| Super applications are a novel type of multi-sided online platforms whose developers have, in recent years, endeavored to expand market diversity, user base, and product popularity by offering a variety of services under a single platform. Despite the enhancement of user benefit through the use of super applications, neglecting the potential anti-competitive impacts of these enterprises—which have now obtained a considerable share of the digital economy in the countries where they operate—will have detrimental consequences. The present paper, adopting a descriptive-analytical approach, elucidates the concept of super applications and their characteristics, addresses questions such as the methods through which these enterprises threaten competition, and considers how competition authorities confront these enterprises. This paper demonstrates that attention to modern competitive assessment criteria, alongside a revision of definitions and policies, as well as the adoption of a proactive ex-ante approach by competition authorities against the potential abuse of dominant positions and the commission of competition-distorting concentrations by super applications, is necessary. In Iran, where the emergence of super apps is a recent phenomenon, competition law must prepare itself to address their anti-competitive practices, particularly the abuse of dominant positions and unjust market entries that restrict competition for rivals in various markets. |
۱. فارسی
الف) مقالات
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ب) قوانین و مقررات
- سیاستها و الزامات کلان حمایت از رقابت و مقابله با انحصار سکوهای فضای مجازی (۱۳۹۹)، مصوبۀ جلسۀ شمارۀ ۸۷ کمیسیون تنظیم مقررات شورای عالی فضای مجازی.
- قانون اجرای سیاستهای کلی اصل 44 قانون اساسی (۱۳۸۶).
ج) آرای قضایی
- دیوان عدالت اداری، ۱۳۹۹ (۱)، دادنامۀ شمارۀ ۹۹۰۹۹۷۰۹۰۴۲۰۰۹۱۲ به تاریخ ۰۸/۰۷/۱۳۹۹ صادره از شعبۀ ۴۵ (شعبۀ 42 سابق).
- دیوان عدالت اداری، ۱۳۹۹ (۲)، دادنامۀ شمارۀ ۹۹۰۹۹۷۰۹۵۵۹۰۳۰۴۹ به تاریخ ۲۱/۱۱/۱۳۹۹ صادره از شعبۀ ۲۶ تجدیدنظر.
د) منابع الکترونیک
- روابط عمومی مرکز ملی رقابت (۱۳۹۸). شورای رقابت رأی به محکومیت اسنپ فود صادر کرد. وبسایت مرکز ملی رقابت. مشاهده در تاریخ ۰۷/۰۱/۱۴۰۳. از
https://www.nicc.gov.ir/council/decisions-council/1635-555-20-1401.html
- انگلیسی
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- B) Laws
- Competition Act 2004 (Singapore).
- The Anti-Monopoly Law 2008 (The Peoples’s Republic of China).
- The Digital Markets Act 2023 (European Parliament).
- C) Websites & Documents
- Australian Competition & Consumer Commission (ACCC) (2019). Digital Platforms Inquiry- Final Report. https://www.accc.gov.au/system/files/Digital%20platforms%20inquiry%20-%20final%20report.pdf
- Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) (A) (2020), Abuse of dominance in digital markets. https://web-archive.oecd.org/2021-10-31/566602-abuse-of-dominance-in-digital-markets-2020.pdf
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- United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) (2021), Competition law, policy and regulation in the digital era. https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/ciclpd57_en.pdf
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