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ساخت و کاربری ابزارهای استخوانی در جوامع نوسنگی: مطالعهای بر ابزارهای استخوانی محوطۀ تپۀ پشتفرودگاه ملایر | ||
مطالعات باستان شناسی | ||
دوره 17، شماره 2 - شماره پیاپی 37، مرداد 1404، صفحه 33-65 اصل مقاله (2.2 M) | ||
نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22059/jarcs.2025.400621.143370 | ||
نویسندگان | ||
خلیل الله بیک محمدی* 1؛ فهیمه رحمانی2 | ||
1استادیار گروه باستان شناسی، دانشکدۀ میراث فرهنگی، صنایعدستی و گردشگری، دانشگاه مازندران، بابلسر، ایران (نویسندۀ مسئول). | ||
2کارشناسیارشد باستانشناسی، گروه باستانشناسی، دانشکدۀ هنر و معماری، دانشگاه بوعلیسینا، همدان، ایران. | ||
چکیده | ||
محوطۀ تپۀ پشتفرودگاه در دشت ملایر، در زمرۀ محوطههای شاخص جوامع نیمهکوچرو با اقتصاد معیشتی دامداری، از اواخر نوسنگی جدید در زاگرسمرکزی بهشمار میرود. در این دوران با تثبیت شیوههای کشاورزی و دامداری، منجر به گسترش و تنوع در ساخت ابزارهایی از مواد خام سنگ و بهویژه بقایای جانوران (استخوان) شده است. بقای استخوانهای جانوری بهدلیل دارا بودن ویژگیهایی همچون: انعطافپذیری، قابلیت پرداخت، مقاومت نسبی و دسترسی آسان، نقش مهمی در زندگی و معیشت جوامع نوسنگی داشته است. در این پژوهش، تعداد محدودی از ابزارهای استخوانی که با ابعاد و ویژگیهای ظاهری و عملکردی مختلف بهدست آمده از محوطۀ تپۀ پشتفرودگاه به روش توصیفی-تحلیلی و مقایسهای با سایر محوطههای شاخص زاگرسمرکزی مورد بررسی قرار خواهند گرفت. پرسش نخست در این باب آن است که، ابزارهای استخوانی بهدست آمده از محوطۀ پشتفرودگاه ملایر دارای چه ویژگیها و خصوصیات ریختشناسی و عملکردی هستند؟ دوم، با توجه به ساختار ابزارها، چه نقشی در زندگی روزمرۀ جوامع کوچرو و به چهمنظور مورداستفاده بودهاند؟ و پرسشآخر، بین ابزارهای این محوطه و سایر محوطههای همعصر و همافق خود، قرابت ساختاری و کارکردی وجود دارد؟ این پژوهش بهدنبال اهدافی چون: تحلیل ویژگیهای ریختشناسی، فناوری هوشمندانۀ مردمان و کارکرد احتمالی آنها و با کمک گرفتن از مطالعات باستانشناسی تجربی بوده است. یافتهها نشان میدهد که ابزارها عمدتاً دارای بدنۀ مخروطی، نوکتیز و سطح صیقل یافتهاند و آثار سایش که نشانگر استفادۀ مکرر بوده، قابل مشاهده است. نتایج این پژوهش بر اثبات نوعی تخصصگرایی در ساخت ابزارهاست؛ آگاهی درست از خواص موادخام استخوانی و شکلگیری نظام فناورانه همراه با ساختار اجتماعی پویا در دوران نوسنگی، بهویژه در جامعۀ نیمهکوچرو دامدار تپۀ پشتفرودگاه دلالت دارد؛ چراکه با تحلیل ابزارها و بازسازی جنبههای معیشتی میتوان تاحدی ساختار اجتماعی جوامع پیشازتاریخ را بررسی و درک بهتری در نحوۀ ساخت، استفاده و کاربرد از نوع ابزارهای استخوانی، بهویژه درفش و سوزنها در جوامع نوسنگی کوچرو ارائه کرد. | ||
کلیدواژهها | ||
نوسنگی؛ تپۀ پشتفرودگاه؛ ابزارهای استخوانی؛ درفش؛ تحلیل ریختشناسی | ||
عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
Manufacture and Use of Bone Tools in Neolithic Societies: Bone Tools from the Posht-e Forudgah Malayer Mound | ||
نویسندگان [English] | ||
Khalil-Ollah Beik-Mohammadi1؛ Fahimeh Rahmani2 | ||
1Assistant Professor, Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran (Corresponding Author). | ||
2M.A, in Archaeology, Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Art and Architecture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran. | ||
چکیده [English] | ||
The Posht-e Forudgah Malayer mound, located on the Malayer Plain in the Central Zagros, represents semi-nomadic communities whose subsistence economy during the Late Neolithic was based primarily on pastoralism. In this period, the integration of agricultural and herding practices encouraged the expansion and diversification of tools crafted from stone and, notably, from animal bone. Bone’s flexibility, workability, strength, and accessibility made it a crucial raw material in Neolithic daily life. This study examines a small assemblage of bone tools of varied sizes, morphologies, and functions recovered from Posht-e Forudgah. A descriptive-analytical and comparative approach was undertaken, juxtaposing these artifacts with assemblages from other Late Neolithic sites in the Central Zagros. The research addresses three questions: 1) What morphological and functional characteristics do the Posht-e Forudgah bone tools exhibit? 2) Based on structural features, what roles did they have in the lives of nomadic or semi-nomadic communities? 3) Do they show structural or functional affinities with tools from contemporary, horizon-sharing sites? The objectives include analyzing morphology, investigating the toolmakers’ technological skills, and assessing probable functions supported by experimental archaeological studies. The findings indicate predominantly conical-bodied, pointed, and polished tools, with wear traces revealing repeated use. Such patterns suggest specialized production, informed by accurate knowledge of bone properties and by a technological system embedded in the dynamic social structure of Late Neolithic semi-nomadic pastoralists. By studying these tools, the research contributes to reconstructing aspects of subsistence, offering insight into social organization, and deepening understanding of bone implement manufacture and uses—especially awls and needles—within nomadic Neolithic societies. | ||
کلیدواژهها [English] | ||
Late Neolithic, Posht-e Forudgah, Bone Tools, Awl, Morphometric Analysis | ||
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