
تعداد نشریات | 163 |
تعداد شمارهها | 6,826 |
تعداد مقالات | 73,630 |
تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 135,026,259 |
تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 105,335,725 |
بازسازی الگوی استفاده درزمانی از سنگخام در بین جوامع پارینهسنگی غرب زاگرسمرکزی در پناهگاه صخرهای باوهیوان کرمانشاه | ||
مطالعات باستان شناسی | ||
دوره 17، شماره 2 - شماره پیاپی 37، مرداد 1404، صفحه 5-31 اصل مقاله (1.44 M) | ||
نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22059/jarcs.2025.374793.143258 | ||
نویسندگان | ||
نعمت حریری* 1؛ محسن رنجبران2؛ الهام قصیدیان3؛ سامان حیدری گوران4 | ||
1پژوهشگر پسا دکتری گروه زمینشناسی، دانشکدۀ زمینشناسی ، دانشکدگان علوم، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران (نویسندۀ مسئول). | ||
2دانشیار گروه زمینشناسی، دانشکدۀ زمینشناسی، دانشکدگان علوم، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران | ||
3پژوهشگر موزۀ نئاندرتال، متمن، آلمان | ||
4پژوهشگر گروه پیشازتاریخ دانشگاه کلن، کلن، آلمان. | ||
چکیده | ||
مجموعۀ غار و پناهگاه صخرهای باوهیوان بهعنوان یکی از محوطههای شاخص پارینهسنگی در غرب ایران، دارای سه دورۀ پارینهسنگی میانی، نوین و فراپارینهسنگی است؛ این محوطه دارای طیف وسیعی از انواع دستافزارسنگی بوده که توسط جوامع شکارورز-گردآورنده در هر سه دورۀ یادشده و بهطور مشخص توسط دو زیر گونۀ انسانی نئاندرتال و هوشمند در بازۀ زمانی تقریبی بین 80 تا 13.4هزار سال پیشازحال استفاده شده است. در این پژوهش ما نتایج اولیۀ سنجش کلاننمایی (ماکروسکوپی) مجموعهای تقریباً هزار قطعهای را ارائه میدهیم. نتایج پژوهش حاکی از این است که در طول زمان، استفاده از مواد خام سنگی دستخوش تغییر میشود به این ترتیب که جوامع پارینهسنگیمیانی از طیف متنوعتر موادخامسنگی استفاده کردهاند، اما در جوامع پارینهسنگینوین و فراپارینهسنگی بهتدریج شاهد راهبرد استحصال مواد خامسنگی انتخابگرایانه که بازتاب آن منابع محدودتر و با کیفیتتری هستیم. این دستآورد نشان از رفتارهای متنوع انسانی از دورۀ پارینهسنگیمیانی تا فراپارینهسنگی منطقۀ مطالعاتی دارد. همچنین بیش از 99% از سنگهای خام مصرفی توسط جوامع پارینهسنگی از انواع سنگهای کریپتو-میکروکریستالی رسوبی است که در محیط زمینشناسی اطراف باوهیوان وجود دارند و کمتر از 1% سنگهای استفاده شده از سایر انواع سنگهای آذرین و دگرگونی است. | ||
کلیدواژهها | ||
باستانزمینشناسی؛ سنگخام؛ رادیولاریت؛ پارینهسنگی؛ غرب زاگرس مرکزی؛ پناهگاه صخرهای باوهیوان | ||
عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
Diachronic Patterns of Lithic Raw Materials From the Middle to Epipaleolithic Periods Based on the Bawa Yawan Rock Shelter, Kermanshah, West-Central Zagros Mountains | ||
نویسندگان [English] | ||
Nemat Hariri1؛ Mohsen Ranjbarab2؛ Elham Ghasidian3؛ Saman Heydari4 | ||
1Postdoctoral Researcher in Geoarchaeology, Department of Geology, Faculty of Geology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran (Corresponding Author). | ||
2Associate Professor of Geology, Department of Geology, Faculty of Geology, University of Tehran, Iran. | ||
3Researcher at the Neanderthal Museum, Mettmann, Germany. | ||
4Researcher at the Institute for Prehistoric Archaeology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany. | ||
چکیده [English] | ||
The Bawa Yawan rockshelter and cave complex, located in the west-central Zagros region of Iran, stands out as a significant Paleolithic site due to its spanning the three periods of the Middle Paleolithic, Upper Paleolithic and Epipaleolithic. This site exhibits a wide range of lithic artifacts, which were used by Neanderthals and anatomically modern humans between ca. 83-13.4 kya (TU / OSL Dating). In this study, we present preliminary results from macroscopic analysis of approximately 1000 lithic artefacts. Our initial findings indicate that over 99% of the utilized raw stones materials belong to the micro-cryptocrystalline sedimentary rock category, primarily due to their widespread availability. Less than 1% of the material fall into other categories, such as metamorphic and igneous rocks. The main results of this research indicate that the Middle Paleolithic groups (Neanderthals) used a more diverse range of raw stone materials than later groups. In contrast to the Upper Paleolithic to Epipaleolithic periods, people (Homo sapiens) become more specialized in the use of higher quality resources. This finding shows a relative difference in lithic raw material procurement strategies among Neanderthals and Homo Sapiens in the study area. | ||
کلیدواژهها [English] | ||
Geoarchaeology, Lithic Raw Material, Radiolarite, Paleolithic, West-Central Zagros, Bawa Yawan Rockshelter | ||
مراجع | ||
- Abdi, A., Gharaie, M. H. M. & Bádenas, B., (2014). “Internal wave deposits in Jurassic Kermanshah pelagic carbonates and radiolarites (Kermanshah area, West Iran)”. Sedimentary Geology, 314: 47–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2014.10.006 - Abdi, A., Mattioli, E. & Bádenas, B., (2022). “A new calcareous nannofossil record from the Lower Jurassic of Kermanshah, Western Iran: Implications for biostratigraphy and evolutionary reconstructions”. Geosciences, 12(2): 59. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences12020059 - Agam, A., (2020). “Late lower paleolithic lithic procurement and exploitation strategies: A view from Acheulo-Yabrudian Qesem Cave (Israel)”. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 33: 102447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2020.102447 - Andrefsky, W., (1994). “Raw-Material Availability and the Organization of Technology”. American Antiquity, 59(1): Article 1. https://doi.org/10.2307/3085499 - Betts, A., (1983). “Black Desert Survey, Jordan: First Preliminary Report”. Levant, 15(1): Article 1. https://doi.org/10.1179/lev.1983.15.1.1 - Biglari, F. & Shidrang, S., (2019). “Rescuing the Paleolithic Heritage of Hawraman, Kurdistan, Iranian Zagros”. Near Eastern Archaeology, 82(4): Article 4. https://doi.org/10.1086/706536 - Biglari, F., (2004). “The preliminary observations on Middle Paleolithic raw material procurement and usage in the Kermanshah Plain, the case of Do-Ashkaft Cave”. Persian Antiques Splendor: Mining Crafts and Archeology in Ancient Iran, 1: 130–138. https://www.booklooker.de/Bücher/Thomas-Slotta-Stöllner+Persiens-Antike-Pracht-Bergbau-Handwerk-Archäologie/id/A02DwFq901ZZQ?zid=ecbegq4bkvu5p9lfgtrare4hau - Biglari, F., (2007). “Approvisionnement et utilisation des matières premières au Paléolithique moyen dans la plaine de Kermanshah (Iran): Le cas de la Grotte Do-Ashkaft”. In: Moncel, M. H., Moigne, A., Arzarello, M. & Peretto, C. (eds), Aires d’approvisionnement en matières premières et aires d’approvisionnement en ressources alimentaires: Approche intégrée des comportements, Workshop 23, XV Congrès UISPP, Vol. 5, BAR International Series 1725: 227–239. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235259004_Approvisionnement_et_utilisation_des_matieres_premieres_au_Paleolithique_moyen_dans_la_plaine_de_Kermanshah_Iran_le_cas_de_la_Grotte_Do-Ashkaft - Biglari, F., (2013). “Do-Ashkaft Cave: Patterns of Lithic Resource Procurement and Utilization During the Middle Palaeolithic Period in the Intermontane Plain of Kermanshah”. Archaeological Reports, 8 (Special Issue of Papers from the International Archaeology Conference of Iran: Western Region, Kermanshah, 2006), Research Institute for Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts, and Tourism: 11–30. [In Persian]. https://iran-pal-publication.blogfa.com/post/24 - Binford, L. R., (1979). “Organization and Formation Processes: Looking at Curated Technologies”. Journal of Anthropological Research, 35(3): 255–273. https://doi.org/10.1086/jar.35.3.3629902 - Boggs, S. Jr., (2006). Principles of Sedimentology and Stratigraphy (4th ed.). Prentice Hall. https://books.google.com/books/about/Principles_of_Sedimentology_and_Stratigr.html?id=Kb0SAQAAIAAJ - Boggs, S. Jr., (2009). Petrology of Sedimentary Rocks (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511626487 - Brandl, M., Hauzenberger, C., Postl, W., Modl, D., Kurta, C. & Trnka, G., (2011). “Repolust Cave (Austria) revisited: Provenance studies of the chert finds: Fundrevision der Repolusthöhle (Österreich): Herkunftsbestimmungen der Hornsteinfunde”. Quartär–Internationales Jahrbuch Zur Erforschung Des Eiszeitalters Und Der Steinzeit, 58: 51–65. https://doi.org/10.7485/QU58_03 - Bringmans, P. M. M. A., (2024). “The Neanderthal Occupations at Veldwezelt-Hezerwater (Belgium) and the Challenge of the Eemian Forest in Northwest Europe”. PaleoAnthropology, 2024(1): 36–62. https://doi.org/10.48738/2024.iss1.1095 - Brookes, I. A.m, (1989). The Physical Geography, Geomorphology and Late Quaternary History of the Mahidasht Project Area, Qara Su Basin, Central Western Iran (ROM Mahidasht Project Report 1). Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto. Retrieved from: https://www.scirp.org/reference/referencespapers?referenceid=690821 - Brooks, I. A., (1982). “Geomorphological evidence for climatic change in Iran during the last 20 000 Years”. In: Palaeoclimates, Palaeoenvironments and Human Communities in the Eastern Mediterranean Region in Later Prehistory, British Archaeological Reports International Series, 133: 191–230. - Broud, J., (1987). “Paléo-géographique, magmatique et la région Kermanshah”. Iran (Unpublished PhD thesis). Université de Paris. https://civilica.com/doc/2125694/ - Bucher, K. & Frey, M., (2002). Petrogenesis of Metamorphic Rocks (7th ed.). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04914-3 - Bucher, K. & Grapes, R., (2011). Petrogenesis of Metamorphic Rocks (8th ed.). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-74169-5 - Bustillo, M. Á., (2010). “Silicification of continental carbonates”. In: Alonso Zarza, A. M. & Tanner, L. H. (eds), Carbonates in Continental Settings: Geochemistry, Diagenesis and Applications, Developments in Sedimentology, Vol. 62: 153–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0070-4571(09)06203-7 - Cieśla, M., (2018). “How far did they go? Exotic stone raw materials occurrence at the Middle Palaeolithic sites: Case studies of sites from Western Carpathian Mts”. Acta Archaeologica Carpathica, 53: 7–28. https://ejournals.eu/czasopismo/acta-archaeologica-carpathica/artykul/how-far-did-they-go-exotic-stone-raw-materials-occurrence-at-the-middle-palaeolithic-sites-case-studies-of-sites-from-western-carpathian-mts-ciesla-magda - Coon, C. S., (1951). Cave Explorations in Iran, 1949. University Museum, University of Pennsylvania. https://repository.upenn.edu/associated_papers/4/ - Darabi, H., (2014). “The Chipped Stone Industry of East Chia Sabz, Seymareh Dam: Technological Changes from Transitional Neolithic to Aceramic Neolithic Time in Western Iran”. Archaeological Research of Iran (Pazhuhesh ha ye Bastan Shenasi Iran), 3(5): 7–24. [In Persian]. https://core.ac.uk/download/294839288.pdf - Delage, C., (2003). “Siliceous rocks and prehistory: Bibliography on geo archaeological approaches to chert sourcing and prehistoric exploitation”. In: Hedges, J. & E. (eds), Siliceous Rocks and Prehistory, BAR International Series 1168. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303820379_Siliceous_Rocks_and_Prehistory_Bibliography_on_Geo Archaeological_Approaches_to_Chert_Sourcing_and_Prehistoric_Exploitation_C_DELAGE_2003/ - Delage, C., (2007). “Chert Availability and Prehistoric Exploitation in the Near East: An Introduction”. In: Chert Availability and Prehistoric Exploitation in the Near East (eds C. Delage), BAR International Series 1615: 1–17. Oxford: John & Erica Hedges. https://doi.org/10.30861/9781407300573 - Delpiano, D., Heasley, K. & Peresani, M., (2018). “Assessing Neanderthal land use and lithic raw material management in Discoid technology”. Journal of Anthropological Sciences = Rivista Di Antropologia: JASS, 96: 89–110. https://doi.org/10.4436/JASS.96006 - Dibble, H. L. & Holdaway, S. J., (1993). “The Middle Paleolithic industries of Warwasi”. In: Olszewski, D. I. & Dibble, H. L. (eds), The Paleolithic Prehistory of the Zagros Taurus, University Museum Symposium Series, Vol. 5: 75–99. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023960217881 - Dibble, H. L., (1991a). “Local raw material exploitation and its effects on Lower and Middle Paleolithic assemblage variability”. In: Montet White, A. & Holen, S. (eds), Raw Material Economies among Prehistoric Hunter Gatherers, Publications in Anthropology, 19: 33–47. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285650418_Local_raw_material_exploitation_and_its_effects_on_Lower_and_Middle_Paleolithic_assemblage_variability - Dibble, H. L., (1991b). “Mousterian assemblage variability on an interregional scale”. Journal of Anthropological Research, 47(2): 239–257. https://doi.org/10.1086/jar.47.2.3630327 - Dibble, H. L., Théry Parisot, I., Sandgathe, D., Richter, D., Niven, L., Mentzer, S., McPherron, S. P., Goldberg, P., Berna, F. & Turq, A. (2009). “A Preliminary Report on Pech de l’Azé IV, Layer 8 (Middle Paleolithic, France)”. PaleoAnthropology, 2009: 182–219. https://doi.org/10.4207/PA.2009.ART30 - Doronicheva, E. V., Kulkova, M. A. & Tselmovitch, V. A., (2023). “Geochemical Data on the North-Western Caucasus Chert Sources and Origin of the Middle Palaeolithic Artifacts”. In: Ankusheva, N. N., Chechushkov, I. V., Epimakhov, A. V., Ankushev, M. N. & Ankusheva, P. S. (eds), Geoarchaeology and Archaeological Mineralogy 2021, Springer International Publishing: 87–95. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16544-3_10 - Ecker, M., Hariri, N., Heydari‐Guran, S., Ghasidian, E., Tuross, N., Zeder, M. & Makarewicz, C. A., (2023). “Herbivore enamel carbon and oxygen isotopes demonstrate both Homo sapiens and Neanderthals exploited similar habitats in the Zagros Mountains”. Journal of Quaternary Science, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.3561 - Ekshtain, R. & Zaidner, Y., (2022). “Raw material exploitation at the Middle Paleolithic site of Nesher Ramla, Israel”. Quaternary International, 624: 34–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2021.04.009 - Ghasidian, E. & Heydari-Guran, S., (2012). “Preliminary report of archaeological surveys in Kermanshah province, Islam-Abad-e Gharb, Qasr-e Shirin, and Gilan-e Gharb counties”. Unpublished report presented to the Cultural Heritage Organization of Kermanshah province. [In Persian]. - Ghasidian, E. & Heydari-Guran, S., (2018). “Upper Palaeolithic Raw Material Economy in the Southern Zagros Mountains of Iran”. In: Nishiaki, Y. & Akazawa, T. (eds), The Middle and Upper Paleolithic Archeology of the Levant and Beyond, Springer: 157–174. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6826-3_11 - Ghasidian, E., Heydari-Guran, S. & Mirazón Lahr, M., (2019). “Upper Paleolithic cultural diversity in the Iranian Zagros Mountains and the expansion of modern humans into Eurasia”. Journal of Human Evolution, 132: 101–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2019.04.002 - Gill, R. & Fitton, G. (2022). Igneous Rocks and Processes: A Practical Guide. John Wiley & Sons. https://www.wiley.com/en-us/Igneous+Rocks+and+Processes%3A+A+Practical+Guide-p-9781118685493 - Gómez de Soler, B., Soto, M., Vallverdú, J., Vaquero, M., Bargalló, A., Chacón, M. G., Romagnoli, F. & Carbonell, E., (2020). “Neanderthal lithic procurement and mobility patterns through a multi-level study in the Abric Romaní site (Capellades, Spain)”. Quaternary Science Reviews, 237: 106315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106315 - Hariri, N., (2022). “The Environmental Reconstruction of the West-Central Zagros Mountain During MIS 4 to 2 Based on the Geoarcheological Methods In The Bawa Yawan Rockshelter”. PhD thesis, Mohaghegh Ardabili University, Faculty of Social Sciences. [In Persian]. https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=6RoSlowAAAAJ&hl=en - Hariri, N., (2024a). “Systematic archaeological survey and test trench in the Technical-Vocational Training Organization Area, Sang-e Madan, Kermanshah province”. Archive of the Iranian Center for Archaeological Research (ICAR) Library and Document Archive of the Kermanshah Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts, and Tourism Administration Province. Unpublished. [In Persian]. - Hariri, N., (2024b). “Systematic Archaeological Survey for Delimitation and Proposition of Buffer Zone, Sang-e Madan, Kermanshah Province”. Archive of the Iranian Center for Archaeological Research (ICAR) Library and Document Archive of the Kermanshah Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts, and Tourism Administration Province. Unpublished. [In Persian]. - Hariri, N., Ranjbaran, M., Ghasidian, E. & Heydari-Guran, S., (2024). “Deeper Insights Into the Lithic Raw Materials on the Iranian Plateau: West-Central Zagros Mountains”. Iranian Journal of Archaeological Studies, 14(1): 95–100. https://doi.org/10.22111/ijas.2024.48870.1303 - Hariri, N., Rezalo, R., Javanmardzadeh, A. & Heydari-Guran, S., (2021). “Correlation of the Epipaleolithic Period in the West-Central Zagros and North Zagros with Climatic Events after the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM)”. Journal of Research in Archaeology (JRA), 7(1): Article 1. [In Persian]. https://doi.org/10.52547/jra.7.1.205 - Herrero-Alonso, D., Tarriño-Vinagre, A., Fernández-Martínez, E., Fuertes-Prieto, N. & Neira-Campos, A., (2021). “Black chert and radiolarite: Knappable lithic raw materials in the prehistory of the Cantabrian Mountains (North Spain)”. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 13(7): Article 7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-021-01340-1 - Heydari Guran, S., Naderi, R., Heydari, S., Hariri, N., Asiabani, S., Azizi, F., Janatimehr, A., Fotouhi, E. & Ghasidian, E. (2023). “Epipalaeolithic Campsite at the Bawa Yawan Rockshelter, Nawdarwan Valley, Kermanshah Region, West-Central Zagros Mountains”. In: The Epipalaeolithic and Neolithic in the Eastern Fertile Crescent, Routledge. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003335504-8/epipalaeolithic-campsite-bawa-yawan-rockshelter-nawdarwan-valley-kermanshah-region-west-central-zagros-mountains-saman-heydari-guran-rahmat-naderi-sara-heydari-nemat-hariri-samran-asiabani-faramarz-azizi-azar-janatimehr-elham-fotouhi-elham-ghasidian - Heydari, M., Guérin, G. & Heydari-Guran, S., (2024). “A Bayesian luminescence chronology for the Bawa Yawan Rock Shelter at the Central Zagros Mountains (Western Iran)”. Quaternary International, 680: 64–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2023.10.001 - Heydari, S., (2004). “Stone raw material sources in Iran: Some case studies”. In: Persiens Antike Pracht, Bergbau–Handwerk–Archäologie: Katalog. Bochum: Deutsches Bergbau-Museum Bochum: 124–129. https://www.booklooker.de/Bücher/Thomas-Slotta-Stöllner+Persiens-Antike-Pracht-Bergbau-Handwerk-Archäologie/id/A02DwFq901ZZQ?zid=ecbegq4bkvu5p9lfgtrare4hau - Heydari-Guran, S. & Azadi, A., (2021). “Exploratory report for determining the extent and proposing a boundary for the Bawa Yawan cave and rock shelter complex, Central Kermanshah County, Kermanshah province”. Iran Archaeological Research Institute (ICAR), unpublished. [In Persian]. - Heydari-Guran, S. & Ghasidian, E., (2012). “Preliminary report of archaeological surveys in Kermanshah province, Kermanshah, Dalahoo, and Sarpol-e Zahab counties”. Unpublished report presented to the Cultural Heritage Organization of Kermanshah province. [In Persian]. - Heydari-Guran, S. & Ghasidian, E., (2017). “The MUP Zagros Project: Tracking the Middle–Upper Palaeolithic transition in the Kermanshah region, west-central Zagros, Iran”. Antiquity, 91(355): Article 355. https://doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2016.261 - Heydari-Guran, S. & Ghasidian, E. (2020). “Late Pleistocene hominin settlement patterns and population dynamics in the Zagros Mountains: Kermanshah region”. Archaeological Research in Asia, 21: 100161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ara.2019.100161 - Heydari-Guran, S. & Hariri, N., (2019). “Environmental and climatic reconstruction concurrent with human settlements in the late Quaternary in Central Zagros, Kermanshah region”. In: A tribute to Professor Mehdi Rahbar, edited by Y. Moradi. Heritage Research Institute. [In Persian]. https://www.academia.edu/40906658/Environmental_and_climate_reconstruction_during_the_Late_Pleistocene_in_the_west_central_Zagros_Mountains_Kermanshah_region_بازسازی_محیطی_و_اقلیمیِ_هم_زمان_با_استقرار_های_انسانی_در_اواخرِ_دورانِ_چهارمِ_زمین_شناسی_در_غربِ_زاگرسِ_مرکزی_منطقۀ_کرمانشاه - Heydari-Guran, S. & Hariri, N. (2022). “Evaluating the potential of Paleolithic research in the Hawraman region”. International Hawraman Symposium; World Heritage Registration, Culture and Sustainable Development, Razi University, July 16–17, 2022. [In Persian]. - Heydari-Guran, S., (2014). Paleolithic Landscapes of Iran. BAR International Series2586. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/308745770_Paleolithic_landscapes_of_Iran - Heydari-Guran, S., (2016). “The first season excavation report at the Bawa Yawan rock shelter, Kermanshah County, Kermanshah province, Iran”. Iran Archaeological Research Institute (ICAR), unpublished. [In Persian]. - Heydari-Guran, S., (2017). “The second season excavation report at the Bawa Yawan rock shelter, Kermanshah County, Kermanshah province, Iran”. Iran Archaeological Research Institute (ICAR), unpublished. [In Persian]. - Heydari-Guran, S., (2018). “The third season excavation report at the Bawa Yawan rock shelter, Kermanshah County, Kermanshah province, Iran”. Iran Archaeological Research Institute (ICAR), unpublished. [In Persian]. - Heydari-Guran, S., Benazzi, S., Talamo, S., Ghasidian, E., Hariri, N., Oxilia, G., Asiabani, S., Azizi, F., Naderi, R. & Safaierad, R., (2021). “The discovery of an in situ Neanderthal remain in the Bawa Yawan rockshelter, west-central Zagros Mountains, Kermanshah”. PloS One, 16(8): e0253708. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0253708 - Heydari-Guran, S., Douka, K., Higham, T., Münzel, S. C., Deckers, K., Hourshid, S., Naderi, R., Asiabani, S. & Ghasidian, E., (2021). “Early Upper Palaeolithic occupation at Gelimgoush cave, Kermanshah; West-Central Zagros mountains of Iran”. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 38: 103050. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2021.103050 - Heydari‐Guran, S., Hariri, N., Kehl, M., Asiabani, S., Azizi, F. & Ghasidian, E., (2023). “Evidence of Neanderthal Resilience from Forty‐Five to Thirty‐Nine Thousand Years Ago at the Bawa Yawan Rockshelter, Kermanshah, Zagros”. In: Highlands Coming to Terms with the Future. Concepts of Resilience for the Study of Early Iranian Societies. Leiden: Sidestone. - Hole, F. & Flannery, K. V., (1968). “The prehistory of southwestern Iran: A preliminary report”. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society, 33: 147–206. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0079497X00013414 - Inizan, M. L., Reduron-Ballinger, M., Roche, H. & Tixier, J., (1992). Technology of knapped stone: Followed by a multilingual vocabulary – Arabic, English, French, German Greek, Italian, Russian, Spanish. CREP. https://eclass.uoa.gr/modules/document/file.php/ARCH178/TerminologyKnappedStone.pdf - Julig, P. J., Long, D. F., Hancock, R. G. V. & McFarland, V., (2007). “Sourcing of Archaeological Flints from the Middle to Upper Palaeolithic Transition, Jerf al-Ajla cave, Syria”. BAR International Series, 1615: 130. https://www.fulcrum.org/concern/monographs/vm40xt18k - Karkazi, E., Magganas, A., Galanidou, N. & Darlas, A., (2024). “Exploring aspects of Neanderthal mobility in the Mani Peninsula: Evidence from Lithic Raw Material procurement and management at Kalamakia Cave, Greece”. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 55: 104529. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2024.104529 - Kato, S., (2017). “The use of lithic raw materials during the Upper Paleolithic in eastern China: A focus on microblade industries”. Quaternary International, 442: 66–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2016.05.006 - Liesegang, M., Milke, R. & Berthold, C., (2018). “Amorphous silica maturation in chemically weathered clastic sediments”. Sedimentary Geology, 365: 54–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2018.01.001 - Luedtke, B. E., (1992). An Archaeologist’s Guide to Chert and Flint. Archaeological Research Tools, 7. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7j8387sj - Matias, H., (2016). “Raw material sourcing in the Middle Paleolithic site of Gruta da Oliveira (Central Limestone Massif, Estremadura, Portugal)”. Journal of Lithic Studies, 3(2): 541–560. https://doi.org/10.2218/jls.v3i2.1452 - Mayor, A., Sossa-Ríos, S., Molina, F. J., Pérez, L., Galván, B., Mallol, C. & Hernández, C. M., (2022). “An instance of Neanderthal mobility dynamics: a lithological approach to the flint assemblage from stratigraphic unit viii of El Salt rockshelter (Alcoi, eastern Iberia)”. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 44: 103544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2022.103544 - Mcpherron, S. J. P., Dibble, H. L. & Goldberg, P., (2005). “Z”. Geoarchaeology, 20(3): 243–262. https://doi.org/10.1002/gea.20048 - Mohajjel, M. & Biralvand, M., (2010). “Folding Style in Kermanshah Radiolarites and its Significance in Collision Tectonic of Northwest Iran”. Scientific Quarterly Journal of Geosciences, 19(75): 75–82. https://doi.org/10.22071/gsj.2010.55439 - Mohajjel, M., Fergusson, C. L. & Sahandi, M. R., (2003). “Cretaceous–Tertiary convergence and continental collision, Sanandaj–Sirjan Zone, western Iran”. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 21(4). https://doi.org/10.1016/S1367-9120(02)00035-4 - Mohammadi Ghasrian, S., Beik-Mohammadi, Kh., Mansouri, S. & Ghaffari Heris, R., (2017). “A new Middle Palaeolithic chert quarry and workshop site in Kalkashvand (Harsin, Kermanshah), Iran”. ARAMAZD: Armenian Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 11(1-2): 1–17. Retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/38394706/ - Mohammadi Ghasrian, S. & Beik-Mohammadi, Kh., (2017). “Identification a Site Accrued to Middle Paleolithic Period in Proximity of Hersin’s Qalakamandbag Tappeh”. Parseh J. Archaeol Stud., 1(1): 9–19. [In Persian]. https://doi.org/10.30699/PJAS.1.1.9 & https://www.magiran.com/p1919131 - Namen, A., Cuthbertson, P., Varis, A., Schmidt, P., Taimagambetov, Z. & Iovita, R., (2022a). “Preliminary results of the first lithic raw material survey in the piedmont zones of Kazakhstan”. Asian Archaeology, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41826-022-00051-3 - Namen, A., Iovita, R., Nickel, K. G., Varis, A., Taimagambetov, Z. & Schmidt, P., (2022b). “Mechanical properties of lithic raw materials from Kazakhstan: Comparing chert, shale, and porphyry”. PLOS ONE, 17(4). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0265640 - Namen, A., Schmidt, P., Varis, A., Taimagambetov, Z. & Iovita, R., (2022c). “Preference for Porphyry: Petrographic Insights into Lithic Raw Material Procurement from Palaeolithic Kazakhstan”. Journal of Field Archaeology, 47(7). https://doi.org/10.1080/00934690.2022.2092265 - Nezafati, N. & Hessari, M., (2017). “Mineralogical studies on some Neolithic bullet-shaped core stones from East Chia Sabz, Seymareh, Luristan, western Iran”. KCR, 1(2): 6. [In Persian]. http://kcr.richt.ir/article-6-239-fa.html - Oberlander, T., (1965). The Zagros streams: A new interpretation of transverse drainage in an orogenic zone. Syracuse University Press. https://books.google.de/books/about/The_Zagros_Streams.html?id=AOqEAAAAIAAJ&redir_esc=y - Parow-Souchon, H. & Purschwitz, C., (2020). “Variability in chert raw material procurement and use during the Upper Paleolithic and Early Neolithic of the southern Levant: A regional perspective from the Greater Petra area”. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 29: 102087. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2019.102087 - Philpotts, A. R. & Ague, J. J., (2009). Principles of igneous and metamorphic petrology. Cambridge University Press. https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/principles-of-igneous-and-metamorphic-petrology/7B4B1D1AB8E9392195990E16DF56DAA4 - Shidrang, S., Biglari, F., Bordes, J.-G. & Jaubert, J., (2016). “Continuity and change in the late Pleistocene lithic industries of the Central Zagros: A typo-technological analysis of lithic assemblages from Ghar-e Khar cave, Bisotun, Iran”. Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia, 44(1): 27–38. https://journal.archaeology.nsc.ru/jour/article/view/182/195 - Slimak, L. & Giraud, Y., (2007). “Raw material circulations over hundred kilometres during the Middle Palaeolithic; implications concerning our knowledge of Neanderthalian societies”. Comptes Rendus Palevol, 6(5): 359–368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crpv.2007.06.001 - Spinapolice, E. E., (2012). “Raw material economy in Salento (Apulia, Italy): New perspectives on Neanderthal mobility patterns”. Journal of Archaeological Science, 39(3): 680–689. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2011.10.033 - Suga, E., Ichinose, N., Tsukada, K., Kadowaki, S., Massadeh, S. & Henry, D. O., (2022). “Investigating changes in lithic raw material use from the Middle Paleolithic to the Upper Paleolithic in Jebel Qalkha, southern Jordan”. Archaeological Research in Asia, 29: 100347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ara.2021.100347 - Tucker, M. E., (2001). Sedimentary petrology: An introduction to the origin of sedimentary rocks (3rd ed). Blackwell Science. https://www.amazon.de/-/en/Sedimentary-Petrology-Introduction-Origin-Rocks/dp/0632057351 - Tucker, M. E., (2011). Sedimentary rocks in the field: A practical guide. John Wiley & Sons. https://www.wiley.com/en-us/Sedimentary+Rocks+in+the+Field%3A+A+Practical+Guide%2C+4th+Edition-p-9780470689165 - Turq, A., Faivre, J.-P., Gravina, B. & Bourguignon, L. (2017). “Building models of Neanderthal territories from raw material transports in the Aquitaine Basin (southwestern France)”. Quaternary International, 433: 88–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2016.02.062 - Valde-Nowak, P. & Cieśla, M., (2020). “Models of raw material exploitation as an indicator of middle paleolithic mobility: Case studies from uplands of Northern Central Europe”. In: Short-Term Occupations in Paleolithic Archaeology: Definition and Interpretation, 105–120. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27403-0_5 - Yanchilina, A. G., Yam, R., Kolodny, Y. & Shemesh, A., (2020). “From diatom opal-A δ18O to chert δ18O in deep sea sediments”. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 268: 368–382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2019.10.018 - Young, T. C. & Smith, P. E., (1966). “Research in the Prehistory of Central Western Iran: Recent preliminary excavations promise to document 40,000 years of prehistory in the Zagros Mountains”. Science, 153(3734): 386–391. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1719924 - Yousefi, M., Heydari-Guran, S., Kafash, A. & Ghasidian, E. (2020). “Species distribution models advance our knowledge of the Neanderthals’ paleoecology on the Iranian plateau”. Scientific Reports, 10(1): Article 1. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-71166-9 - Yue, J., Li, Y. Q., Zhang, Y.-X. & Yang, S.-X., (2020). “Lithic raw material economy at the Huayang site in Northeast China: Localization and diversification as adaptive strategies in the Late Glacial”. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-020-01067-5 - Zanolli, C., Biglari, F., Mashkour, M., Abdi, K., Monchot, H., Debue, K., Mazurier, A., Bayle, P., Le Luyer, M. & Rougier, H., (2019). “A Neanderthal from the Central Western Zagros, Iran. Structural reassessment of the Wezmeh 1 maxillary premolar”. Journal of Human Evolution, 135: 102643. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2019.102643 | ||
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 531 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 326 |