Analyzing the regularities of the formation and expansion of informal settlements in rural areas with an emphasis on the privacy of metropolises: the case study of villages within the privacy of Tehran metropolis
A B S T R A C T
In recent decades, the population dynamics of human settlements located in the privacy of metropolises have been significantly influenced by the processes and trends governing these metropolises. Among these, the settlement of populations in rural areas within this space, manifested in various forms such as informal settlements, poses major challenges in these domains. This issue, due to the nature of the phenomenon, the methods of organization and management, as well as its novelty for local and rural management and the lack of necessary experience in this area, requires attention at various levels of research, legal, regulatory, policy-making, planning, management, and execution. This research aims to analyze the governing regulations, including an exploration of the dimensions, components, and various institutional, economic, and spatial factors affecting the process of formation and expansion of informal settlements in the villages located in the privacy of metropolises, with an emphasis on Tehran. The research methodology is qualitative, utilizing various research techniques such as content analysis, coding, and classification based on 26 interviews conducted using MAXQDA software until theoretical saturation regarding the categorization of opinions is reached. Based on the findings, 39 main categories were identified under 5 themes as Geographical-Environmental-Biological Push and Pull Factors, Social-Economic Motivations, and Triggers, Lack of Implementation of Plans and Programs, Gaps and Inefficiencies in Laws, Regulations and Standards, Inability and Weakness of Management-Executive Structures, which were emphasized as the most significant factors influencing the formation and expansion of informal settlements in the villages located in the privacy of Tehran.
Extended Abstract
Introduction
During the last few decades, the process of population expansion of human settlements located in the privacy of the metropolises has been greatly influenced by the processes and trends governing the metropolises. Meanwhile, settling the population in rural areas in this space in various forms, including informal settlements and poor areas, is one of the major challenges in these areas. Due to the nature of this phenomenon, the organization and management methods, as well as many other dimensions and the novelty for local and rural management, and the lack of necessary experience in this field, attention is needed in various research, legal-policy-making, planning, and managerial-executive levels. The purpose of this research is to analyze the ruling laws, including the analysis of dimensions, components, and various institutional, economic, and spatial factors on the process of formation and expansion of informal settlements within the boundaries of villages located in the privacy of metropolises, with an emphasis on Tehran city.
Methodology
This exploratory research is descriptive-analytical in nature. The research methodology is qualitatively based on ethnographic content analysis. Data collected includes textual data produced through semi-structured, in-depth interviews conducted with 26 participants relevant to the subject matter. The study population consists of experts, university professors, professional community experts (consulting engineers), managers, and experts from relevant institutions related to informal housing at national and regional levels. Various research techniques, such as content analysis, coding, and classification using MAXQDA software, were used to identify factors affecting informal settlement formation and expansion. The study area is also made up of villages located in the privacy of Tehran.
Results and discussion
Based on the findings of the research, 39 main categories were identified in the form of 5 main themes, including "geographical-environmental-biological deterrents and attractors," "social-economic motivations and incentives," "lack of implementation of plans and programs," "gaps and inefficiencies in laws, regulations, and rules," and "inadequacy and weakness of management-executive structures" as the most critical factors affecting the formation and expansion of informal settlements in the villages located in the privacy of Tehran metropolis at macro and regional/local levels, they were identified and emphasized as follows.
Effective factors in the formation and growth of informal settlements in rural areas:
Existence of natural disasters and manufactured crises;
Migration and population changes at national, regional, and local levels;
Change in settlement patterns and employment in the country due to climate crises;
Unequal distribution of power, wealth, and income;
Poverty resulting from sanctions, shocks, and macroeconomic and social deficiencies;
Disparity between urban areas and villages;
Monosectoral nature and lack of rural economic capacity;
Rising costs of formal construction projects and lack of affordable housing supply for low-income individuals;
Lack of access to formal credit systems for low-income individuals;
Inefficiency of housing markets in response to the needs of low-income groups;
Centralization in national development plans;
Lack of clear and effective rural development policies at development-prone areas;
Lack of alignment between housing supply policies with low-income conditions;
Absence of a plan for population settlement and land management activities;
Lack of national, regional, and local policies for preventing informal rural settlement expansion;
Absence of national, regional, and local policies for organizing population activities;
Lack of spatial strategies and political will in government decision-making to address the issue;
Gaps in laws and regulations controlling population management in urban surroundings;
Loss and inefficiency of urban development regulations in providing housing for low-income individuals;
Presence of suitable geographical conditions for growth and expansion in the privacy;
Existence of employment opportunities in the mother city, especially in the informal sector;
Saturation of population capacity in metropolises and satellite cities;
Cultural-economic affinity of migrants with the resident population in rural areas;
Existence of industrial, commercial, and production centers in the urban area and the need for workforce;
Lower land, housing, and rent prices compared to the mother city;
Proximity of villages to the mother city and access to services and facilities in the city;
Presence of speculation in the informal land and housing market;
Income generation perspective on construction activities in rural areas;
Existence of political-administrative and functional spatial disparities in the population housing system;
Marginalization of low-income individuals in housing provision plans;
Multiplicity of laws and regulations with different executors within the area;
Neglecting construction activities due to political-security implications;
Ambiguity in property ownership within privacy of city;
Failure to implement approved local, urban, and regional plans;
Inadequacy of responsible agencies in prevention and organization;
Weakness of sectoral and local plans to meet the shelter needs of low-income individuals;
Increased control over construction activities within city limits and inadequate control in villages;
Weakness and inadequacy in monitoring and controlling construction activities within privacy of city.
Conclusion
Rather than regional structures, national changes and policies influence informal settlements in peri-urban areas around Tehran more. Centralizing political, administrative, and service centers has predisposed Tehran to population concentration. Limited land, infrastructure, services, employment opportunities, income opportunities, and access to conventional living services have attracted migrants from other parts of Iran, pushing some residents from official urban areas towards surrounding villages.
Funding
There is no funding support.
Authors’ Contribution
Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.
Conflict of Interest
Authors declared no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.
|
- آخوندی، عباس و برک‌پور، ناصر. (1389). راهبردهای استقرار نظام حکمروایی در منطقه کلان‌شهری تهران. فصلنامه علمی راهبرد، 18(4)،-. doi: 20.1001.1.10283102.1389.18.4.9.0
- اسکانی، غلامحسین و حسینی‌امینی، حسن. (1388). کلان‌شهر تهران و سکونتگاه‌های غیررسمی. همایش ملی سکونتگاه‌های غیررسمی: چالش‌ها – راهبردها.
- اطهاری، کمال و خالقیان، بهزاد. (1374). حاشیه‌نشینی در شهرها و آثار و پیامدهای آن. طرح پژوهشی وزارت مسکن و شهرسازی، معاونت شهرسازی و معماری.
- امانی، معصومه؛ عزیزپور، فرهاد و طهماسبی، اصغر. (1403). چالش‌ها و مسائل برنامه‌ریزی توسعه سکونتگاه‌های روستایی حریم کلان‌شهر تهران مبتنی بر نگرش کارشناسان و مدیران محلی. پژوهش‌های روستایی، پذیرفته‌شده، انتشار آنلاین از تاریخ 06 خرداد 1403. doi:10.22059/jrur.2024.359181.1837
- امینی، عباس و جمینی، داود. (1393). تحلیلی بر ارزیابی جامعه روستایی از عملکرد نهاد دهیاری با استفاده از رویکرد مدل‌سازی معادلات ساختاری. تحقیقات جغرافیایی، 29 (113)، 177-164.
- بروکی میلان، عادل و عینالی، جمشید. (1395). تحلیل عوامل مؤثر بر مهاجرت روستاهای مرزی، مطالعه موردی: روستاهای مرزی دهستان چالدران جنوبی. فصلنامه علوم و فنون مرزی، 5 (19)، 63-83.
- پایگاه خبری وزارت راه و شهرسازی. http://news.mrud.ir/news
- جمینی، داود؛ جمشیدی، علیرضا و عبدالملکی، مهدی. (1400). شناسایی چالش‌های اسکان غیررسمی و ارائه راهکارهای عملیاتی ـ اجرایی برای بهبود آن در استان کردستان (مطالعه موردی: ناحیه منفصل شهری نایسر). فصلنامه پژوهش و برنامه‌ریزی شهری، 12 (47). 130-111. doi: 10.30495/ jupm.2021.27932.3875
- جمینی، داوود و ریاحی، وحید. (1397). مطالعه درک معنایی روستاییان از تغییرات کارکردی سکونتگاه‌های روستایی (مطالعة موردی: بخش مرکزی شهرستان روانسر). پژوهش و برنامه‌ریزی روستایی، 7 (2)، 1-23. doi:10.22067/jrrp. v 5i4.62869
- حاجی‌پور، خلیل. (1387). تبیین فرآیند شکل‌گیری و دگرگونی فضایی منطقه کلان‌شهری تهران. رساله دکتری، به راهنمایی دکتر اسفندیار زبردست، دانشگاه تهران، دانشکده شهرسازی.
- حمدی، کریم و امیرانتخابی، شهرام. (1389). کلان‌شهر تهران بزرگ و چالش‌های مدیریت شهری. جغرافیای سرزمین، 7 (2)، 13-1.
- خالوباقری، مهدیه. (1391). رویارویی با نابرابری فضایی ضمن به‌کارگیری برنامه‌ریزی مبتنی بر ارتقای کیفیت زندگی؛ مورد مطالعه: منطقة 13 شهر تهران. فصلنامه اقتصاد و مدیریت شهری، 1 (1). 67-49. doi:20.1001.1.23452870.1391.1.1.4.6
- خراسانی، محمدامین. (1396). مدیریت روستاهای حریم مناطق کلان‌شهری ایران چالش‌ها و پیشنهادهای سیاستی. پنجمین کنفرانس ملی پژوهش‌های کاربردی در مهندسی عمران، معماری و مدیریت شهری، دانشگاه خواجه‌نصیرالدین طوسی.
- داودپور، زهره. (1384). کلان‌شهر تهران و سکونتگاه‌های خودرو. تهران: مرکز مطالعات و تحقیقات شهرسازی و معماری. تهران.
- رضوانی، محمدرضا؛ فرجی سبکبار، حسنعلی، دربان آستانه، علیرضا و کریمی، سیدهادی. (1396). شناسایی و اعتبارسنجی عوامل و شاخص‌های کیفیت محیطی مؤثر در برندسازی مقاصد گردشگری روستایی با استفاده از روش تحلیل محتوا (مورد مطالعه: منطقه قومی فرهنگی اورامانات در استان‌های کردستان و کرمانشاه). پژوهش‌های روستایی، 8 (2)، 345-318. doi:10.22059/jrur.2017.62675
- رضوانی، محمدرضا؛ هرائینی، مصطفی؛ قربانی سپهر، آرش و امرایی، مهتاب. (1399). تحلیل شبکه‌های اجتماعی در سکونتگاه‌های پیراشهری مورد: روستای مرتضی‌گرد در شهرستان تهران. مجله توسعه فضاهای پیراشهری، 2 (4)، 1-16. doi:20.1001.1.26764164.1399.2.2.1.0
- ریاحی، وحید و عزیزی، سعید. (1388). بررسی اسکان غیررسمی در روستاهای پیرامون کلان‌شهر کرج مورد: روستای محمودآباد. دو فصلنامه اندیشه جغرافیایی دانشگاه زنجان، 3 (6)، 10-27.
- ریاحی، وحید؛ کاویانی راد، مراد؛ عمیدی، شیما و صالحی، سجاد. (1395). بررسـی اسکان غیررسـمی در حوزه‌های روستایی پیرامون کلان‌شهرها (نمـونه مـوردی: کرج). فصلنامه هفت شهر، 4 (53 و 54)، 36-53.
- زبردست، اسفندیار. (1389). کاربرد فرآیند تحلیل شبکه‌ای (ANP) در برنامه‌ریزی شهری و منطقه‌ای. هنرهای زیبا، 2 (41)، 90-79. dio:20.1001.1.22286020.1389.2.41.7.4
- سرور، رحیم. (1388). مقدمه‌ای بر آینده‌نگری گسترش سکونتگاه‌های غیررسمی در منطقه شهری تهران، فصلنامه هفت شهر. (30-29)، 56-66.
- سرور، رحیم. (1392). آینده‌نگری روند تحولات و راهبردهای مدیریت رشد سکونتگاه‌های غیررسمی در حریم پایتخت، پژوهشنامه جغرافیای انتظامی، 1 (3)، 1-22.
- سعیدی، عباس و شفیعی ثابت، ناصر. (1390). روابط و پیوندهای روستایی- شهری در ایران. تهران: انتشارات مهرمینو.
- شیبانی امین، عیسی و غلامی، محمد. (1390). اسکان غیررسمی علل، پیامدها و راه‌حل‌ها مورد مطالعه: شیرآباد زاهدان. سومین کنفرانس برنامه‌ریزی و مدیریت شهری، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد.
- شیعه، اسماعیل؛ حبیبی، کیومرث و کمالی نسب، حامد. (1389). الگوی شناسایی سکونتگاه‌های غیررسمی با به‌کارگیری مدل AHP در محیط GIS (نمونه: شهر کرج). فصلنامه آرمانشهر، 3 (4)، 85 ـ 77.
- صرافی، مظفر. (1381). به‌سوی نظریه‌ای برای ساماندهی اسکان غیررسمی - از حاشیه‌نشینی تا متن شهرنشینی. فصلنامه هفت شهر، 3 (8)، 5-11.
- صرافی، مظفر؛ نوذری، کمال و میرزایی، نواب. (1393). واکاوی معیارهای پهنه‌بندی فقر شهری در شهر قدس: به‌سوی مفهوم مشترک محدوده‌های فرودست شهری. نشریه هفت شهر، (47)، 25-37.
- فراهانی، حسین؛ بهمنی، افشین و جبالی، فرزانه. (1395). فرآیند تبدیل سکونتگاه‌های روستایی به شهر و اثرات آن بر کیفیت زندگی شهروندان (مطالعه موردی: شهر بلبان آباد، شهرستان دهگلان). فصلنامه برنامه‌ریزی منطقه‌ای، 6 (22)، 191-202. doi:20.1001.1.22516735.1395.6.22.15.5
- قادرمرزی، حامد؛ جمشیدی، علیرضا؛ جمینی، داود و نظری سرمازه، حمید. (1394). شناسایی موانع توسعه کارآفرینی زنان روستایی (مطالعه موردی: دهستان شلیل- شهرستان اردل). فصلنامه برنامه‌ریزی منطقه‌ای، 5 (17)، 103-118..
- قاسمی، مریم؛ امیدوار، نشاط؛ عاشوری، الهام و نسیمی، زهرا. (1396). بررسی تطبیقی کیفیت زندگی روستائیان مهاجر به روستاهای پیراشهری (مطالعه موردی: دهستان تبادکان شهرستان مشهد). مجله جغرافیا و توسعه ناحیه‌ای، 15 (28)، 149-123. doi:10.22067/geography.v15i1.45665
- قربانی، رسول؛ خوارزمی، امیدعلی و ترکمن نیا، نعیمه. (1398). تحلیل تأثیر عوامل اقتصادی- اجتماعی بر شکل‌گیری و گسترش سکونتگاه‌های غیررسمی کلان‌شهر مشهد. پژوهش‌های جغرافیای انسانی، 51 (2)، 373-385. doi:10.22059/jhgr.2017.230452.1007433
- متوسلی، محمدمهدی و اسماعیل‌زاده، حسن. (1385). رشد و پراکنش جمعیت در مناطق کلان‌شهری. فصلنامه مدیریت شهری، 5، (18)، 60 - 73.
- مؤمنی، احمد؛ جهانشیری، ماندانا و ترکاشوند، زهرا. (1400). عوامل مؤثر بر رشد مهاجرت معکوس در سکونتگاه‌های پیراشهری نجف‌آباد. مجله توسعه فضاهای پیراشهری، 1 (5)، 198-183. doi:20.1001.1.26764164.1400.3.1.11.5
- نیک‌پور، عامر؛ رضازاده، مرتضی و اله قلی، فاطمه. (1398). الگوی فضایی شاخص‌های فقر اجتماعی و شناسایی عوامل مؤثر بر آن؛ مورد مطالعه: شهر آمل. نشریة جغرافیا و توسعه، 17 (57)، 177- 197. doi:10.22111/gdij.2019.5036
- Akhuondi, A., & Barakpour, N. (2011). Formulating Strategies for Establishing Governance System of Tehran Metropolitan Region (TMR). Strategy, 18(4). doi:20.1001.1.10283102.1389.18.4.9.0. [in Persian]
- Amani, M., Azizpour, F., & Tahmasebi, A. (2024). Challenges and problems of planning the development of rural settlements in the urban limited of Tehran metropolis based on the perception of local managers and experts. Journal of Rural Research. doi:10.22059/jrur.2024.359181.1837. [in Persian]
- Amini, A., & Jamini, D. (2014). An Analysis of the Rural Community Evaluation of Village Administrations' performance Using Structural Equation Modeling. GeoRes, 29(2), 177-196. [in Persian]
- Arimah, B. (2011). Slums as Expressions of Social Exclusion: Explaining the Prevalence of Slums in African Countries. Proceedings of the International Conference on Social Cohesion and Development, Paris, 20-21 January 2011, 1-16. www.researchgate.net.
- Athari, K., & Khaleghian, B. (1995). Marginalization in cities and its effects and consequences. Research project of the Ministry of Housing and Urban Development. Deputy of Urban Planning and Architecture. [in Persian]
- Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. doi:10.1191/1478088706qp063oa.
- Brooki Milan, A., & Einali, J. (2017). The Analysis of Factors Affecting the Emigration in Border Villages (Case Study: Border Villages of South Chalderan District). Border Science and Techniques, 5(19), 63-83. [in Persian]
- Darabi, H., & Jalali, D. (2019). Illuminating the formal–informal dichotomy in land development on the basis of transaction cost theory. Planning Theory, 18(1), 100-121. https://doi.org/10.1177/1473095218779111.
- Davuodpur, Zohreh. (2005). Tehran Metropolis and Self-Growth Settlements. Tehran: Urban Planning and Architecture Studies and Research Center. [in Persian]
- EL-Shahat, M., & El Khateeb, S. (2012). Empowering people in Egyptian informal areas by planning: towards an intelligent model of participatory planning. Planum Th J Urban, 1 (26),1–19. www.planum.net. ISSN 1723-0993.
- Eskani, G., & Hosseini Amini, H. (2018). Tehran metropolis and informal settlements. National Conference of Informal Settlements: Challenges - Strategies. [in Persian]
- f, H., b, A., & j, F. (2016). The role of the environmental constraints on physical-spatial development of city and their effects on the surrounding villages (Case study: Javanroud city). Journal of Regional Planning, 6(22), 191-202. doi:20.1001.1.22516735.1395.6.22.15.5. [in Persian]
- Fazli, M. (2016). Factors behind the Growth of Informal Settlements in Kabul, 6th Annual. Conference on Architecture and Urbanism [online]. doi:10.13164/acau.fa2016.9.
- Ghadermarzi, H., Jamshidi, A., Jamini, D., & Nazari Sarmazeh, H. (2015). Identification Hampering Factors Affecting Development of Rural Women's (Case Study: Shalil Villages- Ardal Township). Journal of Regional Planning, (5), 103-118. [in Persian]
- Ghasemi, M., Omidvar, N., Ashore, E., & Nasimi, Z. (2017). A Comparative Study on the Quality of Life During the Migration of Rural Communities Toward Suburban Villages (Case Study: Tabadkan Dehestan in Mashhad County). Journal of Geography and Regional Development, 15(1), 123-149, doi: 10.22067/geography. v15i1.45665. [in Persian]
- Ghorbani, R., Kharazmi, O. A., & Torkmanniya, N. (2017). An Analysis on the Role of Socioeconomic Factors in the Formation and Expansion of Informal Settlements of Mashhad Metropolis. Human Geography Research, 51(2), 373- 385. doi:10.22059/jhgr.2017.230452.1007433. [in Persian]
- Hajipour, K. (2008). Explaining the process of formation and spatial transformation of the metropolitan area of Tehran. Ph.D. Thesis. With the guidance of Dr. Esfandiar Zabardast. University of Tehran. Faculty of Urban Planning. [in Persian]
- Hamdi, K., & Amir Entekhabi, Sh. (2010). The Greater Tehran Megalopolis and Urban Management Challenges, territory, 7(2), 1-13. [in Persian]
- Jamini, D., & Dehghani, A. (2022). Evaluation and Analysis of Resilience of Rural Tourism and Identification of Key Drivers Affecting It in The Face of the Covid-19 Pandemic in Iran. Journal of Research and Rural Planning, 11(4). doi:10.22067/ jrrp. v 11i4.2208.1056.
- Jamini, D., & Riahi, V. (2018). A study on the villagers’ semantic understanding of functional challenges in rural settlements (Case study: Centeral District of Ravansar County). Journal of Research & Rural Planning, 7(2), 1-23. doi:10.22067/jrrp. v 5i4.62869. [in Persian]
- Jamini, D., Jamshidi, A., & Abdolmaleki, M. (2022). Identify the challenges of informal settlements and Provide operational-executive solutions to improve it in Kurdistan province (Case study: Urban Separated Area of Naysar). Research and Urban Planning, 12(47), 111-130. doi:10.30495/ jupm.2021.27932.3875. [in Persian]
- Khaloubagheri, M. (2013).Dealing with Spatial Inequality while Implementing Life-Quality-Enhancement-Based Planning (The Case of District 13 of the City of Tehran). Journal of Urban Economics and Management, 1(1), 49-67. doi:20.1001.1.23452870.1391.1.1.4.6. [in Persian]
- Khorasani, M. A. (2016). The management of villages in the urban areas of Iran, challenges and policy proposals. The fifth national conference of applied research in civil engineering, architecture and urban management, K. N. Toosi University of Technology. [in Persian]
- Liu, M., Hu, S., & Ge, Y. (2020). Using multiple linear regression and random forests to identify spatial poverty determinants in rural China, Spatial Statistics. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spasta. 2020,100461.
- Ministry of Roads and Urban Development News Website: http://news.mrud.ir/news. [in Persian]
- Mohammed Haji, A., & Mohammad Salim, S. (2006). The Causes and Consequences of the Informal Settlements in Zanzibar, Shaping the Change, XXIII FIG Congress, Munich, Germany, October 8–13. https://www.fig.net › ts35_01_ali_sulaiman_0320.
- Momeni, A., Jahanshiri, M., & Torkashvand, Z. (2021). Analysis of effective factors in the growth of reverse migration to suburban settlements of Najafabad. Preipheral Urban Spaces Development, 3(1), 183-198. doi:20.1001.1.26764164.1400.3.1.11.5. [in Persian]
- Motavaseli, M. M., & esmaeilzadeh, H. (2015). Population growth and distribution in metropolitan areas. Urban Management Quarterly. Fall 2015. 5(18). 60-73. [in Persian]
- Nikpoor, A., rezazadeh, M., & Allahgholitabar Nesheli, F. (2019). Spatial analysis of social poverty and identifying the factors t Case study: Amol city. Geography and Development, 17(57), 177-198. doi:10.22111/gdij.2019.5036. [in Persian]
- Pablo, A., & Diego, G. (2020). The function and credibility of urban slums: Evidence on informal settlements and affordable housing in Chile, Cities. Volume 99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2020.102605.
- Rezvani, M. R., Faraji Sabokbar, H. A., Darban Astaneh, A., & Karimi, S. H. (2017). Identification and Validation of Effective Indicators and Factors of Environmental Quality in Branding of Rural Tourism Destinations Using Thematic analysis Method (Case: Ethno-cultural Region of Oramanat in Kurdistan and Kermanshah Provinces). Journal of Rural Research, 8(2), 318-345. doi:10.22059/jrur.2017.62675. [in Persian]
- Rezvani, M., Haraeen, M., ghorbani sepehr, A., & amraie, M. (2021). Analysis of the social networks of rural migrants from urban peripheral settlements: A case study of Mortezagerd village in the metropolis of Tehran. Preipheral Urban Spaces Development, 2(2), 1-16. doi:20.1001.1.26764164.1399.2.2.1.0. [in Persian]
- Riahi, V., & Azizi, S. (2009). A Study of Informal Settlements in the Rural Settlements of Around Karaj Metropolitan Case Study: Mahmoudabad Village. Geographic Thought, 3(6), 10-27. [in Persian]
- Riahi, V., Kaviani Rad, M., amidi, Sh., & Salehi, S. (2015). Investigating informal settlements in rural areas around metropolises (case study: Karaj). Haft Shahr Quarterly. 4(53 – 54), 36-53. [in Persian]
- Saidi, Abba., & Shafiei Sabet, N. (2011). Rural-Urban Relationships in Iran. Tehran: Mehramino Publications. [in Persian]
- Sarrafi, M., Nouzari, K., & Mirzaei, N. (2014). Revising the Measures of Urban Poverty Delimitation in Qods City: Towards a Common Concept of Slum Areas. Haft Shahar Journal. (47), 25-37. [in Persian]
- Sarrafi, Mozaffar. (2002). Toward a Theory of Informal Settlement Organization - From Marginality to Urban Textuality. Haft Shahar Journal, 3 (8), 5-11. [in Persian]
- Sarvar, R. (2008). An introduction to the prospect of the expansion of informal settlements in the urban area of Tehran, Haft Shahr Quarterly. (29-30), 56-66. [in Persian]
- Sarvar, Rahim. (2012). Foresight of the process of developments and strategies for managing the growth of informal settlements in the capital city. Journal of Police Geography, 1(3), 1-22. [in Persian]
- Sheridan, molly. (2023). Research in action: planning with, not for, informal settlement communities, April 19. https://news.cornell.edu/.
- Shibani Amin, E., & Gholami, M. (2018). Informal accommodation. Causes, consequences and solutions. Study case: Shirabad, Zahedan. The third urban planning and management conference. Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. [in Persian]
- Shieh, E., Habibi, K., & Kamali Nasab, H. (2010). Pattern Recognition of Informal Settlements Using AHP Model in GIS, Case Study: Karaj City. Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development, 3(4), 77-86. [in Persian]
- Statistical Centre of Iran. Population and Housing Census 2016. https://www.amar.org.ir. [in Persian]
- UN-Habitat (2015), International Guidelines on Urban and Territorial Planning. https://unhabitat.org/sites/default/files/ download-manager-files /IG-UTP%20Persian.pdf
- Zebardast, E. (2010). The Application of Analytic Network Process (ANP) in Urban and Regional Planning. Journal of Fine Arts: Architecture & Urban Planning, 2(41), 79-90. dio:20.1001.1.22286020.1389.2.41.7.4. [in Persian]
|
