| تعداد نشریات | 127 |
| تعداد شمارهها | 7,124 |
| تعداد مقالات | 76,627 |
| تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 153,529,169 |
| تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 115,672,718 |
اثر همافزایی بیوچار و ریزجلبک در بهبود ویژگیهای فیزیکی یک خاک لومسیلتی متاثر از آتش | ||
| تحقیقات آب و خاک ایران | ||
| دوره 57، شماره 1، فروردین 1405، صفحه 169-188 اصل مقاله (2.34 M) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22059/ijswr.2026.408494.670077 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| مهسا کوهستانی1؛ سپیده ابریشم کش* 2؛ نسرین قربانزاده3؛ نفیسه یغمائیان3 | ||
| 1گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک- دانشکده علوم کشاورزی- دانشگاه گیلان-رشت-ایران | ||
| 2گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک- دانشکده علوم کشاورزی-دانشگاه گیلان-رشت-ایران | ||
| 3گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک-دانشکده علوم کشاورزی-دانشگاه گیلان-رشت-ایران | ||
| چکیده | ||
| راهحلهای طبیعتمحور برای بازیابی خاکهای آسیبدیده بهدلیل درنظر گرفتن تابآوری ذاتی و پایداری زیستبوم حائز اهمیت فراوان هستند، اما نیاز است کارایی چنین روشهایی در بهبود ویژگیهای خاکهای آسیبدیده مورد بررسی قرار گیرد. در پژوهش حاضر، یک خاک لومسیلتی از منطقه جنگلی تحتتاثیر آتش واقع در روبار استان گیلان تهیه و تحت تیمار افزودن سطوح 2 و 5 درصد وزنی بیوچار تولیدی از بقایای چوبی درخت کاج (تیمارهای B2وB5)، ریزجلبک Scenedesmus sp. (تیمار S) و ترکیب آنها (تیمارهای SB2و SB5) به خاک قرار گرفت. پس از یک دوره انکوباسیون شش ماهه، برخی ویژگیهای شیمیایی و فیزیکی مرتبط با ساختمان خاک اندازهگیری شدند. نتایج مقایسه میانگین نشان داد که بیوچار و ریزجلبک بهصورت منفرد و ترکیبی موجب افزایش معنادار pH، کربن آلی، جرم مخصوص ظاهری تخلخل و پایداری خاک شدند. بهغیر از تیمار S، سایر تیمارها موجب افزایش مقدار EC خاک شدند. تیمار SB5 با افزایش بهترتیب حدود 117 و 30 درصد بیشترین اثرگذاری را بر مقدار کربن آلی و تخلخل خاک داشت. بیشترین افزایش میانگین وزنی قطر خاکدانه (MWD) مربوط به تیمار Sو بیشترین افزایش میانگین هندسی قطر خاکدانه (GMD) و کاهش بعد فرکتال خاکدانه (FD) مربوط به SB2بود. GMD بیشتر، نشاندهندهی بهبود یکنواخت توزیع اندازه و FD کمتر، بیانگر خردشدگی کمتر خاکدانهها در تیمار SB2 است. بنابراین بیوچار با دارابودن کربن مقاوم و ایجاد تخلخل و ریزجلبک از طریق تثبیت فتوسنتزی کربن و ترشح پلیساکاریدهای چسباننده خاکدانهها، بهویژه در کاربرد ترکیبی با اثر همافزایی، بهطور مؤثر در افزایش کربن و بهبود پایداری خاکهای آسیبدیده عمل میکنند. | ||
| کلیدواژهها | ||
| بعد فرکتال؛ پایداری خاکدانهها؛ ذخیره کربن؛ راه حل طبیعت محور؛ میانگین وزنی قطر خاکدانه | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Synergistic Effect of Biochar and Microalgae on Improving the Physical Properties of a Fire-Affected Silt loam Soil | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Mahsa Koohestani1؛ Sepideh Abrishamkesh2؛ Nasrin Ghorbanzadeh3؛ Nafiseh Yaghmaean3 | ||
| 1Department of Soil Science and Engineering- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences-, University of Guilan,-Rasht-Iran | ||
| 2Department of Soil Science and Engineering-Faculty of Agricultural Sciences- Rasht-Iran | ||
| 3Department of Soil Science and Engineering-Faculty of Agricultural Sciences-Rasht-Iran | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| Nature-based solutions for the restoration of damaged soils are of great importance due to their consideration of intrinsic resilience and ecosystem sustainability. However, the efficacy of such methods, such as the application of biochar and photosynthetic microorganisms, in improving the properties of damaged soils needs to be examined. In the present study, a loamy silt soil from a fire-affected forest area in Roudbar, Gilan province, was collected and treated with 2% and 5% by weight biochar produced from pine wood residues (treatments B2 and B5), the microalgae Scenedesmus sp. (treatment S), and their combinations (treatments SB2 and SB5). After a six-month incubation period, some chemical and structural properties of the soil were measured. The mean comparison results showed that biochar and microalgae, both individually and in combination, significantly increased pH, organic carbon content, bulk density, porosity, and aggregate stability. Except for treatment S, all other biochar and microalgae treatments increased the soil's electrical conductivity (EC). Treatment SB5 showed the greatest effect, increasing soil organic carbon content and porosity by approximately 117% and 30%, respectively. The highest increase in mean weight diameter (MWD) was observed in treatment S, while the greatest increase in geometric mean diameter (GMD) and decrease in fractal dimension (FD) of aggregates were related to treatment SB2. A higher GMD indicates a more uniform size distribution, and a lower FD suggests less aggregate fragmentation in treatment SB2. Therefore, biochar, with its recalcitrant carbon content and ability to create porosity, along with microalgae through photosynthetic carbon fixation and the secretion of adhesive polysaccharides that bind soil aggregates—particularly in combined applications with a synergistic effect—effectively contributes to enhancing carbon storage and improving the stability of degraded soils. | ||
| کلیدواژهها [English] | ||
| Aggregate stability, Carbon sequestration, Fractal dimension, Mean weight diameter, Nature-based solution | ||
| مراجع | ||
|
Abiven, S., Menasseri, S., & Chenu, C. (2009). The effects of organic inputs over time on soil aggregate stability: A literature analysis. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 41, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2008.09.015 Agbeshie, A. A., Abugre, S., Atta-Darkwa, T., & Asare, R. O. (2022). A review of the effects of forest fire on soil properties. Journal of Forestry Research, 33, 1419–1441. http://dio.org/10.1007/s11676-022-01475-4 Andersen, R.A., (2013). The microalgal cell, in: Richmond, A., Hu, Q. (Eds.), Handbook of Microalgal Culture: Applied Phycology & Biotechnology. Wiley Blackwell, Hoboken, NJ, pp. 3–20. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118567166.ch1 Baiamonte, G., & Singh, V. P. (2017). Modelling the probability distribution of peak discharge for infiltrating hillslopes. Water Resources Research, 53(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016WR019864 Barszcz, W., Koncewicz-Baran, M., & Skiba, D. (2024). Impact of pyrolysis process conditions on the structure of biochar. Applied Sciences, 14(3), 1105. http://dio.org/10.1038/s41598-024-61394-8 Blake, G. R., & Hartge, K. H. (1986). Bulk density. In Methods of soil analysis: Part 1 Physical and mineralogical methods (pp. 363–375). Soil Science Society of America, Inc. http://dio.org/10.12691/aees-3-5-1 Brennan, L., & Owende, P. (2010). Biofuels from microalgae—A review of technologies for production, processing, & extractions of biofuels & co-products. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 14(2), 557–577. http://dio.org/10.1016/j.rser.2009.10.009 Burgeon, V., Fouché, J., Garré, S., Dekhordi, R. H., Colinet, G., & Cornelis, J.-T. (2022). Young and century-old biochars strongly affect nutrient cycling in a temperate agroecosystem. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 328, 107847. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2021.107847 Cantón, Y., Solé-Benet, A., Asensio, C., Chamizo, S., & Puigdefábregas, J. (2009). Aggregate stability in range sandy loam soils: Relationships with runoff and erosion. Catena, 77(3), 192–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2008.09.008 Certini, G. (2005). Effects of fire on properties of forest soils: A review. Oecologia, 143(1), 1–10. http://dio.org/10.1007/s00442-004-1788-8 Chagas, J. K. M., Figueiredo, C. C. de, & Ramos, M. L. G. (2022). Biochar increases soil carbon pools: Evidence from a global meta-analysis. Journal of Environmental Management, 305, 114403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114403 Chamizo S, Adessi A, Certini G, De Philippis R. (2020). Cyanobacteria inoculation as a potential tool for stabilization of burned soils. Restor Ecol, 28:S106-S114. http://dio.org/10.1111/rec.13092 Chatterjee, R., Madras, G., & Suresh, A. K. (2020). Effect of pyrolysis temperature on physico-chemical properties & gasification reactivity of sugarcane bagasse derived biochar. Frontiers in Energy Research, 8, 85. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2020.00085 Chen, H., Yu, S., Yu, Z., Liu, M., & Pei, H. (2024). Phycoremediation potential of salt-tolerant microalgal species: Motion, metabolic characteristics, and their application for saline–alkali soil improvement in eco-farms. Microorganisms, 12(4), 0676. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12040676 Chen, X., Lewis, S., Heal, K., Lin, Q., & Sohi, S. (2021). Biochar engineering and ageing influence the spatiotemporal dynamics of soil pH in the charosphere. Geoderma, 383, 114919. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2020.114919 Chicco, J. M., Mandrone, G., & Vacha, D. (2023). Effects of wildfire on soils: Field studies and modelling on induced underground temperature variations. Frontiers in Earth Science, 11, Article 1307569. http://dio.org/10.3389/feart.2023.1307569 Crouzet, O., Consentino, L., Pétraud, J.-P., Marrauld, C., Aguer, J.-P., Bureau, S., Le Bourvellec, C., Touloumet, L., & Bérard, A. (2019). Soil photosynthetic microbial communities mediate aggregate stability: Influence of cropping systems and herbicide use in an agricultural soil. Frontiers in Microbiology, 10, 1319. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019 Dai, W., Feng, G., Huang, Y., Tewolde, H., Shankle, M., & Jenkins, J. (2024). Cover crops and poultry litter impact on soil structural stability in dryland soybean production in Southeastern United States. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 88(1), e20676. https://doi.org/10.1002/saj2.20676 Dekker, L. W., & Jungerius, P. D. (1990). Water repellency in the dunes with special reference to the Netherlands. Catena, 17(2), 173–183. http://dio.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-51269-7.50012-6 Edeh, I. G., Joseph, S., Dufresne, A., & Lehmann, J. (2020). A meta-analysis on biochar's effects on soil water properties. Geoderma, 357, 113974. http://dio.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136857 Edeh, I., Mašek, O., & Buss, W. (2020). A meta-analysis on biochar's effects on soil water properties: New insights and future research challenges. The Science of the Total Environment, 714, 136857. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136857 Enders, A., Hanley, K., Whitman, T., Joseph, S., & Lehmann, J. (2012). Characterization of biochars to evaluate recalcitrance & agronomic performance. Bioresource Technology, 114, 644-653. http://dio.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.03.022 Faraji, F., Alijanpour, A., Sheidai Karkaj, E., & Motamedi, J. (2019). Effect of fire and rangeland banqueting on soil carbon sequestration in Atbatan summer rangelands, East Azerbaijan Province. ECOPERSIA, 7(1), 29-37. https://ecopersia.modares.ac.ir/article-24-18060-fa.html Fernelius, K.J. Madsen, M.D. Hopkins, B.G. Bansal, Sh. Anderson, V.J. Eggett, D.L. & Roundy, B.A. (2017). https://ecopersia.modares.ac.ir/article-24-18060-fa.html Post-fire interactions between soil water repellency, soil fertility & plant growth in soil collected from a burned pińon-juniper woodland. Journal of Arid Environments. 114:98-109. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140196317300721 García-Carmona, M., Arcenegui, V., García-Orenes, F., Mataix-Solera, J., (2020). The role of mosses in soil stability, fertility and microbiology six years after a post-fire salvage log ging management. J. Environ. Manag. 262, 110287. http://dio.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110287 García-Llamas, P., Suárez-Seoane, S., Fernández-Guisuraga, J. M., Fernández-García, V., Fernández-Manso, A., Quintano, C., et al. (2019). Evaluation and comparison of Landsat 8, Sentinel-2 and Deimos-1 remote sensing indices for assessing burn severity in Mediterranean fire-prone ecosystems. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 80, 137–144. http://dio.org/10.1016/j.jag.2019.04.006 Gómez-Rey, M. X., Otero, X. L., & López, R. (2013). Long-term effects of biochar on soil quality & fertility. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 178, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2013.06.020 Gross, A., Bromm, T., & Glaser, B. (2021). Soil organic carbon sequestration after biochar application: A global meta-analysis. Agronomy, 11(12), 2474. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11122474 Gufwan, L. A., Peng, L., Gufwan, N. M., Lan, S., & Wu, L. (2025). Enhancing soil health through biocrusts: A microbial ecosystem approach for degradation control and restoration. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 160, 108–118. http://dio.org/10.1007/s00248-025-02504-5 Heydari Nezhad, A. M. (2023). The effect of green microalgae Scenedesmus obliquus aqueous extract on enzyme production ability of Trichoderma species. MG Genetics, 1(1), 1735. http://mg.genetics.ir/article-1-1735-en.html Hu, J., Guo, H., Xue, Y., Gao, M.-T., Zhang, S., Tsang, Y. F., Li, J., Wang, Y., & Wang, L. (2019). Using a mixture of microalgae, biochar, & organic manure to increase the capacity of soil to act as a carbon sink. Journal of Soils & Sediments, 19(11), 3718–3727. http://dio.org/10.1007/s11368-019-02337-z International Biochar Initiative. (2015). Standardized product definition and product testing guidelines for biochar that is used in soil (Version 2.1). International Biochar Initiative. https://www.biochar-international.org Kalantari, Z., Ferreira, C. S. S., Pan, H., & Pereira, P. (2023). Nature‑based solutions to global environmental challenges. Science of The Total Environment, 880, Article 163227. http://dio.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163227 Kasper, M., Buchan, G. D., Mentler, A., & Blum, W. E. H. (2009). Influence of soil tillage systems on aggregate stability and the distribution of C and N in different aggregate fractions. Soil & Tillage Research, 105(1), 192–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2009.06.010 Khaji, P., Moezzi, A., Enayatizamir, N., Moradi, N., & Karimi, A. (2025). Effects of modified biochars on some biological and chemical properties of calcareous soil. Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research, 56(2), 373–388. https://doi.org/10.22059/ijswr.2024.384714.669826 Khan, T. F., & Nipu, A. A. M. (2019). Interaction between biochar & algae on problem soil. Journal of Materials Science & Chemical Engineering, 12, 56–68. https://doi.org/10.4236/msce.2024.121005 Knorr W, Arneth A, Jiang L (2016) Demographic controls of future global fire risk. Nat Clim Change, 6(8):781–785. http://dio.org/10.1038/nclimate2999 Lal, R. (2015). Restoring soil quality to mitigate soil degradation. Sustainability, 7(5), 5875–5895. http://dio.org/10.3390/su7055875 Leong, Y. K., & Chang, J. S. (2023). Microalgae-based biochar production & applications: A comprehensive review. Bioresource Technology, 389, 129782. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2023.128515 Liang, B., Lehmann, J., Sohi, S. P., Thies, J. E., O’Neill, B., & Trujillo, L. (2010). Black carbon affects the cycling of non-black carbon in soils of the western Amazon region. Biogeochemistry, 100(1), 235–246. http://dio.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2009.09.007 Li, J., Li, J., Hua, D., Li, S., Pang, Z., & Jiang, H. (2024). Research on the enhancement material and culture method of soil aggregates composed of feldspathic sandstone and sand. Scientific Reports, 14, 67073. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-67073-y Li, K., Yang, H., Han, X., Xue, L., Lv, Y., Li, J., Fu, Z., Li, C., Shen, W., Guo, H., & Zhang, Y. (2018). Fractal features of soil particle size distributions and their potential as an indicator of Robinia pseudoacacia invasion. Scientific Reports, 8, 7075. http://dio.org/10.1038/s41598-018-25543-0 Li, M., Wang, Q., Shen, S., Li, F., & Li, L. (2020). Heterogeneity of soil structure and fertility during desertification of alpine grassland in northwest Sichuan. Ecosphere, 11(11), e03161. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.3161 Li, Y., Yang, J., Yang, M., Wang, B., & Zhang, F. (2025). Biochar application reduces soil detachment capacity by overland flow under a continuous three-year field experiment on the Loess Plateau of China. International Soil & Water Conservation Research, 13(12), 687–698. http://dio.org/10.1016/j.iswcr.2025.04.002 Liu, Z., Dugan, B., Masiello, C. A., & Gonnermann, H. M. (2020). Biochar particle size, shape, and porosity act together to influence soil water properties. PLoS ONE, 15(1), e0227989. http://dio.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0179079 Llovet, J., Ruiz-Valera, M., Josa, R., & Vallejo, V. R. (2009). Soil responses to fire in Mediterranean forest landscapes in relation to the previous stage of land abandonment. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 18(2), 222-232. http://dio.org/10.1071/WF07089 Lopičić, Z., Antanasković, A., Milojković, J., Adamović, V., Mišić, M., Janjićijević, A., & Šoštarić, T. (2025). Physicochemical characterization and stability of biochars intended to be applied as soil amendments. Metallurgical & Materials Engineering Congress of South-East Europe. https://doi.org/10.30544/mmesee54 MacDonald, L.H., Larsen, I., (2009). Effects of forest fires & post-fire rehabilitation: a Colorado, USA case study. In: Cerdá, A., Robichaud, P.R. (Eds.), Fire Effects on Soils & Restoration Strategies. Science Publishers, Enfield, NH, USA, pp. 423–452. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781439843338-c16 Méndez, A., Terradillos, M., & Gascó, G. (2012). Physicochemical & agronomic properties of biochar from sewage sludge pyrolysed at different temperatures. Journal of Analytical & Applied Pyrolysis, 102, 124–130. http://dio.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2013.03.006 Mikha, M., Green, T., Untiedt, T., & Hergret, G. (2023). Land management affects soil structural stability: Multi-index principal component analyses of treatment interactions. Soil and Tillage Research, 237, 105890. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2023.105890 Muñoz‑Rojas, M., Machado de Lima, N. M., Chamizo, S., & Bowker, M. A. (2021). Restoring post‑fire ecosystems with biocrusts: Living, photosynthetic soil surfaces. Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health, 23, 100273. http://dio.org/10.1016/j.coesh.2021.100273 Najjar, A. A., Kuhn, A. J., Al-Tardeh, S. M., & Kuchendorf, C. M. (2021). Microalgae & biochar agro-fertilization of the Palestinian Rehan barley cultivar under salinity stress. Agronomy, 11(11), 2309. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11112309 Ngalani, G., Kagho, F., Peguy, N., Prudent, P., Ondo, J., & Ngameni, E. (2022). Effects of coffee husk and cocoa pods biochar on the chemical properties of an acid soil from West Cameroon. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 69, 744–758. https://doi.org/10.1080/03650340.2022.2033733 Ngui, M., Lin, Y., Wei, I., Wang, C., Xu, Y., & Lin, Y. (2024). Effects of the combination of biochar and organic fertilizer on soil properties and agronomic attributes of soybean (Glycine max L.). PLOS ONE, 19. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0310221 Nguyen, B., Dinh, G., Nguyen, T., Nguyen, D., Vu, T., Tran, H., Van Thai, N., Vu, H., & D., D. (2022). The potential of biochar to ameliorate the major constraints of acidic and salt-affected soils. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 22, 1340–1350. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-021-00736-1 Ning, Y., Han, L., Zhu, Y., & Li, H. (2025). Microalgae enhance the ameliorative effects of organic materials on soil treated by thermal desorption: Soil properties and nutrient cycling. Journal of Environmental Management, 392, 126737. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.126737 Novak, J. M., Busscher, W. J., Laird, D. L., Ahmedna, M., Watts, D. W., & Niandou, M. A. S. (2009). Impact of biochar amendment on fertility of a southeastern coastal plain soil. Soil Science, 174(2), 105–112. https://doi.org/10.1097/SS.0b013e3181981d9a Osman, A., Fawzy, S., Farghali, M., El-Azazy, M., Elgarahy, A., Fahim, R., Maksoud, M., Ajlan, A., Yousry, M., Saleem, Y., & Rooney, D. (2022). Biochar for agronomy, animal farming, anaerobic digestion, composting, water treatment, soil remediation, construction, energy storage, and carbon sequestration: A review. Environmental Chemistry Letters, 20, 2385–2485. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-022-01424-x Pagliai, M., Vignozzi, N., & Pellegrini, S. (2004). Soil structure and the effect of management practices. Soil & Tillage Research, 79, 131–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2004.07.002 Prats, S. A., Malvar, M. C., Vieira, D. C. S., MacDonald, L. H., & Keizer, J. J. (2014). Effectiveness of hydromulching to reduce runoff & erosion in a recently burnt pine plantation in central Portugal. Land Degradation & Development, 25(5), 433–444. http://dio.org/10.1002/ldr.2236 Rallo, G., Baiamonte, G., Juárez, J., & Provenzano, G. (2014). Improvement of FAO-56 model to estimate transpiration fluxes of drought tolerant crops under soil water deficit: Application for olive groves. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 140(7), 04014026. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)IR.1943-4774.0000760 Renuka, N., Guldhe, A., Prasanna, R., Singh, P., & Bux, F. (2018). Microalgae as multi-functional options in modern agriculture: Current trends, prospects and challenges. Biotechnology Advances, 36(4), 1255–1273. http://dio.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.04.004 Rhoades, J. D. (1996). Salinity: Electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids. In D. L. Sparks (Ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis: Part 3—Chemical Methods (pp. 417–435). Soil Science Society of America. http://dio.org/10.2136/msa2015.0039 Robichaud, P.R., Beyers, J.L., Neary, D.G., (2000). Evaluating the effectiveness of postfire rehabilitation treatments. GTR 63. USDA, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, p. 85. Robinson, D., Thomas, A., Reinsch, S., Lebron, I., Feeney, C., Maskell, L., Wood, C., Seaton, F., Emmett, B., & Cosby, B. (2022). Analytical modelling of soil porosity and bulk density across the soil organic matter and land-use continuum. Scientific Reports. 12. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-11099-7. Romeo, S., Certini, G., Fernández, C., Santín, C., & De La Rosa, J. M. (2020). Short-term effects of different fire severities on soil properties & Pinus halepensis regeneration. Forest Ecology & Management, 474. http://dio.org/10.1007/s11676-019-00884-2 Sahota, S., Vijay, V. K., Subbarao, P. M. V., Chandra, R., Ghosh, P., Shah, G., Kapoor, R., Vijay, V., Koutu, V., & Thakur, I. S. (2018). Characterization of leaf waste based biochar for cost effective hydrogen sulphide removal from biogas. Bioresource Technology, 250, 635–641. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.11.093 Schjønning, P., Mcbride, R., Keller, T., & Obour, P. (2017). Predicting soil particle density from clay and soil organic matter contents. Geoderma, 286, 83-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2016.10.020. Schmidt, M. W. I., Torn, M. S., Abiven, S., Dittmar, T., Guggenberger, G., Janssens, I. A., ... & Trumbore, S. E. (2011). Persistence of soil organic matter as an ecosystem property. Nature, 478(7367), 49–56. http://dio.org/10.1038/nature10386 Scott, D. A., & Page-Dumroese, D. S. (2016). Biochar as a soil amendment: A review of the literature. Forest Ecology & Management, 380, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2016.06.008 Shahbazi, K., Marzi, M., Mohammadi, M.H., Asadi, H., Fathi Garlidani, A., Hashemi, Nesb Zavareh, K.S., Toloi, R., Beheshti, M., Avizhgan, A. and Cheraghi, M. (2024). Methods of soil analysis: Sampling, chemical, and physical methods. Soil and Water Research Institute of Iran. ISBN: 978-622-6705-36-3. ISBN: 978-622-6705-36-3 Shang, X.-C., Zhang, M., Zhang, Y., Li, Y., Hou, X., & Yang, L. (2023). Combinations of waste seaweed liquid fertilizer & biochar on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) seedling growth in an acid-affected soil of Jiaodong Peninsula, China. Ecotoxicology & Environmental Safety, 260, 115075. http://dio.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115075 Shanthakumar, S., Abinandan, S., Venkateswarlu, K., Subashchandrabose, S., & Megharaj, M. (2020). Algalization of acid soils with acid-tolerant strains: Improvement in pH, carbon content, exopolysaccharides, indole acetic acid and dehydrogenase activity. Land Degradation & Development, 32, 3157–3166. https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.3849 Shojaeizadeh, K., Ahmadi, M., & Dadashi-Roudbari, A. (2023). Spatiotemporal changes of forest fire in vegetation areas of Iran based on MODIS sensor. Journal of Natural Environmental Hazards, 12(36). http://dio.org/10.22111/jneh.2022.41725.1881 Shtober‑Zisu, N., & Wittenberg, L. (2021). Long‑term effects of wildfire on rock weathering and soil stoniness in the Mediterranean landscapes. Science of The Total Environment, 762, 143125. http://dio.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143125 Singh, H., Northup, B., Rice, C., & Prasad, P. (2022). Biochar applications influence soil physical and chemical properties, microbial diversity, and crop productivity: A meta-analysis. Biochar, 4, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42773-022-00138-1 Sohi, S. P., Krull, E., Lopez-Capel, E., & Bol, R. (2010). A review of biochar and its use and function in soil. Advances in Agronomy, 105, 47–82. http://dio.org/10.1016/S0065-2113(10)05002-9 Song, X., Liu, J., Feng, Y., Zhou, C., Li, X., Yan, X., Ruan, R., & Cheng, P. (2024). Microalgae-based biofertilizers improve fertility and microbial community structures in the soil of potted tomato. Frontiers in Plant Science, 15, 1461945. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2024.1461945 Stoof, C.R. Ferreira, A.J.D. Mol, W. Van den Berg, J. De Kort, A. Drooger, S. Slingerland, E.C. Mansholt, A.U. Ferreira C.S.S. & Ritsema, C.J. (2015). Soil surface changes increase runoff & erosion risk after a low–moderate severity fire. Geoderma. 239– 240: 58–67. http://dio.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2014.09.020 Sun, J., Lu, X., Chen, G., Luo, N., Zhang, Q., & Li, X. (2023). Biochar promotes soil aggregate stability and associated organic carbon sequestration and regulates microbial community structures in Mollisols from northeast China. SOIL, 9, 261-275. https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-9-261-2023 Sun, J., Tu, S., Lu, X., & Li, X. (2025). Coupling of Biochar and Manure Improves Soil Carbon Pool Stability, Pore Structure, and Microbial Diversity. Agronomy. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15061384. Šurda, P., Vitková, J., Lichner, Ľ., Botková, N., & Toková, L. (2024, May 22). Effect of wettable and hydrophobic biochar addition on properties of sandy soil. Biologia, 80(5), 1247–1258. http://dio.org/10.1007/s11756-024-01702-9 Su, Z., Liu, X., Wang, Z., & Wang, J. (2024). Biochar effects on salt-affected soil properties and plant productivity: A global meta-analysis. Journal of Environmental Management, 366, 121653. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121653 Tyler, S. W., & Wheatcraft, S. W. (1992). Fractal scaling of soil particle-size distributions: Analysis and limitations. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 56(2), 362–369. http://dio.org/10.1016/S0016-7061(03)00138-1 Úbeda, X., & Bernia, S. (2005). Effects of prescribed fire on soil quality in Mediterranean grassland (Prades Mountains, north-east Spain). International Journal of Wildland Fire, 14(4), 379–384. http://dio.org/10.1071/WF05040 Ursino, N., & Rulli, M. C. (2010). Combined effect of fire & water scarcity on vegetation patterns in arid lands. Ecological Modelling, 221(19), 2353–2362. http://dio.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2010.06.018 Walkley, A., & Black, I. A. (1934). An examination of the Degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter, and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Science, 37(1), 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00010694-193401000-00003 Wang, Z., Pan, J., Lu, Z., Xia, L., Song, S., Hu, Y., & Li, Y. (2025). Microcoleus vaginatus: A novel amendment for constructing artificial soil from tailings. Environmental Technology & Innovation. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2024.103939 Wang, Z., Tan, J., Wu, C., Xia, L., & Song, S. (2025). Improving soil properties and microbial communities in copper tailings using montmorillonite-based Chlorella gel beads. Science of the Total Environment, 974, 179232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025 Welden, E. A., Chausson, A., & Melanidis, M. S. (2021). Leveraging nature-based solutions for transformation: Reconnecting people and nature. People and Nature, 3(5), 966–977. http://dio.org/10.1002/pan3.10212 Yi, S., Chang, Y. C., & Imhoff, P. T. (2020). Predicting water retention of biochar enriched soil from independent measurements of biochar and soil properties. Advances in Water Resources, 142, 103638. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2020.103638 Zanutel, M., Garré, S., Sanglier, P., & Bielders, C. (2023). Biochar modifies soil physical properties mostly through changes in soil structure rather than through its internal porosity. Vadose Zone Journal. https://doi.org/10.1002/vzj2.20301 Zhang, X., Liu, Y., & Zhang, L. (2017). The influence of microalgae on vegetable production & quality in hydroponic systems. Science of the Total Environment, 574, 1336–1343. http://dio.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118563 Zhang, X., Zhang, Y., & Wang, H. (2022). Soil algae for combating soil degradation: Greenhouse experiment with different soil amendments. Soil Research, 60(4), 309–318. https://doi.org/10.1071/SR22074 Zhang Y, Biswas A (2017) The effects of forest fire on soil organic matter & nutrients in boreal forests of North America: a review. Adapt Soil Manage 2017:465–476. http://dio.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3638-5_21 Zhang, Y., Miao, S., Song, Y., Wang, X., & Jin, F. (2024). Biochar Application Reduces Saline–Alkali Stress by Improving Soil Functions and Regulating the Diversity and Abundance of Soil Bacterial Community in Highly Saline–Alkali Paddy Field. Sustainability, 16(3), 1001. http://dio.org/10.3390/su16031001 Zhao, Y., Wu, T., Wang, W., Zhao, L., Liu, J., Jiang, Y., Zhou, W., & Hao, J. (2020). Research on the treatment of soil leachate by using microalgae. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 615, 012113. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/615/1/012113 Zhou, M., Liu, C., Wang, J., Meng, Q., Yuan, Y., Liu, X., Zhu, Y., Ding, G., Zhang, J., Zeng, X., & Du, W. (2020). Soil aggregates stability and storage of soil organic carbon respond to cropping systems on Black Soils of Northeast China. Scientific Reports, 10, 10991. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-57193-1 | ||
|
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 67 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 40 |
||