (Accessed on: 21/06/2023). Putin, Vladimir (2022), “The Full Text of President Putin’s Speech to the Russian people”. Available at: http://www.en.kremlin.ru/events/president/transcripts/page/25, (Accessed on: 21/06/2023). Rear, David (2013), “Laclau and Mouffe’s Discourse Theory and Fairclough’s Critical Discourse Analysis: An Introduction and Comparison”, Unpublished Paper, pp. 1-26, Available at: https://www.academia.edu/download/39195940/Discourse_Theory_and_Critical_Discourse_Analysis.pdf, (Accessed on: 21/06/2023). Russell, John (2009), “The Geopolitics of Terrorism: Russia’s Conflict with Islamic Extremism”, Eurasian Geography and Economics, Vol. 50, No. 2, pp. 184-196, (doi: 10.2747/1539-7216.50.2.184). Sagramoso, Domitilla and Akhmet Yarlykapov (2020), “Jihadist Violence in the North Caucasus: Political, Social and Economic Factors”, In Routledge Handbook of the Caucasus, pp. 273-287, Available at: https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781351055628-17, (Accessed on: 21/06/2023). Salehiyan, Tajeddin and Mehdi Padervand (2020), Narco-terrorism in Central Asia, Leading Threats and Measures Taken by the Islamic Republic of Iran and Russia to Deal with it, Central Eurasia Studies, Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 491-514, (doi: 10.22059/JCEP.2020.285900.449854), [in Persian]. Samoilenko, Sergei A., Olga Logunova, Sergey Davydov, and Eric Shiraev, (2019), “The Mediated Image of Islam and ISIS in US and Russian Newspapers as a Reflection of Anti-Terrorist Policies”, pp. 1-25, Available at:https://www.academia.edu/36069205, (Accessed on: 21/06/2023). Saud, Adam. (2015), “Death of Islam Karimov and Future of Islamism in Central Asia: Case Study of Islamic Movment of Uzbekistan”, Central Asia, Vol. 77, No. 2, pp. 44-63, Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Adam-Saud/publication/pdf, (Accessed on: 21/06/2023). Simbar, Reza and Mahdi Padervand (2017), “Challenges of Russia's Foreign Policy in Central Asia”, Central Asia and Caucasus Quarterly, No. 101, pp. 57-85, Available at: https://jcep.ut.ac.ir/article_77881.html, (Accessed on: 21/06/2023). [in Persian]. Snetkov, Aglaya (2007), “The Image of the Terrorist Threat in the Official Russian Press: the Moscow Theatre Crisis (2002) and the Beslan Hostage Crisis (2004)”, Europe-Asia Studies, Vol. 59, No. 8, pp.1349-1365, Available at: https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315868752-8/, (Accessed on: 21/06/2023). Takhshid, Mohammadreza, and Morteza Shoja (2019), “Russia”s Military Intervention in the Syrian Crisis”, Journal of Iran and Central Eurasia Studies, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 109-130, Available at: https://jices.ut.ac.ir/article_82722_37135248377c7ba6964200947053e06c.pdf, (Accessed on: 21/06/2023). Tipaldou, Sofia and Philipp Casula (2019), Russian Nationalism Shifting: The Role of Populism Since the Annexation of Crimea. Demokratizatsiya: The Journal of Post-Soviet Democratization, Vol. 27, No.3, pp. 349-370, Available at: https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/280/article/729527/pdf, (Accessed on: 21/06/2023). Trenin, Dmitri (2016), “Russia in the Middle East: Moscow’s Objectives, Priorities, and Policy Drivers”, White Paper from the Task Force on US Policy Toward Russia, Ukraine, and Eurasia. Carnegie Moscow Center. Available at: https://carnegieendowment.org/files/03-25-16_Trenin_Middle_East_Moscow_clean.pdf, (Accessed on: 21/06/2023). Umland, Andreas (2020), Irregular Militias and Radical Nationalism in Post-Euromaydan Ukraine: the Prehistory and Emergence of the “Azov” Battalion in 2014, In The 21st Century Cold War, Vol. 31, No. 1, pp. 105-131. Available at: https://iaindavis.com/UKC/Azov-Study.pdf, (Accessed on: 21/06/2023). Vaezi, Tayyebeh (2024), The Formation of the Eurasian Economic Union and the Labor Migration from Central Asia to Russia, Central Eurasia Studies, Vol. 16, No. 2, pp. 349-371, (doi: 10.22059/JCEP.2023.354593.450127), [in Persian]. Varij kazemi, Maryam (2020), “The Impact of Energy Geopolitics on the Growth of Religious Radicalism in the Chechen Republic”, Research of nations Quarterly, Vol. 5, No. 59, pp. 23-42, Available at: http://ensani.ir/file/download/article/1611144860-10056-59-5.pdf, (Accessed on: 21/06/2023), [in Persian]. Wilhelmsen, Julie (2005), “Between a Rock and a Hard Place: The Islamisation of the Chechen Separatist Movement”, Europe-Asia Studies, Vol. 57, No. 1, pp. 35-59, (doi:10.1080/0966813052000314101). Youngman, Mark (2019), “Broader, Vaguer, Weaker: The Evolving Ideology of the Caucasus Emirate Leadership”, Terrorism and Political Violence, Vol. 31, No. 2, pp. 367-389, (doi: org/10.1080/09546553.2016.1229666). Zargar, Afshin and Leila Salimi (2018), “Russia and the Fight Against Terrorism and Extremism in the Caucasus: Achievements and Failures2001-2015”, Research in Arts and Humanities Quarterly, Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 107-120, Available at:http://ensani.ir/file/download/article/20171231161624-10116-40.pdf, (Accessed on: 21/06/2023), [in Persian]. | ||
|
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 427 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 240 |
||
سامانه مدیریت نشریات علمی. قدرت گرفته از سیناوب