متاورس و فرصت های کارآفرینی در ورزش: تحقیقی کیفی

 

2022. C. Max, “Mark Zuckerberg’s metaverse will require computing tech no one knows how to build”, Protocol, 2022. [Çevrimiçi]. Available at: https://www.protocol.com/enterprise/metaversezuckerberg-computing-infrastructure.

Akköse, K. A. (2024). The Future of Sports marketing: Engaging fans Through Metaverse strategies (Bachelor's thesis, University of Twente).‏ https://purl.utwente.nl/essays/100151

Amini Roshan, Z., Gholamian, J., Mahmoudi, A., & Azizi, B. (2022). Modeling the effect of personality traits and entrepreneurial motivation on the intention to start small and medium-sized sports businesses: The mediating role of entrepreneurial awareness. Entrepreneurship Development, 15(1), 41–60. [In Persian]. https://doi.org/10.22059/jed.2022.332949.653808

Albujeer, A., & Khoshnevisan, M. (2022). Metaverse and oral health promotion. British Dental Journal, 232(9), 587-587.‏ DOI: 10.1038/s41415-022-4255-1. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41415-022-4255-1

Arruti, A., & Panos-Castro, J. (2020). International entrepreneurship education for pre-service teachers: a longitudinal study. Education+ training, 62(7/8), 825-841.‏ https://doi.org/10.1108/ET-04-2020-0098

Baker, B. J. (2022). Impact analysis of a virtual stadium: Measuring sport in the metaverse. Journal of Applied Sport Management, 14(4), 7.‏ DOI: https://doi.org/10.7290/jasm14kds4

Barringer, B., & Ireland, R. (2016). Entrepreneurship: Successfully launching new ventures. New York: Pearson Publishing.

Barta, S., Ibáñez-Sánchez, S., Orús, C., & Flavián, C. (2024). Avatar creation in the metaverse: A focus on event expectations. Computers in Human Behavior, 156, 108192.‏ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2024.108192

Bounameau, R. (2023). From blockchain to the metaverse: the impact of emerging techonologies on the world of sports and sportwear brands-Nike case of study.

Chakraborty, O. (2024). Introduction to Metaverse: Concept and Evolution. In New Business Frontiers in the Metaverse (pp. 14-33). IGI Global. ‏DOI: DOI: 10.4018/979-8-3693-2422-6.ch002

Cantillon, R. (1755). Essai sur la nature du commerce en général.

Chen, Y. (2022, November). Research on the Communication of Sports Events in the Context of Metaverse. In 2022 International Conference on Sport Science, Education and Social Development (SSESD 2022) (pp. 369-383). Atlantis Press.‏ DOI: https://doi.org/10.2991/978-2-494069-13-8_45

Chesli, S. R., Mosavi, S. A., Hanzaei, K. H., & Abdolvand, M. A. (2023). Investigating the Factors and Consequences of the Intelligence Sale of Appliances and Sports Equipment in the Metaverse. Sciences & Techniques of Information Management, 9(3). https://doi.org/10.22091/stim.2023.9386.1949

Chohan, R., & Schmidt-Devlin, E. (2024). Sports fandom in the metaverse: marketing implications and research agenda. Marketing Letters, 35(1), 1-14.‏ DOI: 10.1007/s11002-023-09702-6

Cortsen, K. H., Hehr, M., & Nielsen, R. (2021). Sportsmanagement: Ledelse og kommercialisering i sportsbranchen.‏ https://hansreitzel.dk/products/sportsmanagement-bog-53880-9788702319231

Cunningham, G. B., & Ko, Y. J. (2024). Diversity, equity and inclusion in the sport metaverse. International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship.  DOI: 10.1108/IJSMS-04-2023-0080

Damar, M. (2021). Metaverse Shape of Your Life for Future: A bibliometric snapshot. Journal of Metaverse, 1(1), 1-8.

Demir, G. , Argan, M. & Dinç, H. (2023). The Age Beyond Sports: User Experience in the World of Metaverse . Journal of Metaverse , 3 (1) , 19-27 . DOI: https://doi.org/10.57019/jmv.1176938

Deloitte. (2022). Digital transformation in sports: A new playbook for success. Retrieved from https://www2.deloitte.com

Dionisio, J. D. N., Iii, W. G. B., & Gilbert, R. (2013). 3D virtual worlds and the metaverse: Current status and future possibilities. ACM computing surveys (CSUR), 45(3), 1-38.‏ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/2480741.2480751

Duge, C. (2022). Why the Metaverse Will Change Sports and Your Life Forever. IPSO, February 28.‏

Dwivedi, Y. K., Hughes, L., Baabdullah, A. M., Ribeiro‐Navarrete, S., Giannakis, M., Al‐Debei, M. M., & Wamba, S. F. (2022). Metaverse beyond the hype: Multidisciplinary perspectives on emerging challenges, opportunities, and agenda for research, practice and policy. International Journal of Information Management, 66, 102542. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2022.102542

Deng, C., & Tang, Z. (2020, June). Historical opportunity and structural transformation of sports industry development under the background of new information technology. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 1575, No. 1, p. 012170). IOP Publishing.‏ https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1575/1/012170

Escamilla-Fajardo, P., Núñez-Pomar, J. M., Ratten, V., & Crespo, J. (2020). Entrepreneurship and innovation in soccer: Web of science bibliometric analysis. Sustainability, 12(11), 4499. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12114499

 Esmer, Y. (2025). Artificial Intelligence and the Metaverse in Sport: Emerging Trends and Future Directions from a Bibliometric Analysis. Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 36(1), 49-65. https://doi.org/10.17644/sbd.1575051

Eurostat. (2018). The measurement of scientific, technological and innovation activities Oslo manual 2018 guidelines for collecting, reporting and using data on innovation. OECD publishing.‏ doi: 10. 9789264304604-1

Faghih, N., Sarreshtehdari, L. & Bonyadi, E. Entrepreneurial attitude entropy. J Glob Entrepr Res 11, 201–211 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40497-021-00278-xFilo, K., Lock, D., & Funk, D. C. (2023). Digital sport management: Navigating new technologies. Sport Management Review, 26(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2022.100792

Folger, J., Brown, J. R., & Velasquez, V. (2022). What does Metaverse mean and how does this virtual world work. Investopedia,[Online] Available at: https://www. investopedia. com/metaverse-definition-5206578.[Accessed 08 October 2022].‏

Frederick, H., O'connor, A., & Kuratko, D. F. (2016). Entrepreneurship: Theory, process, and practice. Cengage Learning.

Glebova, E., Gerke, A., & Book, R. (2023). The transformational role of technology in sports events. In Sports management in an uncertain environment (pp. 169-187). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore.‏ DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-7010-8_8

Gupta, V., Agarwal, S., & Bansal, A. (2024). Entrepreneurship in the World of Metaverse: Opportunities and Challenges. Entrepreneurship and Creativity in the Metaverse, 1-19.‏ DOI: 10.4018/979-8-3693-1734-1.ch001

Hadi, L. M., Khalaf, M. M., Hussien, M. S., Khaled, A. A., Ghazi, M. A., & Abbas, A. A. (2024). The Effect of Metaverse Techniques on the Practice of Some Sport Skills in the Context of Simulation, the Language of Learning. International Journal of Humanities, Arts & Social Sciences, 10(1).‏ DOI: htps: 10.20469/ijhss.10.20002-1

Hammerschmidt, J., González-Serrano, M. H., Puumalainen, K., & Calabuig, F. (2024). Sport entrepreneurship: the role of innovation and creativity in sport management. Review of Managerial Science, 18(11), 3173-3202.‏ https://doi.org/10.1007/s11846-023-00711-3

Heidemann, G., Schmidt, S. L., von der Gracht, H. A., & Beiderbeck, D. (2024). The impact of the metaverse on the future business of professional football clubs–A prospective study. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 208, 123573.‏ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2024.123573

Hébert, R. F., & Link, A. N. (1989). In search of the meaning of entrepreneurship. Small Business Economics, 1(1), 39–49. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00389915

González-Serrano, M. H., Jones, P., & Llanos-Contrera, O. (2020). An overview of sport entrepreneurship field: a bibliometric analysis of the articles published in the Web of Science. Sport in society.‏ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2019.1607307

Hwang, Y. (2023). When makers meet the metaverse: Effects of creating NFT metaverse exhibition in maker education. Computers & Education, 194, 104693.‏ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2022.104693

Inder, S. (2023). Entrepreneurial Opportunities in Metaverse. In M. Gupta, P. Jindal, & S. Bansal (Eds.), Promoting Consumer Engagement Through Emotional Branding and Sensory Marketing (pp. 52-62). IGI Global. https:// DOI: 10.4018/978-1-6684-5897-6.ch006

‏Jones, P., Klapper, R., Ratten, V., & Fayolle, A. (2018). Emerging themes in entrepreneurial behaviours, identities and contexts. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation, 19(4), 233–236. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1465750318772811

Joshi, R., Pandey, K., & Kumari, S. (2024, February). A metaverse: Significance and dimensions in various sectors. In 2024 11th International Conference on Computing for Sustainable Global Development (INDIACom) (pp. 1781-1786). IEEE. DOI: https://doi.org/10.23919/INDIACom61295.2024.10499034

Joshua, J. (2017). Information bodies: computational anxiety in neal stephenson's snow crash. Interdisciplinary Literary Studies, 19(1), 17-47. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5325/intelitestud.19.1.0017

Kennelly, M., & Filo, K. (2022). Virtual participatory sport events. In The Routledge handbook of digital sport management (pp. 76-90). Routledge.‏ DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003088899

Kinsky, B., & Huth, C. (2023). Sport Innovation. In The Routledge Handbook of Digital Sport Management (pp. 368-383). Routledge.‏ DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003088899

Kraus, S., Kanbach, D. K., Krysta, P. M., Steinhoff, M. M., & Tomini, N. (2022). Facebook and the creation of the metaverse: radical business model innovation or incremental transformation?. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 28(9), 52-77.‏ DOI : https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-12-2021-0984

Kromidha, E., Taheri, B., Kraus, S., & Malodia, S. (2025). The metaverse as an opportunity for entrepreneurship and innovation. The International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation, 14657503251314627. https://rpdonline.com/index.php/rpd/article/view/1533

Kuandee, W., Nilsook, P., & Wannapiroon, P. (2019). Asset Supply Chain Management System-based IoT Technology for Higher Education Institutions. Int. J. online Biomed. Eng., 15(3), 4-20.‏ DOI: https://doi.org/10.3991/ijoe.v15i03.8533

Kumar, A. (2025). The Metaverse Touchdown Revolutionizing Sporting Events. In Internationalization of Sport Events Through Branding Opportunities (pp. 171-194). IGI Global.‏ DOI : https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-4038-7.ch010

Jana, S. (2023). The Rise of Metaverse in Global Sports Brands: Cross Case Analysis. IBMRD's Journal of Management & Research, 12(1), 01-08.‏ http://dx.doi.org/10.17697/ibmrd%2F2023%2Fv12i1%2F172865

Lee, J., Yoon, H. K., & Kim, D. (2023). Design of Metaverse‐Based Physical Fitness Service for the Enhancement of Exercise Capability for Youth. Mobile Information Systems, 2023(1), 7272781.‏ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7272781

Lee, C. W., Li, C., & Huang, T. C. (2025). The Future of Natural Sport: Exploring the Role of Technology Assistance Under the Metaverse Perspective. SAGE Open, 15(2), 21582440251340566. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440251340566

Lemire, J. (2022). Sports and the metaverse: Where 3D worlds collide. Sport Business Journal.‏

López-Díez, J. (2021). Metaverse: Year One. Mark Zuckerberg’s video keynote on Meta (October 2021) in the context of previous and prospective studies on metaverses. Pensar Public, 15(2), 299-303. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5209/pepu.79224

Mancuso, I., Petruzzelli, A. M., & Panniello, U. (2023). Digital business model innovation in metaverse: How to approach virtual economy opportunities. Information Processing & Management, 60(5), 103457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ipm.2023.103457.

Mehra, V., Singh, P., Mehra, M., Albanna, H., & Dwivedi, Y. K. (2023, December). Exploring the Fusion of Metaverse and Sports: Current Trends and Future Directions. In International Working Conference on Transfer and Diffusion of IT (pp. 258-268). Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland.‏ https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-50188-3_23

Mereu, S. (2023). Dimensions of Perceived Value That Influence the Intention to Adopt the Metaverse: The Case of Spectator Sports Fans. In J. Santos & B. Sousa (Eds.), Promoting Organizational Performance Through 5G and Agile Marketing (pp. 179-202). IGI Global Scientific Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-5523-4.ch010

Mizuta, R., Maeda, N., Tashiro, T., Suzuki, Y., Kuroda, S., Ishida, A., ... & Urabe, Y. (2024). Effectiveness of Metaverse Space–Based Exercise Video Distribution in Young Adults: Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR mHealth and uHealth, 12, e46397.‏ DOI: https://doi.org/10.2196/46397

Mohamadkazemi, R. , Zaffarian, R. , khodayari, A. and Javadinia, M. (2014). Identifying Entrepreneurial Business Opportunities in Sports Industry with an IT Approach. Journal of Entrepreneurship Development, 7(1), 95-112. [In Persian]. DOI: 10.22059/jed.2014.51557

Mohammadkazemi, R. , Hoseininia, G. and Ramezan Zarandi, S. (2013). The Effect of Entrepreneurial Attitude on the Performance of Sports Managers (Case Study: Iranian Wrestling Federation). Journal of Entrepreneurship Development, 6(1), 67-85 .[In Persian]. DOI: 10.22059/jed.2013.36249

Mohammadkazemi, R. , talebi, K. and Davari, A. (2021). Investigating the Impact of business model innovation on creation of competitive advantage with the mediating effects of entrepreneurial empowering (Case Study: ICT-Based Knowledge-Based Companies). Journal of Entrepreneurship Development, 14(2), 321-329. [In Persian]. DOI: 10.22059/jed.2021.315134.653534

Mystakidis, S. (2022). Metaverse. Encyclopedia, 2(1), 486-497. https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia2010031

Na, J. C., Kim, E. J., & Kim, J. Y. (2024). Unveiling metaverse social trends: Analysing big data regarding online sports news with LDA-based topic modelling. Revista de Psicología del Deporte (Journal of Sport Psychology), 33(1), 115-125. https://rpdonline.com/index.php/rpd/article/view/1533

Nayyar, N. (2024). The Emergence of Virtual Entrepreneurship in the Era of Metaverse: A Narrative Review. In S. Inder, B. Min, & S. Sharma (Eds.), Entrepreneurship and Creativity in the Metaverse (pp. 77-95). IGI Global Scientific Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-1734-1.ch007

Neck, H. M., Neck, C. P., & Murray, E. L. (2023). Entrepreneurship: The practice and mindset. Sage publications.

Neirotti, P., Raguseo, E., & Gastaldi, L. (2023). The disruptive potential of the metaverse in the sport industry: A research agenda. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 194, 122702. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2023.122702

Ng, D. T. K. (2022). What is the metaverse? Definitions, technologies and the community of inquiry. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 38(4), 190–205. https://doi.org/10.14742/ajet.7945

Norouzi Seyed Hossini, R., Roumiani, M., & Roumiani, S. (2024). The Framework for the Development of New Entrepreneurship in Sports: From Idea to Action. Journal of Entrepreneurship Development, 17(1),80-119. [In Persian]. DOI: 10.22059/jed.2024.365400.654266

Pedersen, P. M., & Thibault, L. (Eds.). (2019). Contemporary sport management (6th ed.). Human Kinetics.

Pellegrini, M. M., Rialti, R., Marzi, G., & Caputo, A. (2020). Sport entrepreneurship: A synthesis of existing literature and future perspectives. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 16(3), 795–826. https://doi.org/10.1007/s113 65-020-00650-5.

Pizzo, A. D., Fornaciari, C. J., Coyle, P., Varzgani, N., & Pierce, M. (2024). Opening the Metaverse: The Next Frontier in Sport and Leisure. Leisure Sciences, 1-19.‏ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2024.2407023

Ramadhan, A., Pradono Suryodiningrat, S., & Mahendra, I. (2023). The fundamentals of metaverse: a review on types, components and opportunities. Journal of Information and Organizational Sciences, 47(1), 153-165.‏ DOI: https://doi.org/10.31341/jios.47.1.8

Rahimi, A., Ehsani, M., Safari, M., & Norouzi Seyed Hosseini, R. (2020). The effect of entrepreneurial marketing on brand equity and customer loyalty in sports complexes. Journal of Entrepreneurship Development, 13(2), 217–234. [In Persian].  https://doi.org/10.22059/jed.2020.304154.653372

Rahmati, M., Alvandi, A., & Hosseini, S. E. (2022). A model for the development of sports entrepreneurship in professional football clubs: A mixed-method approach. Journal of Entrepreneurship Development, 15(2), 203–221. [InPersian]. https://doi.org/10.22059/jed.2022.329594.653784

Ratan, R., & Lei, Y. (2021). What is the metaverse? 2 media and information experts explain. The Conversation, 12.‏

Ratten, V. (2010). Developing a theory of sport-based entrepreneurship. Journal of Management & Organization, 16(4), 557–565. DOI: https://doi.org/110.5172/jmo.2010.16.4.557

Ratten, V. (2012). Guest editor’s introduction: Sports entrepreneurship: Towards a conceptualisation. International journal of Entrepreneurial venturing, 4(1), 1-17.‏ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1504/IJEV.2012.044814

Ratten, V., & Jones, P. (2020). New challenges in sport entrepreneurship for value creation. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 16(3), 961-980.‏ https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-020-00664-z

Ratten, V. (2024). Twenty-Three Years of Entrepreneurship-Related Research (2000‐2023): Published Works in Event Management. Event Management, 28(5), 797-802. https://doi.org/10.3727/152599523X16907613842174

Ritterbusch, G. D., & Teichmann, M. R. (2023). Defining the metaverse: A systematic literature review. Ieee Access, 11, 12368-12377.‏ https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3241809

Robert Case.(2021). International Journal of Research in Business and Management; Vol. 3 No. 1; February 2021 ISSN 2692-2266 (Online), 2692-2258 (Print) http://ijrbmnet.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/1-2.pdf

Santos, G., Marques, C. S., & Ratten, V. (2019). Entrepreneurial women’s networks: The case of D’Uva– Portugal wine girls. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research, 25(2), 298–322. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-10-2017-0418

Schumpeter, J. (1934). The theory of economic development Harvard University Press. Cambridge, MA.

Singh, J., Singh, R., & Singh, J. (2025). The Sport Metaverse: A Deep Dive into the Transformation of Sports Events. In J. Singh Rai, M. Itani, & A. Singh (Eds.), Internationalization of Sport Events Through Branding Opportunities (pp. 103-118). IGI Global Scientific Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-4038-7.ch007

Sivarajah, U., Irani, Z., Kamal, M. M., Weerakkody, V., & Dwivedi, Y. K. (2024). Metaverse and digital entrepreneurship: Opportunities, business models and policy implications. Government Information Quarterly. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2024.101866

Song, M. (2024). Web3. 0 Metaverse Business Model Innovation of Sports Media. International Journal of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication, 16(3), 64-76.‏ https://doi.org/10.7236/IJIBC.2024.16.3.64

Stephenson, N. (1992). Snow Crash. New York: Bantam Books.

Style, L. (2023). The Application of the Entrepreneurship Model of Future Research in the Era of Metaverse in Knowledge-Based Companies in the Field of Information Technology.

Syukur, A., Andono, P. N., & Syarif, A. M. (2024). Gamelan Land: A Multiplayer Virtual Reality Game based on a Social Presence Approach. Journal of Metaverse, 4(1), 1-10.‏ https://doi.org/10.57019/jmv.1334412

Thanachawengsakul, N., Wannapiroon, P., & Nilsook, P. (2019). The Knowledge Repository Management System Architecture of Digital Knowledge Engineering using Machine Learning to Promote Software Engineering Competencies. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning, 14(12).‏ https://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v14i12.10444

Tian, F., Zou, J., Li, K., & Li, Y. (2023). Kung Fu metaverse: A movement guidance training system. IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies.‏ https://doi.org/10.1109/TLT.2023.3317945

van Laar, E., van Deursen, A. J., van Dijk, J. A., & de Haan, J. (2018). 21st-century digital skills instrument aimed at working professionals: Conceptual development and empirical validation. Telematics and Informatics, 35(8), 2184-2200. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2018.08.006

Vural, E. (2024). The Entry of Sports Brands into the Metaverse. Spor ve Bilim Dergisi, 2(2), 43-59.‏

Watkins, B. (2018). Sport teams, fans, and twitter: The Influence of social media on relationships and branding. Rowman & Littlefield.‏ https://doi.org/10.5040/9781978731349

Weking, J., Desouza, K. C., Fielt, E., & Kowalkiewicz, M. (2023). Metaverse-enabled entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Venturing Insights, 19, e00375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbvi.2023.e00375

Wisnu Buana, I. M. (2023). Metaverse: Threat or Opportunity for Our Social World? In understanding Metaverse on sociological context . Journal of Metaverse , 3 (1) , 28-33 . https://doi.org/10.57019/jmv.1144470

YAZICI, A. M., ÖZKAN, A., & ÖZKAN, H. (2024). Meta: XR-AR-MR and Mirror World Technologies Business Impact of Metaverse. Journal of Metaverse, 4(1), 21-32.‏ https://doi.org/10.57019/jmv.1344489

Yemenici, A. D. (2022). Entrepreneurship in The World of Metaverse: Virtual or Real? . Journal of Metaverse , 2 (2) , 71-82 . https://doi.org/10.57019/jmv.1126135

Zhu, Y., Zhao, T., Sun, F., Jia, C., Ye, H., Jiang, Y., ... & Mao, Y. (2023). Multi-functional triboelectric nanogenerators on printed circuit board for metaverse sport interactive system. Nano Energy, 113, 108520.‏ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2023.108520