Dietary Thymol Mitigates Ammonia-Induced Hepatic Stress and Inflammation in Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) | ||
| Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine | ||
| مقالات آماده انتشار، پذیرفته شده، انتشار آنلاین از 25 مرداد 1405 | ||
| نوع مقاله: Original Articles | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22059/ijvm.2026.416093.1006129 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| Seyyed Morteza Hoseini* 1؛ Morteza Yousefi2؛ Evgeny Vladimirovich Kulikov2؛ Seyed Hossein Hoseinifar3؛ Arfenia Semenovna Karamian2؛ Aleksandr Vladimirovich Tkachev2؛ Kristina Viktorovna Shepeleva2 | ||
| 1Inland waters aquatics resources research center, Iranian fisheries sciences research institute | ||
| 2RUDN University | ||
| 3Gorgan University of agricultural Sciences | ||
| چکیده | ||
| Background: Ammonia toxicity is a critical environmental challenge in aquaculture that compromises fish health through oxidative stress and inflammation. Objective: This study investigated the potential of dietary thymol, a phytogenic bioactive compound, to mitigate the adverse effects of chronic unionized ammonia exposure in common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Methods: Juvenile fish (initial weight: 10.41 ± 0.23 g) were distributed into 12 aquaria (10 fish per tank) and assigned to four triplicate treatments for eight weeks: a negative control (NC; clean water + basal diet), a positive control (PC; 0.06 mg/L unionized ammonia + basal diet), and two ammonia-exposed groups receiving diets supplemented with 100 mg/kg (T1) or 400 mg/kg (T2) of thymol. At the end of the trial, hepatic mRNA expression of stress, inflammatory, and antioxidant-related genes was analyzed. Results: Chronic ammonia exposure significantly suppressed the expression of heat shock protein 70 (hsp70) and the anti-inflammatory cytokine il10, while up-regulating pro-inflammatory markers (il1-b, tnfa, and nf-kb). Furthermore, the ammonia-exposed group exhibited an up-regulation of keap1 and a downward trend in nrf2 expression, indicating an impaired antioxidant response. Conversely, dietary thymol supplementation, particularly at 400 mg/kg (T2), successfully restored the expression of hsp70 and il10 and neutralized the ammonia-induced up-regulation of il1b and tnfa. Both thymol treatments significantly enhanced the Nrf2/Keap1 pathway by suppressing keap1 and markedly boosting nrf2 transcript levels compared to the PC group. Although thymol attenuated the up-regulation of nf-kb, levels remained higher than the NC group. Conclusion: Our findings demonstrate that dietary thymol effectively mitigates ammonia-induced hepatic stress and inflammatory responses in common carp. By modulating the Nrf2/Keap1 and NF-κB pathways, thymol enhances the physiological resilience of fish, suggesting its potential as a functional feed additive in aquaculture systems facing environmental stressors. | ||
| کلیدواژهها | ||
| Phytogenics؛ Ammonia toxicity؛ Gene expression؛ Oxidative stress؛ Inflammation | ||
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آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 72 |
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