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برآورد هزینۀ خارجی گرمایش جهانی ناشی از بهره‌برداری آزادراههای کشور | ||
| محیط شناسی | ||
| مقاله 17، دوره 39، شماره 3، مهر 1392، صفحه 201-213 اصل مقاله (393.1 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22059/jes.2013.35903 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| محمود عامری1؛ فاطمه زاهد* 2 | ||
| 1دانشیار دانشکده مهندسی عمران دانشگاه علم و صنعت و رئیس پژوهشکده حمل و نقل دانشگاه علم و صنعت ایران | ||
| 2مربی و مدیر امور پژوهشی پژوهشکده حمل و نقل دانشگاه علم و صنعت ایران | ||
| چکیده | ||
| بخش حمل و نقل و به ویژه حمل و نقل جاده‌ای به‌منزلۀ مهم‌ترین بخش مصرف‌کنندۀ انرژی، بعد از بخش نیروگاهی، اصلی‌ترین عامل گرمایش جهانی است. در ادبیات اقتصادی، هزینه‌هایی که عاملان ایجاد‌کنندۀ آن‌ها (کاربران حمل و نقل) پرداخت نکرده و به اجتماع تحمیل شده‌اند، هزینه‌های خارجی شناخته می‌شوند. طبق نظریۀ رفاه اقتصادی هر هزینه‌ای که در جامعه ایجاد می‌شود، باید از عاملان آن دریافت شود. بنابراین، باید معادل پولی هزینۀ خارجی گرمایش جهانی برآورد شود، تا بتوان از عاملان آن در قالب عوارض یا شیوه‌های دیگر قیمت‌گذاری تردد در معابر أخذ کرد. در ایران هنوز برآورد پولی مناسبی از هزینۀ گرمایش جهانی ناشی از فعالیت بخش حمل و نقل جاده‌ای وجود ندارد. در این مقاله این شکاف تحقیقاتی مدنظر قرار می‌گیرد و با استفاده از مدل ریاضی، هزینۀ خارجی گرمایش جهانی برای وسایل نقلیۀ مختلف (سواری، مینی‌بوس، اتوبوس، کامیون و تریلی) در جاده‌های کشور برآورد می‌شود. مدل برای آزادراههای کشور اجرا و نتایج آن ارائه می‌شود.نتایج حاکی است که هر دستگاه سواری، وانت و مینی‌بوس، اتوبوس، کامیون و تریلی به ترتیب هزینۀ گرمایش جهانی معادل 3/10، 3/31، 0/94، 0/94 و 8/135 ریال را به ازای هر کیلومتر طی‌شده، ایجاد می‌کنند. بدیهی است که تریلی‌ها به علت سوخت بالاتری که مصرف می‌کنند هزینۀ بیشتری نیز دارند. از مجموع 360 میلیارد ریال هزینۀ سالیانه ناشی از نشر دی اکسید کربن در آزاد‌راه‌ها، 30 درصد سهم کامیون‌های سنگین و 25 درصد سهم سواری و وانت است. نتایج به‌دست‌آمده از این مقاله می‌تواند کمک شایانی برای سیاست‌گذاران حمل و نقل جاده‌ای در جهت تعیین عوارض دقیق‌تر برای جاده‌ها باشد. عوارضی که در حال حاضر در آزاد‌راه‌ها أخذ می‌شود حتی جبران‌کنندۀ سهم هزینۀ خارجی گرمایش جهانی نیز نیست. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| حمل و نقل جاده‌ای؛ هزینۀ خارجی؛ گرمایش جهانی؛ گازهای گلخانه‌ای؛ دی اکسید کربن | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Estimating Global Warming External Costs Due to Road Transportation in Iran (Case study: Expressways) | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Mahmoud Ameri1؛ Fatemeh Zahed2 | ||
| 1Associate professor of Iran university of science and technology and head of transportation research institute | ||
| 2Instructor of transportation research institute and manager of research affairs, TRI | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| After power stations, transportation section, especially road traffic, is known as the most important cause of climate change. In the transportation literature these costs, known as the external costs, are not paid by people who cause them. Conversely, based on the economic welfare theory, any cost that takes place in society must be paid by people who cause it. So these costs must be recognized to be converted into the monetary value. The values, then, must be taken by charges or other ways taxes. In Iran, there is no research that relates to the issue of external cost of climate change. Therefore, there is no monetary value of climate change costs due to road transportation in Iran yet. In this paper, this research gap is considered and a mathematical model is used to estimate the mentioned costs. The results are obtained for different vehicles in road transportation including car, mini bus, bus, truck and other vehicles. The model is run for freeways in Iran. The results of the model indicate that external costs of global warming are 10.3, 31.3, 94, 94 and 135.8 Rials for 1 Km mileage of each passenger car & pickup, mini bus & light truck, two and three axle trucks, bus and heavy trucks, respectively. Annual external cost of CO2 emission in freeways is also approximately 360 billion Rials, 30% of which is the contribution of heavy trucks, passenger cars & pickup take the second place with the share of 25%. The results of this paper can certainly help the policymakers to make good, precise and fair decisions related to the charges of road transportation. Introduction Road transportation, primarily, due to its unique characteristics have a special position among various transportation modes. Road transportation is the most available and easy to use mode of transport in Iran. But the transportation has negative impacts too. Road transportation activity imposes external costs such as air pollution costs, noise costs, climate change costs and etc. What should be considered in external costs is that the contribution of the road transport, as international studies show, is around 92% of total external costs of the transport sector. Climate change or global warming is one of the major threats to humanity in the 21th century. After energy section, transportation section especially road transportation, is known as the most important cause of climate change. In the transportation literature these costs, known as the external costs, are not paid by people who cause them. Conversely, based on the economic welfare theory, any cost that takes place in society must be paid by people who cause it. These costs cause loss of a considerable amount of public resources. For example, the external costs for 17 European countries for year 1995 have been around 975 billion dollars. This costs has been estimated around 600 billion dollars for US in 1989. So, these costs must be recognized to be converted into monetary value and then these costs must be taken by charges or other ways of road pricing. This paper is based on a theoretical-practical research which deals with one of the major challenges of the present transportation by employing quantitative techniques and statistical and econometrics models. Methods In Iran, there is no research that relates to an issue of external cost of climate change. Therefore, there is no monetary value of climate change costs in Iran yet. Unfortunately, the government is not attentive to external costs; although the topic has been highlighted in recent years and some studies have been conducted regarding the subject. Yet, these costs are not considered in economical transactions. In this paper, this research gap is considered and a mathematical model is used to estimate the costs of climate change. The results are obtained for different vehicles in road transportation including passenger car and pickup, mini bus, bus, two and three axles truck and heavy truck. The model is run for Expressways in Iran and results are demonstrated. Estimation of some of the parameters existing in the model would take a long time and require a much budget. So, these parameters were extracted from the literature. To estimate the global warming costs, a simple model from GRACE project has been adopted. Table 1 shows more details of the mentioned model. Table 1. The model for Estimating costs of global warming Model Name Estimating costs of global warming Model Variable متغییر Description Unit/Comment Variables Cost of global warming due to greenhouse gases Monetary unit per vehicle factor-Direct emission Gram per 1 KM-Vehicle Damage factor-Direct emission Monetary unit/gram Fuel consumption factor gram per 1 KM-Vehicle Damage factor-fuel production monetary unit/gram Transportation mode Road, Rail, … Technology of Vehicles Fuel type, environmental standards Greenhouse gas CO2 Place Urban/Rural Fuel type Gasoline, Gasoil, … The required data for this model has been prepared. These data items include price of 1 tone of Co2, amount of Co2 released by each vehicle type and amount of Co2 released from fuel production. External costs of global warming are estimated for expressway network of Iran based on the model presented in previous paragraph and in Table 1. The first step of this phase is to select a representative sample of Iran's expressways. Totally 13 expressways were selected. It was tried to select a sample representative of Iran’s expressway network to facilitate generalization of the results. In the next step, a lot of information regarding the selected roads (including length of road, daily traffic volume, statistics of vehicle types, and etc.) from different data sources has been collected, aiming at using this information in appropriately in the model. In addition, vehicles have been classified in five main classes. After gathering the required information, the model was employed and the external costs of global warming have been estimated corresponding to different types of vehicles. Discussion and Conclusions Table 2 shows the average global warming external cost of 1 KM mileage of each vehicle type. Table 2. Average global warming external costs of 1 KM mileage of each vehicle type(RIAL) Vehicle types Passenger car and Pickups Minibus and light trucks Two and three axle trucks Bus Heavy trucks (>3 axle) Expressway 10.3 31.3 94 94 135.8 The values in above table have a straightforward interpretation. As an example, a user of passenger car or a pickup must pay 10.3 Rials passing 1 KM of expressway as a compensation of global warming external costs. This value is 135.8 and 94 for heavy trucks and buses, respectively. The results indicate that annual external cost of co2 emission in Expressways is approximately 360 billion Rials, 30% of which is the contribution of heavy trucks with more than 3 axles followed by passenger cars and pickups with the share of 25%. The considerable amount of these external costs is a good index to realize the importance of external costs of Iran’s road transport. It should be noted that these costs are different from many non-monetary effects which external costs impose to society. This involves careful attention of governors and macro-level decision makers to external costs and their issues to provide appropriate solutions to reduce or internalize these costs. It should be noted that the main and most important solution to reduce and manage external costs is road pricing and charging road users. The experience of this solution in the world has shown that besides reducing external costs, a considerable financial resources is gathered from user charging, which can be used in more transportation infrastructure developments. The results of this paper can certainly help the policymakers to make good, precise and fair decisions related to the charges of road transportation. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| climate change, CO2, external cost, Greenhouse Gas, road transportation | ||
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