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تکاپوی امنیتی دستگاه جاسوسی و اِنها در تثبیت و تداوم حکومت مسعود غزنوی بر اساس تاریخ بیهقی | ||
| پژوهشهای جغرافیای انسانی | ||
| دوره 56، شماره 4، دی 1403، صفحه 33-48 اصل مقاله (1.31 M) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مستخرج از پایان نامه | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22059/jhgr.2024.368537.1008651 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| مرجان بدیعی ازنداهی* 1؛ رسول افضلی2؛ جهانگیر معینی علمداری3؛ عاطفه گلفشان2 | ||
| 1گروه جغرافیای سیاسی، دانشکدۀ جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران | ||
| 2گروه جغرافیای سیاسی، دانشکده جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران | ||
| 3گروه علوم سیاسی، دانشکدۀ حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران | ||
| چکیده | ||
| در جغرافیای سیاسی، برقراری «امنیت» یکی از عناصر اصلی در حفظ حاکمیت و اعمال قدرت حکومت‌هاست. این مفهوم سیاسی، تعیین‌کننده میزان قدرت یک حکومت و نشانه میزان ثبات و استحکام حاکمیت اوست. در حقیقت، یکی از ابزارهای قدرت فرامرزی حکومت‌ها، کارکرد امنیتی دستگاه جاسوسی است؛ زیرا قدرت و امنیت و منافع یک حکومت، فقط درون مرزهایش تأمین نمی‌شود، بلکه قلمرویی بدون مرز را شامل می‌شود. در مسئله جاسوسی، نه‌تنها مرزهای جغرافیایی و سیاسیِ جداکننده دو سرزمین از یکدیگر نادیده گرفته می‌شود، بلکه داخل دستگاه حکومت نیز هیچ نوع مرز و محدودیتی برای جاسوسان وجود ندارد. پرسش کلیدی نوشتار حاضر آن است که اهمیت و کارکرد امنیتی نظام جاسوسی چیست و در تداوم حکومت سلطان مسعود غزنوی چه جایگاهی داشته است. این تحقیق از نوع تحقیقات تاریخی است که با روش توصیفی ـ تحلیلی و به روش کیفی با استناد به منابع تاریخی و به‌ویژه تاریخ بیهقی انجام‌شده است. نتایج پژوهش حاضر، ما را به نفوذ جاسوسی در رگ و پی حکومت غزنویان رهنمون می‌شود، به‌طوری‌که ادامه حیات سیاسی و افزایش امنیت و قدرت حکومت سلطان مسعود غزنوی، به منهیان و جاسوسانش بستگی زیادی دارد. ازآنجاکه بیهقی به دلیل نزدیکی به قدرت و حضور در دیوان رسائل، از تمام نامه‌ها باخبر است و بیشتر آن‌ها را در تاریخ خود ثبت کرده، به‌خوبی می‌توان فهمید که در بسیاری از مسائل مهم حکومتی و تصمیم‌گیری‌های مملکتی، ردپای ملطفه‌ها و نامه‌های سری جاسوسان برای حفظ امنیت درون و برون‌مرزی قلمرو حکومتی سلطان مسعود وجود داشته است. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| حکومت غزنوی؛ تاریخ بیهقی؛ جاسوسی و اِنها؛ امنیت؛ سلطان مسعود | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| The security efforts of the spy agency and the espionage system in stability and continuation of Masoud Ghaznavi's government based on the history of Beyhaqi | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Marjan Badiee Azandahi1؛ Rasoul Afzali2؛ Jahangir Moini Alamdari3؛ Atefe Golfeshan2 | ||
| 1Department of Political Geography, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran. Iran | ||
| 2Department of political geography, faculty of geography, university of Tehran, Tehran.Iran | ||
| 3Department of Political Science, Faculty of Law and Political Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| ABSTRACT In political geography, establishing "security" is one of the main elements in maintaining sovereignty and exercising government power. This political concept is a determinant of the power of a government and a sign of the stability and strength of its sovereignty. Indeed, one of the tools of the governments' cross-border power is the security function of the spy system because the power, security, and interests of a government are not provided only within its borders but include a territory without borders. The key question of the present article is the importance and security function of the espionage system and its place in the continuity of Sultan Masoud Ghaznavi's government. This research has been done using a descriptive-analytical method and a qualitative method with reference to historical sources, especially the history of Beyhaqi. The results lead us to the influence of espionage in the foundations of the Ghaznavid government so that the continuation of political life and the increase in the security and power of Sultan Masoud Ghaznavi's government depended greatly on Monhian and his spies. Since Beyhaqi is aware of all the letters due to his proximity to power and his presence in the Court of Letters and recorded most of them in his history, it can be well understood that in many important government issues and country decisions, traces of secret agents and spies' letters are used to maintain security of internal and external borders of Sultan Masoud Ghaznavi's government territory Extended Abstract Introduction In political geography, establishing "security" is one of the main elements in maintaining sovereignty and exercising government power. This political concept is a determinant of the power of a government and a sign of the stability and strength of its rule. In fact, one of the tools of the governments' cross-border power is the security function of the spy system Because the power, security, and interests of a government are not provided only within its borders but include a territory without borders. The news system or spy system is not new and a product of modern governments, but it has a long history of human history. The espionage system was very widespread in Iranian governments before and after Islam. The position of spy and informant in Iran's government can be well understood in the histories left from the past. Investigating the espionage system and its role in the governance and security of the Ghaznavid government as one of the governments formed in Iran with a vast and heterogeneous territory in which there has been a lot of internal and external espionage activity, is the main topic of this article. The key question of the present article is: -What is the importance and security function of the espionage system, and what is its place in the continuity of Masoud Ghaznavi's government? Also, how did the ups and downs of the Ghaznavid government and its security depend on intelligence? The purpose of this article is to discuss how to use spies and their decisive influence on the security and political decisions of Sultan Masoud inside and outside the geographical territory of the government, which covers Khwarezm to Rey. Methodology The current research is based on the complex espionage system in the Ghaznavid government and the rulers' need for spies' information and news. This type of historical research has been written using a descriptive-analytical method and a qualitative method concerning historical sources, especially the history of Beyhaqi. Results and discussion In all governments, considering the types of threats they face, it is always necessary to obtain internal and external news for the stability and continuity of the government and the country and to maintain internal and external security, especially during internal or external wars. All these points, in addition to mistrust and skepticism towards government agents and not being sure of the rebellion of subordinates, are also important factors of the need to know about secret news and assigning spies. This breaks the borders and is beyond the boundaries of territories and governments. Since Beyhaghi himself was one of the political agents of the Ghaznavid court and worked in the critical point of this government, namely Diwan Rasail. He has complete access to secret correspondences and letters of spies and the Sultan and courtiers' answers. By bringing these writings into his history, he introduces us to the espionage apparatus and its role and importance in expanding security and stabilizing the Ghaznavid government, especially during the time of Sultan Masoud. In the past, more security means the security of the Sultan's person and his sovereignty. In Ghaznavid's rule, due to the lack of trust and sense of insecurity that had taken root in all parts of the court and government, it was inevitable to expand the espionage system in order to increase the security of the Sultan and the durability of his rule. Perhaps the main reason for the rise and fall of the Ghaznavid's cannot be considered to rely on its espionage system, but this complex and large system was not ineffective in stabilizing the security and government, especially the government of Masoud, and even in his defeat of the Seljuqs and the fall of the Ghaznavid government. Conclusion The current research is based on the complex espionage system in the Ghaznavid government and the rulers' need for spies' information and news. The results of the current research lead us to the influence of espionage in the course of the Ghaznavid government, so the continuation of political life and increasing the security and power of Sultan Masoud's government depends a lot on Menhian and his spies. The most important reasons for Sultan Masoud's use of spies are Masoud's skepticism towards his father and his lack of safety for his life. The division in the Ghaznavid government system between the Mahmudites and the Masoudites was the cause of mistrust and the assigning of spies to each other. In general, the role and security function of spies and menhians is essential for forming Massoud's government and its stabilization. Perhaps the main reason for the rise and fall of the Ghaznavid government cannot be considered to rely on its spy system. However, this complex and large system was not without influence on the stability of the government, especially the government of Masoud, and even in his defeat of the Seljuqs and the fall of the Ghaznavid government. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| Ghaznavid Government, Beyhaqi History, Espionage, Security, Sultan Masoud | ||
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