میز خدمت الکترونیک
دوره ویراستاری

  اخبار و اعلانات

 آمار

تعداد نشریات127
تعداد شماره‌ها7,238
تعداد مقالات77,638
تعداد مشاهده مقاله161,152,579
تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله120,808,052
مشیرزاده, حمیرا. (1405). تجویز در سیاستگذاری خارجی از منظر هانس جی. مورگنتا. , 12(2), 183-202. doi: 10.22059/jppolicy.2026.107810
حمیرا مشیرزاده. "تجویز در سیاستگذاری خارجی از منظر هانس جی. مورگنتا". , 12, 2, 1405, 183-202. doi: 10.22059/jppolicy.2026.107810
مشیرزاده, حمیرا. (1405). 'تجویز در سیاستگذاری خارجی از منظر هانس جی. مورگنتا', , 12(2), pp. 183-202. doi: 10.22059/jppolicy.2026.107810
مشیرزاده, حمیرا. تجویز در سیاستگذاری خارجی از منظر هانس جی. مورگنتا. , 1405; 12(2): 183-202. doi: 10.22059/jppolicy.2026.107810

تجویز در سیاستگذاری خارجی از منظر هانس جی. مورگنتا

سیاستگذاری عمومی
دوره 12، شماره 2، تیر 1405، صفحه 183-202    اصل مقاله (1.28 M)
نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی
شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22059/jppolicy.2026.107810
نویسنده
حمیرا مشیرزاده*
استاد روابط بین‌الملل، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران
چکیده
هنگامی که از واقع‌گرایی در روابط بین‌الملل سخن می‌گوییم، با توجه به اینکه همیشه از توجه این نظریه به قدرت، جنگ و تعارض در روابط بین‌الملل سخن می‌رود، بسیاری از دانشجویان و دانش‌پژوهان روابط بین‌الملل فرض را بر این می‌گذارند که اولاً واقع‌گرایی به عنوان نظریه‌‌ای تبیینی قاعدتاً نباید به تجویز سیاست خارجی بپردازد و ثانیاً اگر هم بخواهد از مبانی تبیینی به تجویز برسد، سیاست خارجی واقع‌گرا به معنای سیاست تهاجمی، تعارض‌گرایانه، قدرت­‌‌‌طلبانه و گسترش­‌‌‌جویانه است. در مقابل، هانس مورگنتا واقع‌گرای بنام کلاسیک، مواضعی بعضاً نقادانه و کاملاً تجویزی در مورد سیاست خارجی (به ویژه سیاست خارجی ایالات متحد) داشت و نسبت به سیاست­های گسترش‌‌‌‌طلبانه و تهاجمی همواره موضعی انتقادی می‌گرفت. پرسشی که در اینجا مد نظر قرار می‌گیرد این است که چگونه مبانی فرانظری و نظری واقع‌گرایی کلاسیک مورگنتایی، تجویز سیاست‌هایی میانه‌روانه را امکان‌پذیر می‌سازد؟ این مقاله بر آن است که با روشن‌ساختن مبانی صلح‌گرایانه، موضع اخلاقی معطوف به پیامد و نگاه مورگنتا به دانش نظری، به جایگاه مفهوم محوری خردمندی ملاحظه‌کارانه به عنوان موضع اصلی او در حوزه سیاستگذاری خارجی به محورهای تجویزی مشخصی برسد. مبنای مفهومی بحث را چارچوب حکمت عملی یا فرونسیس تشکیل می‌دهد و از روش تحلیل متن برای یافتن و فهم مواضع مورگنتا استفاده می‌شود. نتیجه اصلی این است که واقع‌گرایی مورگنتایی دچار تناقض درونی نیست بلکه خوانش ساده‌پندارانه و نادرست و/یا مصادره به مطلوب آن باعث عدم توجه یا اهمیت ندادن یا سردرگمی در میان برخی مخاطبان این مکتب شده است. 
کلیدواژه‌ها
واقع‌گرایی کلاسیک؛ هانس مورگنتا؛ سیاستگذاری خارجی؛ ملاحظه‌کاری؛ نظریه تجویزی
عنوان مقاله [English]
Hans Morgenthau and Foreign Policy Prescriptions
نویسندگان [English]
Homeira Moshirzadeh
Professor of International Relations, Faculty of Law and Political Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]
Realism as an explanatory theory in International Relations is often associated with an emphasis on the significance of power, war, and conflict in interstate affairs. Hence many students and scholars of international relations assume, first, that realism as an explanatory theory should not, in principle, prescribe foreign policy, and second, that if it were to move from explanation to prescription, a realist foreign policy would necessarily be aggressive, conflict-seeking, power-oriented, and expansionist. By contrast, Hans Morgenthau, the renowned classical realist, who took explicitly prescriptive positions on foreign policy—especially the foreign policy of the United States—frequently adopted a critical stance toward expansionist and aggressive policies. His prescription of moderation in foreign policies makes his position appear somehow in opposition to his emphasis on power and conflictual nature of international life. The question that arises here is how the metatheoretical and theoretical foundations of Morgenthau’s classical realism make possible the prescription of moderate policies. This article aims to clarify Morgenthau’s foreign policy prescription based on the peace-oriented foundations of his theory, his emphasis on ethics of responsibility, and his view of theoretical knowledge, to establish the centrality of the concept of prudence as his guiding principle. Phronesis is taken here as the guiding conceptual framework and textual analysis is applied to understand Morgenthau’s prescriptions. The main conclusion is that his Realism is far from being inconsistent if one avoids simplistic reading of his work and/or the fallacy of petitio principii.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
Classical Realism, Hans Morgenthau, Foreign Policy Making, Prudence, Prescriptive Theory
مراجع
  1. Beer, Francis (2004) Reviewed Work: Prudence: Classical Virtue, Postmodern Practice Robert Hariman, Philosophy & Rhetoric, 37, 2: 176-180.
  2. Beer, Francis and Robert Harima (2013) Maximizing Prudence in International Relations. Available at: https://www.e-ir.info/2013/02/12/maximizing-prudence-in-international-relations/
  3. Behr, H. and H. J. Sigwart (2018) Scientific Man and the New Science of Politics,” in Hans J. Morgenthau and the New American Experience. Edited by Cornelia Navari. Palgrave Macmillan: 75-94.
  4. Bessner, Daniel and Nicolas Guilhot (2015) How Realism Waltzed Off: Liberalism and Decisionmaking in Kenneth Waltz’s Neorealism, International Security 40, 2: 87-118. doi:10.1162/ISEC_a_00217
  5. Brostoff, David (2023) Politics among Realists: Morgenthau, Kissinger, and the Problem of Vietnam. Crimson Historical Review 6,1: 16-33.
  6. Brown, Chris (2007) “The Twilight of International Morality,” in Realism Reconsidered: The Legacy of Hans Morgenthau in International Relations. Edited by Michael Williams. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 42-61.
  7. Brown, Chris (2012) Practice, Prudence and International Relations Theory: Bourdieu, Aristotle and the Classical Realists, Spectrum: Journal of Global Studies, 4, 1: 27-46.
  8. Carr, Edward Holt (2021) The Twenty Years' Crisis 1919-39: An Introduction to the Study of International Relations. Translated by Vahid Bozorgy. Tehran: Qoms. (in Persian)
  9. Couloumbis, T. A. and Wolfe, J. H. (1990) Introduction to International Relations. Englewood Cliffs, N J: Prentice Hall.
  10. Cox, Michael (2007) “Morgenthau and the Cold War,” in Realism Reconsidered: The Legacy of Hans Morgenthau in International Relations. Edited by Michael Williams. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 166-194.
  11. Faure, Murray (2013) Understanding Aristotle’s Prudence and Its Resurgence in Postmodern Times, Phronimon 14, 2: 45-84.
  12. Fletcher, Guy (2019) “Taking Prudence Seriously,” Oxford Studies in Metaethics 14:70-94.
  13. Frey, L., Botan, C., & Kreps, G. (1999) Investigating Communication: An Introduction to Research
  14. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
  15. Foster, John (2025) “Power Minus Prudence: Trump’s Iran Fail,” The Battleground. Available at: http://thebattleground.eu/2025/6/27/powerminusprudence/
  16. Hariman, Robert (1991) “Prudence/Performance,” Rhetoric Society Quarterly, 21, 2: 26-35.
  17. Hariman, Robert (2003) “Prudence in the Twenty First Century,” in Prudence: Classical Virtue, Postmodern Practice. Edited by Robert Hariman. Penn State University Press: 287-319.
  18. Heywood, David and Ian Stronach (2005) Philosophy and Hermeneutics. in Research Methods in Social Sciences. Edited by Bridget Somekh and Cathy Lewin: 114-120.
  19. Jones, Marcus (2011) Strategy as Character: Bismarck and the Prusso-German Question, 1862–1878, in The Shaping of Grand Strategy: Policy, Diplomacy, and War, edited by Williamson Murray, Richard Hartsinnreich, and James Lacey Marine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 79-110.
  20. Kamminga, Menno R. (ND) Higher Prudence as the Supreme Virtue in International Politics. Available at: http://inter.philica.com.
  21. Ish-Shalom, Piki (2006) Theory as a Hermeneutical Mechanism: The Democratic-Peace Thesis and the
  22. Politics of Democratization. European Journal of International Relations 12, 4: 565–598. [DOI: 10.1177/1354066106069324]
  23. Kennan, George (1947) The Sources of Soviet Conduct, Foreign Affairs 25: 566-582.
  24. Klusmeyer, Douglas (2016) Death of the Statesman as Tragic Hero: Hans Morgenthau on the Vietnam War. Ethics & International Affairs 30, 1: 63 – 71. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0892679415000623
  25. Kroll, Jerome and Perry C. Mason (2021) Phronesis (Practical Wisdom), in The Virtues in Psychiatric Practice, edited by John R. Peteet. Oxford Academic Books. https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780197524480.003.0009
  26. Lang, Anthony F. (2007) “Morgenthau, Agency, and Aristotle,” in Realism Reconsidered: The Legacy of Hans Morgenthau in International Relations. Edited by Michael Williams. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 18-4.
  27. Molloy, Shan (2009) Aristotle, Epicurus, Morgenthau and the Political Ethics of the Lesser Evil. Journal of International Political Theory, 5,1: 94–112. DOI: 10.3366/E1755088209000342
  28. Morgenthau, H. (1949) “National Interest and Moral Principles in Foreign Policy: The Primacy of the National Interest,” American Scholar 18, 2: 207-12.
  29. Morgenthau, H. (1970) Truth and Power. New York: Praeger.
  30. Morgenthau, Hans J. (1962a) Politics in the Twentieth Century: The Decline of Democratic Politics. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
  31. Morgenthau, Hans J. (1962b) Politics in the Twentieth Century: The Impasse of American Foreign Policy. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
  32. Morgenthau, Hans J. (1962c) Politics in the Twentieth Century: The Restoration of American Politics. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
  33. Moshirzadeh, Homeira (2019) Political Theory and International Relations: On the Margins but Persistent, Quarterly Journal of World Politics 9, 4: 33-68 (in Persian)
  34. McKee, Alan (2003) Textual Analysis: A Beginner's Guide. Sage.
  35. Murray, A. J. H. (1996) The Moral Politics of Hans Morgenthau, Review of Politics 58, 1:81-108. doi:10.1017/S0034670500051676
  36. Neacsu, Mihaela (2009) Hans J. Morgenthau’s Theory of International Relations. Houndsmill, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
  37. Niekerk, A. and Nico Northje (2013) Phronesis and an Ethics of Responsibility, South African Journal of Biology 6,1: 28-32.
  38. Pengel, Thomas and Peter and Ahrensdorf (2005) Justice Among Nations. Translated by Mustafa Younesi. Tehran: Political and International Studies Office. (in Persian)
  39. Rafshoon, Ellen (2001) A Realist's Moral Opposition to War: Han J. Morgenthau and Vietnam. Peace and Change 26, 1: 55-78.
  40. Rynning, Sten (2022) “Critical, Restless, and Relevant: Realism as Normative Thought,” in Polarity in International Relations: Past, Present, Future, edited by Nina Græger, Bertel Heurlin, Ole Wæver and Anders Wivel. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan: 149–68.
  41. Scalzo, German and Helen Alford (2016) Prudence as Part of a Worldview: Historical and Conceptual Dimensions, in The Challenges of Capitalism for Virtue Ethics and the Common Good, edited by Kleio Akrivou and Alejo José G Sison. Cambridge University Press.
  42. Scheuerman, William E. (2009) Hans Morgenthau: Realism and Beyond. Cambridge: Polity.
  43. Schupman, Benjamin (2011) Morgenthau Mal Compris: The Philosophical Roots of Hans Morgenthau’s Political Realism. Germany: Omniscriptum (Formerly VDM Verlag Dr. Müller).
  44. Titscher, Stefan, Michael Meyer, Ruth Wodak and Eva Vetter (2000) Methods of Text and Discourse Analysis. Translated by Bryan Jenner. Sage.
  45. Venema, Dorien (2015) The Role of Prudence in IR Theory. MA Thesis. Nijmegen, Netherlands: Radboud University.
  46. Wight, M. (1966) Why Is There No International Theory? In H. Butterfield and M. Wight, eds., Diplomatic Investigations: Essays in the Theory of International Politics. London: Allen and Unwin.
  47. Williams, Michael (2007a) “Introduction,” in Realism Reconsidered: The Legacy of Hans Morgenthau in International Relations. Edited by Michael Williams. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 1-17.
  48. Williams, Michael (2007b) “Neoconservatism, National Greatness, and Realism,” in Realism Reconsidered: The Legacy of Hans Morgenthau in International Relations. Edited by Michael Williams. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 216-240.
  49. Wrightson, Patricia Stein (1996) Morality, Realism, and Foreign Affairs: A Normative Realist Approach, in Roots of Realism, edited by Benjamin Frankel. London and New York: Routledge: 354-388.
  50. Zambernardi, Lorenzo (2020) “The Limits of Power: Knowledge, Ethics, and Foreign policy in Hans J. Morgenthau’s International Theory,” International Relations 36,1: 3-22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0047117820935621
  51. Zarnett, David (2017) “What Does Realist Foreign Policy Activism Tell Us About Realist Theory?” Foreign Policy Analysis 13, 3, July: 618–637, https://doi.org/10.1111/fpa.12074
آمار
تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 226
تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 26





سامانه مدیریت نشریات علمی. قدرت گرفته از سیناوب