سامانه پشتیبانی خدمات اطلاعات

  اخبار و اعلانات

 آمار

تعداد نشریات163
تعداد شماره‌ها6,826
تعداد مقالات73,629
تعداد مشاهده مقاله135,039,260
تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله105,340,570
احمدی, حامد, ارگانی, میثم, قنبری, ابوالفضل, فیروزی, منیژه. (1404). آیا ساختار جغرافیایی محیط شهری مهم نیست؟ مرور انتقادی بر ادبیات شناخت فضایی در افراد دارای اختلال. , 13(2), 37-55. doi: 10.22059/jurbangeo.2025.387764.2025
حامد احمدی; میثم ارگانی; ابوالفضل قنبری; منیژه فیروزی. "آیا ساختار جغرافیایی محیط شهری مهم نیست؟ مرور انتقادی بر ادبیات شناخت فضایی در افراد دارای اختلال". , 13, 2, 1404, 37-55. doi: 10.22059/jurbangeo.2025.387764.2025
احمدی, حامد, ارگانی, میثم, قنبری, ابوالفضل, فیروزی, منیژه. (1404). 'آیا ساختار جغرافیایی محیط شهری مهم نیست؟ مرور انتقادی بر ادبیات شناخت فضایی در افراد دارای اختلال', , 13(2), pp. 37-55. doi: 10.22059/jurbangeo.2025.387764.2025
احمدی, حامد, ارگانی, میثم, قنبری, ابوالفضل, فیروزی, منیژه. آیا ساختار جغرافیایی محیط شهری مهم نیست؟ مرور انتقادی بر ادبیات شناخت فضایی در افراد دارای اختلال. , 1404; 13(2): 37-55. doi: 10.22059/jurbangeo.2025.387764.2025

آیا ساختار جغرافیایی محیط شهری مهم نیست؟ مرور انتقادی بر ادبیات شناخت فضایی در افراد دارای اختلال

پژوهش‌های جغرافیای برنامه‌ریزی شهری
مقاله 3، دوره 13، شماره 2، تیر 1404، صفحه 37-55    اصل مقاله (947.15 K)
نوع مقاله: مروری
شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22059/jurbangeo.2025.387764.2025
نویسندگان
حامد احمدی1؛ میثم ارگانی* 1؛ ابوالفضل قنبری2؛ منیژه فیروزی3
1گروه سنجش‌ازدور و سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی، دانشکده جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران
2گروه سنجش‌ازدور و سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی، دانشکده برنامه‌ریزی و علوم محیطی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران
3گروه علوم شناختی، دانشکده روانشناسی و علوم تربیتی، دانشگاه تهران، ، ایران
چکیده
یکی از ابعاد اصلی زندگی روزمره، شناخت فضایی است. بااین‌حال وجود اختلالات جسمی و ذهنی، شناخت فضایی افراد را با مشکل مواجه می‌کند. در این راستا، در تحقیق حاضر یک مرور انتقادی بر ادبیات شناخت فضایی در افراد دارای اختلال انجام‌شده است. هدف این مرور، بررسی رویکردهای موجود نسبت به شناخت فضایی در افراد دارای اختلال و برجسته کردن غفلت از نقش اساسی محیط جغرافیایی دراین‌ارتباط است. ما جست‌وجوی خود را به گروه خاصی از اختلالات یا حوزه خاصی از مطالعات محدود نکردیم. بعد از غربالگری، 79 مقاله باقی ماندند. نتایج نشان داد که مقالات دارای شش هدف اصلی هستند شامل ارزیابی توانایی‌ها و استراتژی‌ها (9/51%)، توسعه و ارزیابی کارایی ابزارهای کمکی (19%) و بررسی مکانیزم‌های عصبی مرتبط با شناخت فضایی (9/8%) بیشترین سهم در این حوزه از مطالعات را دارند. همچنین مطالعات دارای سه رویکرد اصلی هستند شامل رویکرد روانشناسی-عصب‌شناسی (8/46%)، رویکرد فناورانه (1/29%) و رویکرد فیزیولوژیکی (5/21%). 6/2% از مطالعات نیز رویکرد آموزشی در ارتباط با این حوزه دارند. یافته‌های ما نشان داد که با وجود تأثیر و نقش بسیار حیاتی آن، تأثیر ساختار محیط جغرافیایی بر شناخت فضایی افراد دارای اختلال در ادبیات موجود موردتوجه قرار نگرفته است و در تمامی تحقیقات اختلالات موجود به وجود اختلال در خود این افراد نسبت داده‌شده است. این نتایج برای محققان علوم جغرافیایی و مخصوصاً برنامه‌ریزی شهری علاقه‌مند به شناخت فضایی در افراد دارای اختلال و ارتباط آن با ساختار محیط جغرافیایی در مناطق شهری بسیار کارآمد است.
کلیدواژه‌ها
شناخت فضایی؛ افراد دارای اختلال؛ محیط جغرافیایی؛ برنامه‌ریزی شهری
عنوان مقاله [English]
Doesn't the Structure of the Geographic Environment of the Urban Areas Matter? A Critical Review of the Literature on Spatial Cognition in People with Disorders
نویسندگان [English]
Hamed Ahmadi1؛ Meysam Argany1؛ Abolfazl Ghanbari2؛ Manijeh Firoozi3
1Department of Remote Sensing and GIS, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
2Department of Remote Sensing and GIS, Faculty of Planning and Environmental Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
3Department of Cognitive Science, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Over the past few decades, cognitive science research has become interested in studying spatial cognition (SC) in people with disorders (PWD). SC is a part of environmental cognition and represents the environment in the mind. This representation is a mental model of the geographical environment (GE), which Tolman called a cognitive map (CM). The formation of CM depends on the interaction between personal abilities and the structure of GE. Due to their physical or mental disorders, PWDs do not have efficient access to the environmental data. This limits their spatial abilities. Regarding this, numerous studies have been carried out to address the SC issues in PWDs; however, they associate SC issues with physical or mental disorders and make an effort to solve the issues by putting rehabilitation strategies into practice. Despite the human organism performance significantly influencing the SC, the GE, as the data source, is also crucial in forming the CM. The physical aspects of urban environments form the basis of the GE. Many theoretical models consider GE the forerunner of SC and assert that a well-structured GE enhances the SC. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to critically review the current evidence on the SC in PWDs, provide a general overview of the state of the art and the approaches in the literature, and highlight the significance of GE in this area for future study.
 
Methodology
We did not confine our research to a specific group of PDWs. Reviewing their procedures and outcomes is also not our goal. In this regard, two groups of keywords, those associated with SC and those associated with PWDs, were combined one by one. The Elsevier, Springer, Taylor & Francis, SAGE, MDPI, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases were searched for relevant literature. A preliminary examination of the titles and abstracts resulted in selecting 182 papers for closer examination. Seventy-nine papers that satisfied our criteria were left after a full text review. Due to the purpose of this review, studies on math, indoor environments, older individuals, people who have lost their memory, animals, route planning and optimization, studies for identifying motion barriers, studies of the causes of SC in PWDs, studies into the differences between age and gender, studies into the necessity of SC for PWDs, studies into SC ontology in PWDs, and review articles were all filtered out. The category, full identification data, target population, objective, approach, and test environment were extracted for each selected article.
 
Results and discussion
Based on their objectives, the articles were categorized into six categories. The results showed that 51.9% of the studies aimed to investigate the abilities and strategies of PWDs in SC. The 19% was addressed for developing and evaluating aid tools to enhance PWDs' SC. About 9% of studies examined the neural mechanisms involved in the SC of PWDs. 7.6% have studied the SC in the context of developing computer programs, and 7.6% have evaluated the role of input channels in the SC in PWDs. Finally, 5.1% studied how education and rehabilitation can help PWDs' SC. Blind and visually impaired people (59.3%) and people with autism (17.3%) were the main subjects of the studies. Therefore, there is a great need for research into SC in other physically and especially mentally impaired people, such as deaf, hearing-impaired, and dumb people, those with physical-motor or mental disorders. The findings of our review showed that there are three main approaches toward the SC in PWDs in the existing literature. The first is the psychological-neurological approach, which accounts for a sizable portion (46.7%) of this field's research. This is an old approach toward the SC in PWDs, and its purpose is to identify the impact of different physical or mental impairments on spatial abilities, skills, strategies, and knowledge. The approach of some articles (29.1%) is the technological approach. This approach aims to improve the SC in PWDs by developing tools, computer programs, and systems so that they can independently carry out their daily tasks. The physiological approach is the third main approach in the studies of SC in PWDs. It has a smaller share of the literature than the other two approaches (21.5%) and is also less old. According to researchers who support this approach, the main cause of the SC impairments in PWDs is a functional defect in the human body.
However, one of the approaches that has not received attention is the geographical approach. Psychological researchers are not interested in investigating the geographical aspects of the SC in PWDs. They attribute the SC impairments to the defects in PWDs and believe that PWDs should improve their spatial abilities to adapt to the structure of the existing GE. On the other hand, geographers are less interested in research in this area, and their studies are limited to route planning and optimization. In general, the direction of research in SC in PWDs is influenced by the attitude toward them. The studies attempt to treat PWDs using rehabilitation interventions, adopting the medical model.  Therefore, there is a large research space for future studies for geographers and urban planning researchers.
 
Conclusion

i) The studies have six major objectives, including 1) Investigation of the abilities and strategies, 2) Aid tools development and evaluation, 3) Neural mechanisms related to the SC, 4) Computer program development, 5) Investigating the role of input changes in the SC, and 6) Education and rehabilitation intervention.
ii) The studies take three main approaches toward the spatial cognition of people with disabilities, including 1) The psychological-neurological approach, 2) The technological approach, and 3) The physiological approach.

iii) The interaction between the human organism and the geographical environment is the basis for the acquisition of spatial cognition. However, studies ignore the effects of the structure of the geographical environment and attribute the spatial cognition disorder of people with disabilities to the human organism.

iv) Given that studies that take a geographical approach to the issue of spatial cognition in people with disorders do not exist, no research has been conducted to date to evaluate the main geographical elements and factors that affect spatial cognition in people with various disorders and the type of impact these elements have. Accordingly, the geographical elements of the urban environment that can enhance and improve spatial cognition in these people are unknown.

 
Funding
There is no funding support.
 
Author Contribution
Hamed. Ahmadi: Conceptualization, Writing - original draft, Formal analysis, Visualization, Methodology.
Mesyam. Argany: Conceptualization, Project administration, Writing - review & editing.
Abolfazl. Ghanbari: Review & editing.
Manijeh. Firrozi: Review & editing.
 
Conflict of Interest
Authors declared no conflict of interest.
 
Acknowledgment
We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper
ABSTRACT
One of the most important aspects of daily life is spatial cognition. However, physical or mental disorders affect spatial cognition. In this regard, a critical review of the literature on spatial cognition in people with disorders was conducted. This review aims to provide a general overview of the current approaches toward the spatial cognition of people with disorders and highlight the neglect of the geographical environment's critical role in this field. We did not restrict our review to a particular group of people with disorders or a particular area of research or objective. After screening, 79 papers remained. The results showed that the articles have six main objectives, of which investigation of abilities and strategies (51.9%), aid tool development and evaluation (19%), and examination of the effect of neural mechanisms related to the SC (8.9%) have the largest share. Additionally, the studies have three approaches, including psychological-neurological (46.8%), technological (29.1%), and physiological (21.5%). 2.6% of studies also have an educational approach to this field. We concluded that the geographical environment is underappreciated in the existing literature on spatial cognition in people with disorders, although it plays a significant role in spatial cognition, and spatial cognition disorders are attributed to the human organism. The findings of this review are beneficial for researchers in the geographic sciences, especially urban planning, who are interested in conducting their research in the field of spatial cognition in people with disorders and their relationship with the structure of the urban geographical environment.
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Over the past few decades, cognitive science research has become interested in studying spatial cognition (SC) in people with disorders (PWD). SC is a part of environmental cognition and represents the environment in the mind. This representation is a mental model of the geographical environment (GE), which Tolman called a cognitive map (CM). The formation of CM depends on the interaction between personal abilities and the structure of GE. Due to their physical or mental disorders, PWDs do not have efficient access to the environmental data. This limits their spatial abilities. Regarding this, numerous studies have been carried out to address the SC issues in PWDs; however, they associate SC issues with physical or mental disorders and make an effort to solve the issues by putting rehabilitation strategies into practice. Despite the human organism performance significantly influencing the SC, the GE, as the data source, is also crucial in forming the CM. The physical aspects of urban environments form the basis of the GE. Many theoretical models consider GE the forerunner of SC and assert that a well-structured GE enhances the SC. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to critically review the current evidence on the SC in PWDs, provide a general overview of the state of the art and the approaches in the literature, and highlight the significance of GE in this area for future study.
 
Methodology
We did not confine our research to a specific group of PDWs. Reviewing their procedures and outcomes is also not our goal. In this regard, two groups of keywords, those associated with SC and those associated with PWDs, were combined one by one. The Elsevier, Springer, Taylor & Francis, SAGE, MDPI, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases were searched for relevant literature. A preliminary examination of the titles and abstracts resulted in selecting 182 papers for closer examination. Seventy-nine papers that satisfied our criteria were left after a full text review. Due to the purpose of this review, studies on math, indoor environments, older individuals, people who have lost their memory, animals, route planning and optimization, studies for identifying motion barriers, studies of the causes of SC in PWDs, studies into the differences between age and gender, studies into the necessity of SC for PWDs, studies into SC ontology in PWDs, and review articles were all filtered out. The category, full identification data, target population, objective, approach, and test environment were extracted for each selected article.
 
Results and discussion
Based on their objectives, the articles were categorized into six categories. The results showed that 51.9% of the studies aimed to investigate the abilities and strategies of PWDs in SC. The 19% was addressed for developing and evaluating aid tools to enhance PWDs' SC. About 9% of studies examined the neural mechanisms involved in the SC of PWDs. 7.6% have studied the SC in the context of developing computer programs, and 7.6% have evaluated the role of input channels in the SC in PWDs. Finally, 5.1% studied how education and rehabilitation can help PWDs' SC. Blind and visually impaired people (59.3%) and people with autism (17.3%) were the main subjects of the studies. Therefore, there is a great need for research into SC in other physically and especially mentally impaired people, such as deaf, hearing-impaired, and dumb people, those with physical-motor or mental disorders. The findings of our review showed that there are three main approaches toward the SC in PWDs in the existing literature. The first is the psychological-neurological approach, which accounts for a sizable portion (46.7%) of this field's research. This is an old approach toward the SC in PWDs, and its purpose is to identify the impact of different physical or mental impairments on spatial abilities, skills, strategies, and knowledge. The approach of some articles (29.1%) is the technological approach. This approach aims to improve the SC in PWDs by developing tools, computer programs, and systems so that they can independently carry out their daily tasks. The physiological approach is the third main approach in the studies of SC in PWDs. It has a smaller share of the literature than the other two approaches (21.5%) and is also less old. According to researchers who support this approach, the main cause of the SC impairments in PWDs is a functional defect in the human body.
However, one of the approaches that has not received attention is the geographical approach. Psychological researchers are not interested in investigating the geographical aspects of the SC in PWDs. They attribute the SC impairments to the defects in PWDs and believe that PWDs should improve their spatial abilities to adapt to the structure of the existing GE. On the other hand, geographers are less interested in research in this area, and their studies are limited to route planning and optimization. In general, the direction of research in SC in PWDs is influenced by the attitude toward them. The studies attempt to treat PWDs using rehabilitation interventions, adopting the medical model.  Therefore, there is a large research space for future studies for geographers and urban planning researchers.
 
Conclusion

i) The studies have six major objectives, including 1) Investigation of the abilities and strategies, 2) Aid tools development and evaluation, 3) Neural mechanisms related to the SC, 4) Computer program development, 5) Investigating the role of input changes in the SC, and 6) Education and rehabilitation intervention.
ii) The studies take three main approaches toward the spatial cognition of people with disabilities, including 1) The psychological-neurological approach, 2) The technological approach, and 3) The physiological approach.

iii) The interaction between the human organism and the geographical environment is the basis for the acquisition of spatial cognition. However, studies ignore the effects of the structure of the geographical environment and attribute the spatial cognition disorder of people with disabilities to the human organism.

iv) Given that studies that take a geographical approach to the issue of spatial cognition in people with disorders do not exist, no research has been conducted to date to evaluate the main geographical elements and factors that affect spatial cognition in people with various disorders and the type of impact these elements have. Accordingly, the geographical elements of the urban environment that can enhance and improve spatial cognition in these people are unknown.

 
Funding
There is no funding support.
 
Author Contribution
Hamed. Ahmadi: Conceptualization, Writing - original draft, Formal analysis, Visualization, Methodology.
Mesyam. Argany: Conceptualization, Project administration, Writing - review & editing.
Abolfazl. Ghanbari: Review & editing.
Manijeh. Firrozi: Review & editing.
 
Conflict of Interest
Authors declared no conflict of interest.
 
Acknowledgment
We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
Spatial Cognition, People with Disorders, Geographic Environment, Urban Planning
مراجع
  1. Aggius-Vella, E., Gori, M., Campus, C., Petri, S., & Tinelli, F. (2022). Motor Influence in Developing Auditory Spatial Cognition in Hemiplegic Children with and without Visual Field Disorder. Children, 9(7), 1055. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9071055
  2. Ahmadi, H., Argany, M., Ghanbari, A., & Ahmadi, M. (2022). Visualized spatiotemporal data mining in investigation of Urmia Lake drought effects on increasing of PM10 in Tabriz using Space-Time Cube (2004-2019). Sustainable Cities and Society, 76, 103399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2021.103399
  3. Akhutina, T. y., Foreman, N., Krichevets, A., Matikka, L., Narhi, V., Pylaeva, N., & Vahakuopus, J. (2003). Improving spatial functioning in children with cerebral palsy using computerized and traditional game tasks. Disability and rehabilitation, 25(24), 1361-1371. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638280310001616358
  4. Alinaghi, N., Giannopoulos, I., Kattenbeck, M., & Raubal, M. (2025). Decoding wayfinding: analyzing wayfinding processes in the outdoor environment. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 1-31. https://doi.org/10.1080/13658816.2025.2473599
  5. Askarizad, R., Lamíquiz Daudén, P. J., & Garau, C. (2024). The Application of Space Syntax to Enhance Sociability in Public Urban Spaces: A Systematic Review. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 13(7), 227. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi13070227
  6. Bayoumi, A. A. (2024). Improving landscape Characteristics in Port Said’s El Sallam Garden via Observational and Space Syntax Analysis. Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture, 18, 101-111. doi: 10.17265/1934-7359/2024.03.001
  7. Bellugi, U., Sabo, H., & Vaid, J. (2022). Spatial Deficits In Children With Williams Syndrome. Spatial cognition: Brain bases and development, 242.
  8. Bertonati, G., Tonelli, A., Cuturi, L. F., Setti, W., & Gori, M. (2020). Assessment of spatial reasoning in blind individuals using a haptic version of the Kohs Block Design Test. Current Research in Behavioral Sciences, 1, 100004. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crbeha.2020.100004
  9. Bertone, A., Mottron, L., Jelenic, P., & Faubert, J. (2005). Enhanced and diminished visuo-spatial information processing in autism depends on stimulus complexity. Brain, 128(10), 2430-2441. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awh561
  10. Brisenden, S. (1986). Independent living and the medical model of disability. Disability, Handicap & Society, 1(2), 173-178. https://doi.org/10.1080/02674648666780171
  11. Campbell, F. K. (2019). Precision ableism: A studies in ableism approach to developing histories of disability and abledment. Rethinking History, 23(2), 138-156. https://doi.org/10.1080/13642529.2019.1607475
  12. Cao, M., Hu, P. P., Zhang, Y. L., Yan, Y. X., Shields, C. B., Zhang, Y. P., Hu, G., & Xiao, M. (2018). Enriched physical environment reverses spatial cognitive impairment of socially isolated APP swe/PS 1dE9 transgenic mice before amyloidosis onset. CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics, 24(3), 202-211. https://doi.org/10.1111/cns.12790
  13. Cappagli, G., Finocchietti, S., Cocchi, E., Giammari, G., Zumiani, R., Cuppone, A. V., Baud-Bovy, G., & Gori, M. (2019). Audio motor training improves mobility and spatial cognition in visually impaired children. Scientific reports, 9(1), 3303. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-39981-x
  14. Cardillo, R., Erbì, C., & Mammarella, I. C. (2020). Spatial perspective-taking in children with autism spectrum disorders: the predictive role of visuospatial and motor abilities. Frontiers in human neuroscience, 14, 208. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2020.00208
  15. Carlson, L. (2009). The faces of intellectual disability: Philosophical reflections. Indiana University Press.
  16. Cattaneo, Z., Bhatt, E., Merabet, L. B., Pece, A., & Vecchi, T. (2008). The influence of reduced visual acuity on age-related decline in spatial working memory: An investigation. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 15(6), 687-702. https://doi.org/10.1080/13825580802036951
  17. Chai, C., Lau, B. T., & Pan, Z. (2019). Hungry Cat—a serious game for conveying spatial information to the visually impaired. Multimodal Technologies and Interaction, 3(1), 12. https://doi.org/10.3390/mti3010012
  18. Chen, T., Hui, E. C., Wu, J., Lang, W., & Li, X. (2019). Identifying urban spatial structure and urban vibrancy in highly dense cities using georeferenced social media data. Habitat International, 89, 102005. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2019.102005
  19. Chiesa, S., Schmidt, S., Tinti, C., & Cornoldi, C. (2017). Allocentric and contra-aligned spatial representations of a town environment in blind people. Acta psychologica, 180, 8-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2017.08.001
  20. Connors, E. C., Chrastil, E. R., Sánchez, J., & Merabet, L. B. (2014). Action video game play and transfer of navigation and spatial cognition skills in adolescents who are blind. Frontiers in human neuroscience, 8, 133. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2014.00133
  21. Courbois, Y., Mengue-Topio, H., Blades, M., Farran, E. K., & Sockeel, P. (2019). Description of routes in people with intellectual disability. American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 124(2), 116-130. https://doi.org/10.1352/1944-7558-124.2.116
  22. Di Gaetano, L., Battiston, F., & Starnini, M. (2024). Percolation and topological properties of temporal higher-order networks. Physical Review Letters, 132(3), 037401. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.132.037401
  23. Dias, T., Fonseca, T., Vitorino, J., Martins, A., Malpique, S., & Praça, I. (2023). From data to action: Exploring AI and IoT-driven solutions for smarter cities. International Symposium on Distributed Computing and Artificial Intelligence, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-38333-5_5
  24. Ducasse, J., Brock, A. M., & Jouffrais, C. (2018). Accessible interactive maps for visually impaired users. Mobility of Visually Impaired People: Fundamentals and ICT Assistive Technologies, 537-584. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54446-5_17
  25. Edgin, J. O., & Pennington, B. F. (2005). Spatial cognition in autism spectrum disorders: Superior, impaired, or just intact? Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 35, 729-745. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-005-0020-y
  26. El-Darwish, I. I. (2022). Enhancing outdoor campus design by utilizing space syntax theory for social interaction locations. Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 13(1), 101524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2021.06.010
  27. Farran, E. K., Critten, V., Courbois, Y., Campbell, E., & Messer, D. (2021). Spatial cognition in children with physical disability; what is the impact of restricted independent exploration? Frontiers in human neuroscience, 15, 669034. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2021.669034
  28. Farzanfar, D., Spiers, H. J., Moscovitch, M., & Rosenbaum, R. S. (2023). From cognitive maps to spatial schemas. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 24(2), 63-79. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41583-022-00655-9
  29. Feldman, J. S., & Huang-Pollock, C. (2021). A new spin on spatial cognition in ADHD: A diffusion model decomposition of mental rotation. Journal of the international neuropsychological society, 27(5), 472-483. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617720001198
  30. Ferah, B. (2025). Spatial inferences of visually impaired individuals concerning wayfinding: a case study of Istanbul’s Kadikoy area. Journal of Transport Geography, 123, 104100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2024.104100
  31. Frauenberger, C. (2015). Rethinking autism and technology. interactions, 22(2), 57-59. https://doi.org/10.1145/2728604
  32. Garau, C., Annunziata, A., & Yamu, C. (2024). A walkability assessment tool coupling multi-criteria analysis and space syntax: the case study of Iglesias, Italy. European Planning Studies, 32(2), 211-233. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2020.1761947
  33. Gentner, D., Özyürek, A., Gürcanli, Ö., & Goldin-Meadow, S. (2013). Spatial language facilitates spatial cognition: Evidence from children who lack language input. Cognition, 127(3), 318-330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2013.01.003
  34. Giudice, N. A. (2018). 15. Navigating without vision: Principles of blind spatial cognition. Handbook of behavioral and cognitive geography, 260. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781784717544.00024
  35. Giudice, N. A., Betty, M. R., & Loomis, J. M. (2011). Functional equivalence of spatial images from touch and vision: evidence from spatial updating in blind and sighted individuals. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 37(3), 621.
  36. Golledge, R. G. (1993). Geographical perspectives on spatial cognition. In Advances in psychology (Vol. 96, pp. 16-46). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-4115(08)60038-2
  37. Golledge, R. G., Jacobson, R. D., Kitchin, R., & Blades, M. (2000). Cognitive maps, spatial abilities, and human wayfinding. Geographical Review of Japan, Series B., 73(2), 93-104. https://doi.org/10.4157/grj1984b.73.93
  38. Guerrón, N. E., Cobo, A., Olmedo, J. J. S., & Martín, C. (2020). Sensitive interfaces for blind people in virtual visits inside unknown spaces. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 133, 13-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2019.08.004
  39. Günaydın, A. S., & Selçuk, E. B. (2024). How urban growth influences the spatial characteristics of cities: Empirical research in Malatya/Türkiye based on space syntax. Geojournal, 89(2), 81. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-024-11080-z
  40. Hebb, D. O. (2005). The organization of behavior: A neuropsychological theory. Psychology press. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781410612403
  41. Hillier, B., Penn, A., Hanson, J., Grajewski, T., & Xu, J. (1993). natural movement - or, configuration and attraction in urban pedestrian movement. Environment and Planning B-Planning & Design, 20(1), 29-66. https://doi.org/10.1068/b200029
  42. Hu, X., Song, A., Wei, Z., & Zeng, H. (2022). StereoPilot: A wearable target location system for blind and visually impaired using spatial audio rendering. IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering, 30, 1621-1630. DOI: 10.1109/TNSRE.2022.3182661
  43. Jafri, R., Aljuhani, A. M., & Ali, S. A. (2017). A tangible user interface-based application utilizing 3D-printed manipulatives for teaching tactual shape perception and spatial awareness sub-concepts to visually impaired children. International Journal of Child-Computer Interaction, 11, 3-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcci.2016.12.001
  44. Jao, Y.-L., Liu, W., Williams, K., Chaudhury, H., & Parajuli, J. (2019). Association between environmental stimulation and apathy in nursing home residents with dementia. International psychogeriatrics, 31(8), 1109-1120. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610219000589
  45. Kan‐Kilic, D., Dogan, F., & Duarte, E. (2020). Nonvisual aspects of spatial knowledge: Wayfinding behavior of blind persons in Lisbon. PsyCh Journal, 9(6), 769-790. https://doi.org/10.1002/pchj.377
  46. Kubicek, E., & Quandt, L. C. (2021). A positive relationship between sign language comprehension and mental rotation abilities. The Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 26(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1093/deafed/enaa030
  47. Lahav, O. (2022). Virtual Reality Systems as an Orientation Aid for People Who Are Blind to Acquire New Spatial Information. Sensors, 22(4), 1307. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22041307
  48. Li, S., Hu, J., Chang, R., Li, Q., Wan, P., & Liu, S. (2021). Eye Movements of Spatial Working Memory Encoding in Children with and without Autism: Chunking Processing and Reference Preference. Autism Research, 14(5), 897-910. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.2398
  49. Liu, Z., & Wu, J. (2023). A review of the theory and practice of smart city construction in China. Sustainability, 15(9), 7161. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15097161
  50. Long, X., Bush, D., Deng, B., Burgess, N., & Zhang, S.-J. (2025). Allocentric and egocentric spatial representations coexist in rodent medial entorhinal cortex. Nature Communications, 16(1), 356. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-54699-9
  51. Lopez, A., Caffò, A. O., Tinella, L., Postma, A., & Bosco, A. (2020). Studying individual differences in spatial cognition through differential item functioning analysis. Brain Sciences, 10(11), 774. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10110774
  52. Lynch, K. (1960). The image of the environment. The image of the city, 11, 1-13.
  53. Lynch, K. (1964). The image of the city. MIT press.
  54. Lynch, K. (1984). Reconsidering the image of the city. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9697-1_9
  55. Makanadar, A. (2024). Neuro-adaptive architecture: Buildings and city design that respond to human emotions, cognitive states. Research in Globalization, 100222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resglo.2024.100222
  56. Marschark, M., Spencer, L. J., Durkin, A., Borgna, G., Convertino, C., Machmer, E., Kronenberger, W. G., & Trani, A. (2015). Understanding language, hearing status, and visual-spatial skills. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 20(4), 310-330. https://doi.org/10.1093/deafed/env025
  57. Meagher, B. R. (2020). Ecologizing social psychology: The physical environment as a necessary constituent of social processes. Personality and social psychology review, 24(1), 3-23. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868319845938
  58. Mensing-de Jong, A., Racon-Leja, K., & Zdrahálová, J. (2020). LAB of inclusive urbanism as a format to educate urban designers. Research in Urbanism Series, 6, 151-170. https://doi.org/10.7480/rius.6.98
  59. Montello, D. R. (2014). Spatial cognition and architectural space: Research perspectives. Architectural Design, 84(5), 74-79. https://doi.org/10.1002/ad.1811
  60. Nejati, V., Khoshroo, S., & Mirikaram, F. (2023). Review of spatial disability in individuals with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder: Toward spatial cognition theory. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 13591045231176707. https://doi.org/10.1177/13591045231176707
  61. Nouraeinejad, A. (2020). Visual experience is not necessary for productive spatial cognition. Journal of Modern Rehabilitation. https://doi.org/10.18502/jmr.v14i4.7724
  62. Oliver, M. (1986). Social policy and disability: Some theoretical issues. Disability, Handicap & Society, 1(1), 5-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/02674648666780021
  63. Olkin, R. (2001). What psychotherapists should know about disability. Guilford Press.
  64. Ottink, L., Buimer, H., van Raalte, B., Doeller, C. F., van der Geest, T. M., & van Wezel, R. J. (2022). Cognitive map formation supported by auditory, haptic, and multimodal information in persons with blindness. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 104797. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104797
  65. Ottink, L., van Raalte, B., Doeller, C. F., Van der Geest, T. M., & Van Wezel, R. J. (2022). Cognitive map formation through tactile map navigation in visually impaired and sighted persons. Scientific reports, 12(1), 11567. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-15858-4
  66. Palani, H. P., Fink, P. D., & Giudice, N. A. (2021). Comparing map learning between touchscreen-based visual and haptic displays: a behavioral evaluation with blind and sighted users. Multimodal Technologies and Interaction, 6(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/mti6010001
  67. Papadopoulos, K., Barouti, M., & Koustriava, E. (2016). The improvement of cognitive maps of individuals with blindness through the use of an audio-tactile map. Universal Access in Human-Computer Interaction. Interaction Techniques and Environments: 10th International Conference, UAHCI 2016, Held as Part of HCI International 2016, Toronto, ON, Canada, July 17-22, 2016, Proceedings, Part II 10, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40244-4_8
  68. Passini, R. (1984). Spatial representations, a wayfinding perspective. Journal of environmental psychology, 4(2), 153-164. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-4944(84)80031-6
  69. Perra, A., Riccardo, C. L., De Lorenzo, V., De Marco, E., Di Natale, L., Kurotschka, P. K., Preti, A., & Carta, M. G. (2023). Fully immersive virtual reality-based cognitive remediation for adults with psychosocial disabilities: a systematic scoping review of methods intervention gaps and meta-analysis of published effectiveness studies. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(2), 1527. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20021527
  70. Pissaloux, E. E., Velázquez, R., & Maingreaud, F. (2017). A new framework for cognitive mobility of visually impaired users in using tactile device. IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems, 47(6), 1040-1051. DOI: 10.1109/THMS.2017.2736888
  71. Porquis, L. B., Finocchietti, S., Zini, G., Cappagli, G., Gori, M., & Baud-Bovy, G. (2017). ABBI: A wearable device for improving spatial cognition in visually-impaired children. 2017 IEEE biomedical circuits and systems conference (BioCAS), DOI: 10.1109/BIOCAS.2017.8325128
  72. Proulx, M. J., Todorov, O. S., Taylor Aiken, A., & de Sousa, A. A. (2016). Where am I? Who am I? The relation between spatial cognition, social cognition and individual differences in the built environment. Frontiers in psychology, 64. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00064
  73. Ramesh, S., Taraka, T., & Murthy, R. (2021). Appreciation of Street Network Pattern around Gandhi Hill Recreation Hub in Vijayawada through Syntactic Approach for Spatial Cognition.
  74. Rapp, A., Cena, F., Castaldo, R., Keller, R., & Tirassa, M. (2018). Designing technology for spatial needs: Routines, control and social competences of people with autism. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 120, 49-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2018.07.005
  75. Retief, M., & Letšosa, R. (2018). Models of disability: A brief overview. HTS Teologiese Studies/Theological Studies, 74(1).
  76. Safizadeh, M., Hedayati Marzbali, M., Abdullah, A., & Maghsoodi Tilaki, M. J. (2024). Integrating space syntax and CPTED in assessing outdoor physical activity. Geographical Research, 62(2), 309-330. https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-5871.12639
  77. Sahasranaman, A., & Bettencourt, L. M. (2019). Urban geography and scaling of contemporary Indian cities. Journal of the Royal Society Interface, 16(152), 20180758. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2018.0758
  78. Šakaja, L. (2020). w. Social & Cultural Geography, 21(6), 862-886.
  79. Sánchez-Roldán, Z., Martín-Morales, M., Valverde-Espinosa, I., & Zamorano, M. (2020). Technical feasibility of using recycled aggregates to produce eco-friendly urban furniture. Construction and Building Materials, 250, 118890. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118890
  80. Schmidt, S., Tinti, C., Fantino, M., Mammarella, I. C., & Cornoldi, C. (2013). Spatial representations in blind people: The role of strategies and mobility skills. Acta psychologica, 142(1), 43-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2012.11.010
  81. Simonnet, M., Brock, A. M., Serpa, A., Oriola, B., & Jouffrais, C. (2019). Comparing interaction techniques to help blind people explore maps on small tactile devices. Multimodal Technologies and Interaction, 3(2), 27. https://doi.org/10.3390/mti3020027
  82. Surya, B., Ahmad, D. N. A., Sakti, H. H., & Sahban, H. (2020). Land use change, spatial interaction, and sustainable development in the metropolitan urban areas, South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. Land, 9(3), 95. https://doi.org/10.3390/land9030095
  83. Tolman, E. C. (1948). Cognitive maps in rats and men. Psychological review, 55(4), 189. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0061626
  84. Ungar, S. (2018). Cognitive mapping without visual experience. In Cognitive Mapping (pp. 221-248). Routledge.
  85. Velasquez, F., Dickson, C., Kloc, M. L., Schneur, C. A., Barry, J. M., & Holmes, G. L. (2023). Optogenetic modulation of hippocampal oscillations ameliorates spatial cognition and hippocampal dysrhythmia following early-life seizures. Neurobiology of Disease, 178, 106021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106021
  86. Wen, D., Li, R., Jiang, M., Li, J., Liu, Y., Dong, X., Saripan, M. I., Song, H., Han, W., & Zhou, Y. (2022). Multi-dimensional conditional mutual information with application on the EEG signal analysis for spatial cognitive ability evaluation. Neural Networks, 148, 23-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neunet.2021.12.010
  87. Wohlwill, J. F. (2017). The physical environment: A problem for a psychology of stimulation. In People and Buildings (pp. 83-96). Routledge.
  88. Woodbridge, R., Sullivan, M., Harding, E., Crutch, S., Gilhooly, K., Gilhooly, M., McIntyre, A., & Wilson, L. (2018). Use of the physical environment to support everyday activities for people with dementia: A systematic review. Dementia, 17(5), 533-572. https://doi.org/10.1177/147130121664867
  89. Wu, Y., Liu, Q., Hang, T., Yang, Y., Wang, Y., & Cao, L. (2024). Integrating restorative perception into urban street planning: A framework using street view images, deep learning, and space syntax. Cities, 147, 104791. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2024.104791
  90. Yaagoubi, R., Edwards, G., Badard, T., & Mostafavi, M. A. (2012). Enhancing the mental representations of space used by blind pedestrians, based on an image schemata model. Cognitive processing, 13, 333-347. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10339-012-0523-3
  91. Yu, H., Samsudin, N. A., & Chen, F. (2023). Spatial Form Cognition of Historical Streets in Hongcun Village through a Space Syntax Approach. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/1274/1/012024
  92. Zach, S., & King, A. (2022). Wayfinding and spatial perception among adolescents with mild intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 66(12), 1009-1022. https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.12934
  93. Zhang, M., Jiao, J., Hu, X., Yang, P., Huang, Y., Situ, M., Guo, K., Cai, J., & Huang, Y. (2020). Exploring the spatial working memory and visual perception in children with autism spectrum disorder and general population with high autism-like traits. PloS one, 15(7), e0235552. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0235552
  94. Zhang, X., Zhang, H., Zhang, L., Zhu, Y., & Hu, F. (2019). Double-diamond model-based orientation guidance in wearable human–machine navigation systems for blind and visually impaired people. Sensors, 19(21), 4670. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19214670
آمار
تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 110
تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 72





سامانه مدیریت نشریات علمی. قدرت گرفته از سیناوب