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اندازهگیری بقایای سموم کشاورزی ارگانوکلره در رودخانههای استان مازندران از طریق دستگاه ECD GC-پس از پیشتغلیظ به روش استخراج فاز جامد | ||
محیط شناسی | ||
مقاله 16، دوره 40، شماره 3، آذر 1393، صفحه 765-773 اصل مقاله (1.13 M) | ||
نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22059/jes.2014.52219 | ||
نویسندگان | ||
شیوا دهقان آبکنار* 1؛ سید مرتضی حسینی2؛ حسین اسماعیلی قلزوم3؛ قربانعلی خدابخشی4؛ ناصر مهردادی5 | ||
1استادیار گروه شیمی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد سوادکوه، مازندران | ||
2استادیار گروه نانوبیوتکنولوژی، دانشکدۀ علوم و فنون، دانشگاه تهران | ||
3مربی گروه مهندسی محیطزیست، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد سوادکوه، مازندران | ||
4کارشناس ارشد سازمان آب منطقهای مازندران، مازندران | ||
5دانشیار گروه مهندسی محیطزیست، دانشکدۀ محیطزیست، دانشگاه تهران | ||
چکیده | ||
سموم کشاورزی ارگانوکلره به علت خاصیت تجمعی، سرطانزایی و تأثیر در سیستم عصبی انسان اهمیت زیادی دارند. این سموم به علت طبیعت لیپوفیلیک، آبگریزی و سرعت پایین تخریب شیمیایی و بیولوژیکی، در بافتهای بیولوژیکی جمع و وارد چرخۀ غذایی میشوند بنابراین، این آلایندهها در حد غلظت نانو میتوانند خطر جدی برای سلامت انسان محسوب شوند. از آنجا که رودخانهها مهمترین منبع آب آشامیدنی محسوب میشوند، بررسی کیفیت آب آنها از جهت حضور آفتکشها قبل از استفاده در جوامع بسیار مهم است. در این مطالعه، غلظت بقایای سموم کشاورزی ارگانوکلره در 6 ایستگاه از 2 رودخانۀ استان مازندران (تالار و تجن) طی ماههای مختلف سال اندازهگیری شد. پس از آمادهسازی نمونهها، پیشتغلیظ سموم در نمونهها به روش استخراج فاز جامد صورت گرفت و آنالیز نمونهها به روش کروماتوگرافی از طریق دستگاه ECD GC- انجام شد. از بین 20 نوع سم اندازهگیریشده بالاترین غلظت مربوط به سموم لیندان، هپتا کلر، 4,4'-DDE و 4,4'-DDD است. با توجه به نتایج، تمامی غلظتهای اندازهگیریشده کمتر از ماکزیمم مقدار کل آلودگی اعلامشده از سوی سازمان بهداشت جهانی (WHO) و آژانس حفاظت محیطزیست امریکا (EPA) برای سموم ارگانوکلره است. باوجود این، از بین ایستگاههای مورد مطالعه، ایستگاه کردخیل دارای حداکثر آلودگی تشخیص داده شد. بررسی نقشههای کاربری و شیب اراضی نشان میدهد که ایستگاه کردخیل به علت حداقل ارتفاع و شیب و با کاربری اراضی کشاورزی با سطح زیاد، نسبت به سایر ایستگاهها باقیماندۀ سموم کشاورزی بیشتری دارد. | ||
کلیدواژهها | ||
استخراج فاز جامد؛ رودخانه؛ سموم ارگانوکلره (OCPs)؛ کروماتوگرافی گازی | ||
عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
Determination of Organochlorine Pesticides in River Waters by GC-ECD after Solid Phase Extraction, Mazandaran | ||
نویسندگان [English] | ||
Shiva Dehghan Abkenar1؛ Morteza Hosseini2؛ Hosein Esmaili Gholzoom3؛ Ghorban Ali Khoda Bakhshi4؛ Naser Mehrdadi5 | ||
1Assistant Professor, Department of Chemistry, Islamic Azad University, Savadkooh Branch, Mazandaran, Iran | ||
2Assistant Professor, Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran | ||
3Ph.D Candidate, Islamic Azad University, Savadkooh Branch, Mazandaran, Iran | ||
4Expert on Surface Water, Mazandaran Regional Water Company, Mazandaran, Iran | ||
5Associate Professor, Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran | ||
چکیده [English] | ||
Introduction Several hundred pesticides of different chemical compositions are currently used for agricultural and vector control purposes all over the world. Because of their extensive use, they are detected in various environmental matrices, such as soil, water, and air. Due to their lipophilic nature, hydrophobicity, and low chemical and biological degradation rates, organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) have led to their accumulation in the biological tissues and subsequent magnification of concentrations in the organisms due to the progress up the food chain. The organochlorine pesticides group includes DDT (dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane), methoxychlor, aldrin, dieldrin, chlordane, toxaphene, endrin, heptachlor, and lindane (gamma isomer of benzene hexachloride (BHC)). These are trade names for closely related hydrocarbon compounds to which several chlorine atoms have been joined. Residues of OCPs were detected in almost all environmental compartments, including water bodies, food, fish, and milk as well as in human beings. Materials and Methods In this study, the residue levels of 20 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were found in the river water samples obtained from the different regions of Mazandaran province, Iran. Total water samples, from 6 sampling sites, were collected every two months between 2010 and 2011. For this study, a total of 56 water samples from 6 sampling sites were collected. All the water samples were collected in high purity glass bottles and immediately transported to the laboratory. After this, the samples were stored at +4°C and extraction of the OCPs was performed within 48 h. Some instruments were used for this experiment. 5.0 mL LiChrolut® EN cartridges were purchased from Merk, Germany. The vacuum assembly was homemade and the vacuum was generated by the homemade vacuum pump. The analysis of the reported OCPs after extraction was carried out by gas chromatography. Gas chromatograph used was of Agilent GC 6890 N with an electron capture detector (GC-ECD). The column used was HP-5 (30 m x 0.32 mm, IP 0.25 µm) and obtained from Sigma Chemical Co., USA. Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) methodology was developed by spiking of 1.0 mL of organochlorine pesticides mixture of 1.0 mg/mL concentration each (in methanol-water) in 499.0 mL tap water. This mixture was shaken for about 30 minutes. The spiked water sample was kept at room temperature overnight. C18 Cartridge was pre-conditioned by using methanol (10.0 mL) followed by water (10.0 mL). After equilibrium, 0.5 L of the spiked water was passed through this cartridge at 10.0 mL/min flow rates. The elution of OCPs was carried out by using ethyleacetate at different flow rates 1.0 mL/min. This methodology was applied to the natural conditions by replacing spiked water by Telar and Tajan rivers water and the results were compared. Results and Discussion The separations of these pesticides in a water sample are shown in Fig. 1. Fig. 1. GC Chromatograms of organochlorine pesticides in a water sample The developed SPE and GC methodologies were applied for the analysis of organochlorine pesticides in the Telar and Tajan rivers. For this purpose, river water samples were collected from the Telar and Tajan rivers at 6 different sites. The values of concentration of the organochlorine pesticides observed are given in Table 1. Table 1. Concentration of organochlorine pesticides in the Telar and Tajan rivers pesticides Amount (ng/ml) Station number 1 2 3 4 5 6 maximum residue limit established by FAO/WHO α-BHC β-BHC γ-BHC δ-BHC 0. 180 0.195 0.160 0.103 0.099 0.108 ∑BHC 4 ng/ml Heptachlor heptachlor epoxide 0.038 0.036 0.034 0.031 0.038 0.041 ∑hep 10 ng/ml aldrin dieldrin 0.012 0.014 0.008 0.010 0.010 0.009 ∑di+al 30 ng/ml γ -chlordane α -chlordane 0.008 0.011 0.018 0.006 0.007 0.025 ∑ γ +α30 ng/ml endosulfan I, II , sulfate 0.022 0.040 0.027 0.021 0.037 0.018 ∑enП+I30ng/ml 4,4'-DDE 4,4'-DDD 4,4'-DDT 0.060 0.056 0.055 0.082 0.146 0.034 ∑DD100 ng/ml endrin endrin ketone endrin aldehyde 0.060 0.034 0.038 0.065 0.064 0.076 ∑en 20 ng/ml methoxychlor 0.003 0.005 0.007 0.003 0.015 0.002 40 ng/ml Conclusions The developed SPE and GC methods were used for the separation, identification, and quantification of organochlorine pesticides in the water of Telar and Tajan rivers. The reported values of pesticides in the Telar and Tajan rivers water indicates that the rivers aren't polluted. Besides, these methodologies are rapid, selective and reproducible. The percentage extractions of organochlorine pesticides are quite good. Therefore, these methods can be used for the analysis of organochlorine pesticides in waste, surface, ground and mineral water samples. | ||
کلیدواژهها [English] | ||
chromatography, organochlorine pesticide, pesticide, solid phase extraction | ||
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