پیوندهای مفید
اخبار و اعلانات
آمار
| تعداد نشریات | 161 |
| تعداد شماره‌ها | 6,532 |
| تعداد مقالات | 70,500 |
| تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 124,084,910 |
| تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 97,189,014 |
تعیین فراوانی و پارازیتیسم پارازیتوییدهای مراحل لاروی و شفیرگی بید کلم، Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) در چهار منطقۀ زیستی ایران | ||
| دانش گیاهپزشکی ایران | ||
| مقاله 7، دوره 45، شماره 2، مهر 1393، صفحه 265-278 اصل مقاله (831.23 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22059/ijpps.2014.53503 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| حمیدرضا پوریان1؛ رضا طلایی حسنلویی* 2؛ احمد عاشوری3؛ حسین لطفعلی زاده4؛ جاماسب نوذری5 | ||
| 1دانشجوی دکتری، گروه گیاهپزشکی، پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تهران، کرج | ||
| 2دانشیار، گروه گیاهپزشکی، پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تهران، کرج | ||
| 3استاد گروه گیاهپزشکی، پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تهران، کرج | ||
| 4دانشیار، بخش تحقیقات گیاهپزشکی، مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان آذربایجان شرقی، تبریز | ||
| 5استادیار گروه گیاهپزشکی، پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تهران، کرج | ||
| چکیده | ||
| فراوانی و پارازیتیسم پارازیتوییدهای لاروی و شفیرگی شب‌پرۀ پشت‌الماسی،Plutella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) در مزارع کشت چلیپاییان چهار منطقۀ زیستی شامل استان‌های گلستان، البرز، اصفهان و خوزستان طی سال‌های 1389 و 1390 تعیین شد. در مجموع شش گونه پارازیتویید لاروی شامل (Kurdjumov, 1912) Cotesia vestalis (=plutellae) (در هر چهار منطقۀ زیستی)،Apanteles sp. (کرج و اصفهان)، Bracon hebetor Say (کرج) هر سه از خانوادۀ Braconidae، Microplitis sp. (دزفول) و Diadegma semiclausum (Hellen) (کرج، اصفهان و دزفول) از خانوادۀ Ichneumonidae و Oomyzus sokolowskii (Kurdjumov) (کرج و اصفهان) از خانوادۀ Eulophidae، یک گونۀ پارازیتویید شفیرگی Diadromus subtilicornis (Gravenhorst) (اصفهان و دزفول) از خانوادۀ Ichneumonidae و دو هیپرپارازیتویید شفیره از جنس‌هایMokrzeckia (دزفول) و Pteromalus (کرج و اصفهان) هر دو از خانوادۀ Pteromalidae جمع‌آوری شد. گونۀ C. vestalis تنها گونه‌ای بود که در همۀ مناطق زیستی تحت بررسی حضور داشت و فراوانی عمدۀ آن مربوط به ماه‌های گرم سال بود. برخلاف تحقیقات قبلی حضور و فعالیت خوب این گونه در نواحی با ارتفاع کم (حدود 140 متر از سطح دریا) نیز مشاهده شد. گونۀ D. semiclausum به عنوان فراوان‌ترین زنبور پارازیتویید در مناطق زیستی البرز، اصفهان و خوزستان ثبت شد، اما در گلستان یافت نشد. با توجه به نرخ بالای پارازیتیسم شب‌پرۀ پشت‌الماسی به‌وسیلۀ این گونه، D. semiclausum گزینۀ مناسبی برای استفاده در برنامه‌های بیوکنترل شب‌پرۀ پشت‌الماسی است. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| پارازیتویید؛ شب‌پرۀ پشت‌الماسی؛ فراوانی؛ مراحل لاروی و شفیرگی؛ منطقۀ زیستی | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Abundance and parasitism rate of larval and pupal parasitoids of Diamondback Moth, Plutella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) in four regions of Iran | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Hamid-Reza Pourian1؛ Reza Talaei-Hassanloui2؛ Ahmad Ashouri3؛ Hossein Lotfalizadeh4؛ Jamasb Nozari5 | ||
| 1Department of Plant Protection, Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, PO Box 4111, Karaj, 31587-11167, Iran. | ||
| 2Department of Plant Protection, Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, PO Box 4111, Karaj, 31587-11167, Iran. | ||
| 3Department of Plant Protection, Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, PO Box 4111, Karaj, 31587-11167, Iran. | ||
| 4Department of Plant Protection, East-Azarbaijan Research Centre for Agriculture and Natural Resources, PO Box 5355179854, Tabriz, Iran | ||
| 5Department of Plant Protection, Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, PO Box 4111, Karaj, 31587-11167, Iran. | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| Abundance and parasitism rate of larval and pupal parasitoids of Diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) were studied at four different climatic regions in Iran (Golestan, Alborz, Isfahan and Khozestan Provinces). Nine wasp species including six larval and one pupal parasitoid and two hyperparasitoid wasps were determined. The identified parasitoids were included the braconids Cotesia vestalis (Kurdjumov, 1912)(at four selected regions), Apanteles sp. (Alborz and Isfahan Provinces), Bracon hebetor Say (Alborz Province), Microplitis sp. (Khozestan Province), ichneumoind Diadegma semiclausum (Hellen) (Alborz, Isfahan and Khozestan Provinces), the eulophid Oomyzus sokolowskii (Kurdjumov) (Alborz and Isfahan Provinces) as larval parasitoids and the ichneumonid Diadromus subtilicornis (Gravenhorst) as pupal parasitoid (Isfahan and Khozestan Provinces). In addition, the petromalid Mokrzeckia sp. (Khozestan Province) and Pteromalus sp. (Alborz and Isfahan Provinces) were identified as hyperparasitoids that parasitize C. vestalis and D. semiclausum, respectively. In three regions (Alborz, Isfahan and Khozestan Provinces), D. semiclausum was themost predominant species with high parasitism rate. Our findings demonstreated thatthe D. semiclausum, is good candidate and could be considered for release in P. xylostella biological control programs. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| Plutella xylostella, larval and pupal stages, parasitoid, Region, abundance, Iran | ||
| مراجع | ||
|
Afiunizadeh, M., Karimzadeh, J. & Shojai, M. (2011). Naturally-occurring parasitism of diamondback moth in central Iran. Proceedings of the 6th International Workshop on Management of the Diamondback Moth and Other Crucifer Insect Pests. Nakhon Pathom, Thailand, 21-25 March 2011, pp. 93-96.
Ayalew, G., Lohr, B., Baumgartner, J. & Ogol CKPO. (2004). Diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) and its parasitoids in Ethiopia. In: Kirk A.A., Bordat D., editors. Improving biocontrol of Plutella xylostella. Proceedings of the International Symposium, 21-24 October 2002. Montpellier, France. pp 140-143.
Azidah, A.A., Fitton, M.G. & Quicke, D.L.J. (2000). Identification of the Diadegma species (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae, Campopleginae) attacking the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research, 90, 375–389.
Bagheri, M., Hatami, B. & Nematollahi, M. (2004). The first record of Diadegma semiclausum, endoparasitoid of larvae of Plutella xylostella on wallflower in greenhouses of Isfahan. Proceedings of the 16th Iranian Plant Protection Congress, 28 Aug.- 1 Sept. 2004, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran, p. 162.
Behdad, E. (1991). Pests of Fruit Crop in Iran, Second Edition. Neshat Publishing, Isfahan, Iran (In Persian).
Bhardwaj, V., Devi, N. & Raj, D. (2005). Toxicity of some insecticides and biopesticides to Diadegma fenestralis Himage and Cotesia plutellae (Kurdyumov), two parasitoids of diamondback moth. Journal of Entomological Research (New Delhi), 29, 27-30.
Bozorg-Amirkalaee, M., Fathi, S.A.A., Nouri-Ganbalani, G. & Rafiee-Dastjerdi, H. (2010). Identification of parasitoid species of the diamondback moth larvae and evaluation of the efficiency of dominant parasitoid species on nineteen canola cultivars in Ardabil region. Proceedings of the 19th Iranian Plant Protection Congress, 31 July.- 3 Aug. 2010, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Tehran, Iran, p. 33.
Braun, L., Olfert, O., Soroka, J., Mason, P. & Dosdall, L.M. (2004). Diamondback moth biocontrol activities in Canada. In: Kirk AA, Bordat D, editors. Improving biocontrol of Plutella xylostella . Proceedings of theInternational Symposium, 21_24 October 2002. Montpellier, France. pp 144-146.
Cobblah, M.A., Afreh-Nuamah, K., Wilson, D. & Osae, M.Y. (2013). Parasitism of Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) Populations on Cabbage Brassica oleracea var. capitata (L.) by Cotesia plutellae (Kurdjumov) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in Ghana. West African Journal of Applied Ecology, 20 (1), 37-45.
Cordero, R.J., Bloomquist, J.R. & Kuhar, T.P. (2007). Susceptibility of two diamondback moth parasitoids, Diadegma insulare (Cresson) (Hymenoptera; Ichneumonidae) and Oomyzus sokolowskii (Kurdjumov) (Hymenoptera; Eulophidae), to selected commercial insecticides. Biological Control, 42, 48-54.
Dhumale, U.M., Moharil, M.P. & Ghodki, B.S.(2009). Geographical variations and genetics of pyrethroid resistance in diamondback moth Plutella xylostella L. International Journal of Integrative Biology, 7, 175-80.
Downey, R.K. & Rimmer, R. (1993). Agronomic improvement in oilseed Brassicas. In: Sparks DL (ed) Advances in agronomy. Academic Press, New York, pp 1–66.
Ebrahimi, M., Sahragard, A., Talaei-hassanloui, R., Kavousi, A. & Chi, H. (2013). The life table and parasitism rate of Diadegma insulare (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) reared on larvae of Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), with special reference to the variable sex ratio of the offspring and comparison of jackknife and bootstrap techniques. Annal Entomological Society of America, 106 (3), 279-287.
Fitton, M. & Walker, A. (1992). Hymenopterous parasitoids associated with diamondback moth: the taxonomic dilemma. In N.S. Talekar (ed.). Diamondback Moth and other Crucifer Pests. Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop Tainan, Taiwan, 10th-14th December 1990. Asian Vegetable Research and Development Centre. AVDRC Publication No. 92-368.
Furlong, M.J. & Zalucki, M.P. (2007). Parasitoid complex of diamondback moth in south-east Queensland: First records of Oomyzus sokolowskii (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) in Australia. Australian Journal of Entomology, 46, 167-175.
Furlong, M.J., Wright, D.J. & Dosdall, L.M. (2013). Diamondback Moth Ecology and Management: Problems, Progress, and Prospects. Annual Review of Entomology, 58, 517–41.
Gassmann, A.J., Carrière, Y. & Tabashnik, B.E. (2009). Fitness costs of insect resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis Annual Review of Entomology, 54, 147-163.
Gharuka, M., Talekar, N.S. & Lai, P.Y. (2004). Biological studies on Microplitis plutellae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a larval parasitoid of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). Formosan Entomologist, 24, 1-13.
Gichini, G., Loehr, B., Rossbach, A., Nyambo, B. & Gathu, R. (2008). Can low release numbers lead to establishment and spread of an exotic parasitoid: The case of the diamondback moth parasitoid, Diadegma semiclausum (Hellen) in East Africa. Crop Protection, 27, 906-914.
Golizadeh, A., Kamali, K., Fathipour, Y., Abbasipour, H. & Baur, H. (2008a). Report of the parasitoid wasp, Cotesia plutellae (Hym.: Braconidea), from Iran. Journal of Entomological Society of Iran (Supplement), 27, 19-20.
Golizadeh, A., Kamali, K., Fathipour, Y., Abbasipour, H. & Jussila, R. (2008b) Report of the parasitoid wasp, Diadegma anurum (Hym.: Ichneumonidae), from Iran. Journal of Entomological Society of Iran (Supplement),27(2), 15-16. [In Persian with English summary].
Golizadeh, A., Kamali, K., Fathipour, Y., Abbasipour, H. & Lozan, A. (2008c). Report of the parasitoid wasp, Oomyzus sokolowskii (Hym.: Eulophidae), from Iran. Journal of Entomological Society of Iran (Supplement), 27, 29-30.
Gols, R. & Harvey, J.A. (2009). The effect of host developmental stage at parasitism on sex-related size differentiation in a larval endoparasitoid. Ecological Entomology, 34, 755-762.
Guilloux, T., Monnerat, R., Castelo-Branco, M., Kirk, A. & Bordat, D. (2003). Population dynamics of Plutella xylostella (Lep., Yponomeutidae) and its parasitoids in the region of Brasilia. Journal of Applied Entomology, 127, 288-292.
Gunduz, E.A. & Gulel, A. (2005). Investigation of fecundity and sex ratio in the parasitoid Bracon hebetor (Say) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in relation to parasitoid age. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 29, 291-294.
Harcourt, D.G. (1986). Population dynamics of the diamondback moth in southern Ontario. In: Talekar NS, Griggs TD (eds), The Management of Diamondback Moth and Other Crucifer Pests. Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop. Tainan, Taiwan, 11-15 March 1985. pp. 3-16.
Haseeb, M., Kobori, Y., Amano, H. & Nemoto, H. (2001). Population dynamics of Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) and its parasitoid Cotesia plutellae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) on two varieties of cabbage in an urban environment. Applied Entomology and Zoology, 36, 353-360.
Ibrahim, M.A., Nissinen, A. & Holopainen, J.K. (2005). Response of Plutella xylostella and its parasitoid Cotesia Plutellae to volatile compounds. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 31, 1969-1984.
Kadirvel, P., Srinivasan, R., Mei-ying, L., Ebraheem Al-J., Walid Idraw M. & de Peña R.C. (2011). Occurrence of Diadegma semiclausum, a parasitoid of diamondback moth in lowlands of Syria. Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology, 14, 52-57.
Kahuthia-Gathu, R., Löhr, B. & Poehling, H.M. (2008). Effect of common wild crucifer species of Kenya on fitness of two exotic diamondback moth parasitoids, Cotesia plutellae and Diadegma semiclausum. Crop Protection, 27, 1477–1484.
Karimzadeh, J. & Broad, G. (2013). Amendment to "report of the parasitoid wasp, Diadegma anurum (Hym.: Ichneumonidae), from Iran". Journal of Entomological Society of Iran, 33(1), 91-92. [In Persian with English summary].
Karimzadeh, J., Bonsall, M.B. & Wright, D.J. (2004). Bottom-up and top-down effects in a tritrophic system: the population dynamics of Plutella xylostella (L.)- Cotesia plutellae (Kurdjumov) on different host plants. Ecological Entomology, 29, 285-293.
Kawaguchi, M. & Tanaka, T. (1999). Biological characteristics of a larval endoparasitoid, Cotesia plutellae (Hymenoptera: Plutellidae): host stage preference, subsequent sex ratio of progeny and mate location of males. Applied Entomology and Zoology, 34, 213-221.
Kfir, R. (1997). Parasitoids of Plutella xylostella (Lep.: Plutellidae) in South Africa: An annotated list. Entomophaga, 42, 517-523.
Khan, M.F.R., Griffin, R.P., Carner, G.R. & Gorsuch, C.S. (2004). Diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) Population density and parasitism by Diadegma insulare on collard in South Carolina. Journal of Agricultural and Urban Entomology, 21, 164-170.
Kwon, M., Park, K. & Kwon, H. (2003). Developmental characteristics of Diadegma semiclausum Hellen (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), a larval parasitoid of Plutella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae). Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology, 6, 105-110.
Lavandero, B., Wratten, S., Shishehbor, P. & Worner, S. (2005). Enhancing the effectiveness of the parasitoid Diadegma semiclausum (Hellén): Movement after use of nectar in the field. Biological Control, 34, 152–158.
Lim, G.S. (1986). Biological control of diamond back moth. In: Talekar NS, Griggs TD (eds), The Management of Diamondback Moth and Other Crucifer Pests. Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop. Tainan, Taiwan, 11-15 March1985. pp. 159-171, AVRDC, Shanhua.
Liu, S., Wang, X., Guo, S., He, J. & Shi, Z. (2000). Seasonal abundance of the parasitoid complex associated with the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) in Hangzhou, China. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 90, 221-231.
Liu, S.S. & Jiang, L.H. (2003). Differential parasitism of Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) larvae by the parasitoid Cotesia plutellae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) on two host plant species. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 93, 65-72.
Lotfalizadeh, H. (2013). Introduction to Hymenopterous Parasitoids of Important Agricultural Pests. Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch, 181pp.
Macharia, I., Loehr, B. & Groote, D.H. (2005). Assessing the potential impact of biological control of Plutella xylostella (diamondback moth) in cabbage production in Kenya. Crop Protection, 24, 981-989.
McCutcheon, G.S. (1987). Potential of the parasiteid Cotesia marginiventris as a biocontrol agent. of lepidopterous larvae in soybean. Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. of Georgia, Athens.
MICROSOFT EXCEL, Software. (2010). Excel forms part of microsoft office for microsoft windows.
Mustaţa, G.h., Mustaţa, M., Feraru, E. & Patriche, G. (2006). Parasitoids and hyperparasitoids in Plutella xylostella L. populations from Moldavia (Romania). Analele Ştiinţifice ale Universitaţii “Al. I. Cuza”, Iaşi, s. Biologie Animala, LII, 109-117.
Nakamura, A. & Noda, T. (2001). Host-age effects on ovioposition behavior and development of Oomyzus sokolowskii (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), a larval parasitoid of Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae). Applied Entomology and Zoology, 36, 367-372.
Noda, T., Miyai, S., Takashino, K. & Nakamura, A. (2000). Density suppression of Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae) by multiple releases of Diadegma semiclausum (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) in cabbage fields in Iwate, northern Japan. Applied Entomology and Zoology, 35, 557-563.
Oduor, G.I., Löhr, B. & Seif, A.A. (1997). Seasonality of major cabbage pests and incidence of their natural enemies in Central Kenya. The management of diamondback moth and other crucifer pests. Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 29th October –1st November 1996. (A. Sivapragasam, WH. Kole, AK. Hassan and GS. Lim (ed) 37-42.
Ooi, P.A.C. (1992). Role of parasitoids in managing diamondback moth in the Cameron Highlands, Malaysia. In: Talekar NS (ed), The Management of Diamondback Moth and Other Crucifer Pests. Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop. Tainan, Taiwan, 10-14 December 1990. pp. 255-262, AVRDC Shanhua.
Parsa, A. (1978-80). Flora of Iran. Vol. 1-2, Ministry of Culture and Higher Education of Islamic Republic of Iran. Tehran Univercity.
PPO Statistics (2010). Statistics for operation of Plant Protection Organiztion. 82 pp.
Rossbach, A., Löhr, B. & Vidal, S. (2006). Parasitism of Plutella xylostella L. feeding on a new host plant. Environmental Entomology, 35, 1350-1357.
Sarfraz, M., Keddie, A.B. & Dosdall, L.M. ( 2005). Biological control of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella: A review. Biocontrol Sciences and Technology, 15,763–89.
Shelton, A.M. ( 2004). Management of the diamondback moth: dejavu all over again? In: Endersby N.M., Ridland, P.M. (Eds). The management of diamondback moth and other crucifer pests. Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop, 26-29 November 2001. Melbourne. Melbourne, Australia: Departmentof Natural Resources and Environment. pp 3-8.
Shi, Z.H., Li, Q.B. & Li, X. (2004). Interspecific competition between Diadegma semiclausum Hellén (Hym., Ichneumonidae) and Cotesia plutellae (Kurdjumov) (Hym., Braconidae) in parasitizing Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lep., Plutellidea). Journal of Applied Entomology, 128, 437-444.
Shi. Z.H., Liu, S.S. & Li, Y.X. (2002). Cotesia plutellae parasitizing Plutella xylostella: Host-age dependent parasitism and its effect on host development and food consumption. BioControl 47, 499-511.
Shiojiri, K., Takabayashi, J., Yano, S. & Takafuji, A. (2000). Herbivore-speciesspecific interactions between crucifer plants and parasitic wasps (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) that are mediated by infochemicals present in areas damaged by herbivores. Applied Entomology and Zoology, 35, 519–524.
Smith J.P & Shepard B.M. (2004). A Binomial Sequential Sampling Plan Using a Composite Threshold for Caterpillar Management in Fresh Market Collard. Journal of Agricultural and Urban Entomology, 21(3), 171-184.
Soufbaf, M., Fathipour, Y., Hui, C. & Karimzadeh J. (2012). Effects of plant availability and habitat size on the coexistence of two competing parasitoids in a tri-trophic food web of canola, diamondback moth and parasitic wasps. Ecological Modelling, 244, 49-56.
SYSTAT, Software. (2007). SYSTAT version 12.2. Chicago, IL: SPSS Science Marketing Department, SPSS Inc.
Tabashnik, B.E., Yong-Biao, L., Malvar, T., Heckel, L.M. & Ferre, J. (1998). Insect resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis: uniform or diverse? Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B: Biological Sciences, 353, 1751–1756.
Tabashnik, B.E., Cushing, N.L., Finson, N. & Johnson, M.W. (1990). Field development of resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis in diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 83, 1671-1676.
Talekar, N.S. & Shelton, A.M.( 1993). Biology, ecology, and management of the diamondback moth. Annual Review of Entomology, 38, 275–301.
Talekar, N.S., Yang, J.C. & Lee, S.T. (1992). Introduction of Diadegma semiclausum diamondback moth in Taiwan. In: Talekar, N.S. (Ed.), Diamondback Moth and other Crucifer Pests: Proceedings the Second International Workshop. Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center, Taiwan, pp. 263-270.
Verkerk. R.H.J. & Wright D.J. (1997). Field-based studies with the diamondback moth tritrophic system in Cameron Highlands of Malaysia: Implications for pest management. International Journal of Pest Management, 43, 27-33.
Vickers, R.A., Furlong, M.J., White, A. & Pell, J.K. (2004). Initiation of fungal epizootics in diamondback moth populations within a large field cage: Proof of concept of auto-dissimination. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 111, 7-17.
Wang, X.G. & Keller, M.A. (2005). Patch time allocation by the parasitoid Diadegma semiclausum (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). II. Effects of host density and distribution. Journal of Insect Behavior, 18, 171-186.
Wang, X.G., Duff J., Keller, M.A., Zalucki M.P., Liu, S.S. & Bailey, P. 2004. Role of Diadegma semiclausum (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) in controlling Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae): Cage exclusion experiments and direct observation. Biocontrol Science and Technology, 14, 571-586.
Xu, J., Anthony M., Shelton, & Cheng X. (2001). Comparison of Diadegma insulare (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) and Microplitis plutellae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) as Biological Control Agents of Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae): Field Parasitism, Insecticide Susceptibility, and Host-Searching. Journal of Economic Entomology, 94(1),14-20.
Yang, J.C., Chu, Y.I. & Taleker, N.S. (1993). Biological studies of Diadegma semiclausum (Hym.: Ichneumonidae), a parasite of diamondback moth. Entomophaga, 38, 579-586.
Yaseen, M. (1978). The establishment of two parasites of the diamondback moth Plutella xylostella (Lep.: Plutellidae) in Trinidad, W. I. Entomophaga, 23,111–114. | ||
|
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 2,243 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 1,027 |
||