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بررسی آلودگی عناصر کروم، نیکل، آرسنیک و کادمیوم در آب، رسوب و ماهی سد شهید رجایی مازندران، شمال ایران | ||
| محیط شناسی | ||
| مقاله 3، دوره 41، شماره 1، فروردین 1394، صفحه 13-24 اصل مقاله (2.34 M) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22059/jes.2015.53896 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| عطا شاکری* 1؛ رحیمه شاکری2؛ بهزاد مهرابی3 | ||
| 1استادیار گروه زمین شناسی کاربردی، دانشکدۀ علوم زمین، دانشگاه خوارزمی تهران | ||
| 2کارشناسی ارشد زمین‌شناسی، دانشگاه خوارزمی تهران | ||
| 3دانشیار گروه ژئوشیمی، دانشکدۀ علوم زمین، دانشگاه خوارزمی تهران | ||
| چکیده | ||
| مطالعۀ حاضر به منظور ارزیابی غلظت عناصر بالقوۀ سمی انتخابی (PETs) در آب، رسوب سد مخزنی شهید رجایی و تجمع این عناصر در ماهی زردپر و سفید رودخانه‌ای انجام شده است. فراوانی میانگین غلظت عناصر انتخابی در آب و رسوب به ترتیب در نیکل > کروم > آرسنیک > کادمیوم و کروم > نیکل > آرسنیک > کادمیوم است و در ماهی زردپر ترتیب این عناصر مشابه آب است، اما در ماهی سفید رودخانه‌ای به صورت کروم > نیکل > کادمیوم > آرسنیک است. غلظت عناصر آرسنیک، کادمیوم، کروم و نیکل در تمام نمونه‌های آب کمتر از استاندارد WHO و EPA است. کروم در هر دو نوع ماهی و نیکل در ماهی زردپر غلظتی بیشتر از استاندارد WHO نشان می‌دهد. بر اساس نتایج شاخص غنی‌شدگی، عناصر آرسنیک، کروم و نیکل غنی‌شدگی کم و عنصر کادمیوم غنی‌شدگی متوسطی را در نمونه‌های رسوب نشان می‌دهند. در مقایسه با استانداردهای کیفیت رسوب، میانگین غلظت آرسنیک، کروم و نیکل در رسوبات بیشتر از حد مؤثر آستانه (TEL) است. نیکل غلظتی بیشتر از مقادیر حد مؤثر احتمالی (PEL) و حد مؤثر متوسط (ERL) نشان داد. همچنین، رسوب منطقۀ مورد مطالعه بر اساس شاخص‌های PELQ و ERMQ برای عناصر کروم، آرسنیک، نیکل و کادمیوم در محدودۀ کمی سمی قرار می‌گیرد. بر اساس خطر سرطان‌زایی آرسنیک، تعداد وعده‌های مجاز برای هر دو نوع ماهی سد شهید رجایی دو وعده در ماه محاسبه شده است. نتیجۀ این تحقیق نشان می‌دهد که غلظت عناصر سمی در ماهی زردپر و سفید رودخانه‌ای نشان‌دهندۀ شدت آلودگی است. به نظر می‌رسد گونه‌های ماهی بومی، به‌منزلۀ شاخص زیستی برای پایش تجمع عناصر مؤثرند و آلودگی محلی و زیست دسترسی این آلاینده‌ها را به نحو مطلوبی ثبت می‌کنند. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| ارزیابی خطر سلامتی؛ ایران؛ سد شهید رجایی؛ راهنمای کیفیت رسوب؛ عناصر بالقوۀ سمی | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Assessment of As, Cd, Ni and Cr Contamination in Water, Sediments and Fish of Shahid Rajaie Dam, North Iran | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Ata Shakeri1؛ Rahimeh Shakeri2؛ Behzad Mehrabi3 | ||
| 1Assistant Professor of Environmental Geochemistry, Department of Geochemistry, Faculty of Earth Science, Kharazmi University | ||
| 2M.Sc Student of Geochemistry, Department of Geochemistry, Faculty of Earth Science, Kharazmi University | ||
| 3Associated Professor of Geochemistry, Department of Geochemistry, Faculty of Earth Science, Kharazmi University | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| Introduction The pollution of the aquatic environment with heavy metals and trace elements has become a worldwide problem during recent years, because they are indestructible and most of them have toxic effects on organisms. Potentially toxic elements (PTEs) added to an aquatic system by anthropogenic and natural sources are distributed during their transport between different compartments of aquatic ecosystems, such as water, sediment and biota. The main goals of present study are: 1) determine concentrations of As, Cd, Ni and Cr in water and sediment as well as their accumulation in fish, 2) Evaluating contamination and toxicological factor in the river and lake dam sediments and 3) calculate monthly fish consumption limits for carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic health. Materials & Methods Study area Shahid Rajaei dam is located in 40Km south of the Sari City, in the north part of Iran (Fig. 1) with 160 million cubic meters capacity and approximate catchment of 1244Km2. It is constructed on Tajan River and its reservior is fed by Shirinrood and Sefidrood rivers (in the confluence of these rivers, Tajan river arise). It was designed to provide irrigation, drinking, and industrial water in the region. The main activities in this area are agriculture, crop irrigation, and dairy activities. The main human settlements are in upstream including Ferim, Afrachal, Ali-Abad, Sekuya villages with a total of more than 10000 habitants. Geological formations in the region in terms of lithology are mainly limestone, dolomitic limestone, sandstone, marl and shale (Fig. 1). Sampling and analysis For water quality assessment, 16 water samples were collected from the surface waters including 9 sites along the Shirinrood (Sh-1 to Sh-9) and 4 sites along Sefidrood (S-1 to S-4) rivers and 3 samples from Lake Dam (M-1 to M-3) during two periods (November 2012 and September 2013). The location of the sampling points is shown in Fig. 1. The samples were kept at 4°C prior to analysis. As, Cd, Ni and Cr were analyzed by ICP-MS in Westlab, Australia. 26 Sediment samples were collected from Sefidrood, Shirinrood rivers and dam lake, using a pre-cleaned stainless steel grab sampler for Lake samples (SR-7 to SR-15) and using a plastic scoop for river samples (SR-1 to SR-6 and SR-16 to SR-26) in October 2012. Figure 2 shows the location of the sampling points. The collected samples were immediately stored in polyethylene bags and air-dried in the laboratory at room temperature. Then, gravel and plant root were removed. The samples were passed through a 63 micron steel sieve. The concentrations of the constituent potentially toxic elements (PTEs) were measured at Zar Azma Laboratory (Iran) using ICP-MS methods. Fish samples, including two species Barbel and L. cephalus of Cyprinidae family, were collected from the Lake Dam. The fish samples were washed with deionized water, packed in polyethylene bags and kept at -20°C, then, transported on ice to the laboratory. As, Cd, Cr and Ni were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry. Fig. 1: Geological map of the study area and location of water sampling stations. Fig. 2: Location of sediment sampling stations. Discussion of Results and Conclusions All water samples are Ca-HCO3-SO4 type. The average abundance order of PTEs for water samples in two periods are: Ni >Cr >As >Cd (Table 1). Concentrations of As, Cd, Cr and Ni in all the water samples are less than WHO and EPA standard. The average abundance order of PTEs for sediment samples are: Cr >Ni >As >Cd (Table 2). Table 1 Concentration of PTEs (µg/l) and Major ions (mg/l) in water. Table 2 The comparison of As, Cd, Cr and Ni concentration Na+ Mg++ Ca++ HCO3- Cl- SO4- As Cr Cd Ni Average 19.0 5.3 66.4 200.2 20.9 65.7 0.39 2.2 0.11 7.73 Max 61.5 11.0 123.0 283.7 30.2 177.6 0.81 4.0 0.18 9.85 Min 11.3 3.3 55.0 161.7 12.9 33.2 0.01 1.0 0.07 2.80 WHO 30-60 - - - 250 250 10 50 3 20 EPA 50 150 200 - 250 250 10 100 3 - in sediment samples with sediment quality guidelines PETS (mg/kg) Cr Ni As Cd Max 81.05 57.31 10.80 0.80 Min 46.55 27 2.30 0.20 Average 68.13 37.85 7.40 0.41 PEL 90.00 36 17 3.53 Average/PEL 0.76 1.05 0.44 0.12 TEL 37.30 18 5.90 0.60 Average/TEL 1.83 2.10 1.25 0.69 ERM 370 51.60 70 9.60 Average/ERM 0.18 0.73 0.11 0.04 ERL 81 20.90 8.20 1.20 Average/ERL 0.84 1.81 0.90 0.34 The enrichment factor (EF), base of average shale were calculated with equation 1. Where [M]= total trace element concentration measured in sediment sample (mg/kg) and [Sc]= total concentration of scandium as the reference element (mg/kg ). Enrichment factor value for As, Ni and Cr is 2 that reveals moderate contamination (Fig. 3) Fig. 3: Box diagram of enrichment factor for PTEs in Sediment samples. The comparison of selected elements concentration in sediment samples with sediment quality guidelines indicate that the average concentration of As, Cr and Ni in the present sediments is higher than threshold effect level (TEL). Nickel shows higher concentration than probable effect level (PEL) and effect range low (ERL) values (Table 2). These sediments based on PELQ (equation 2) and ERMQ (equation 3) calculations, for Cr, As, Ni and Cd indicate slightly toxic. Where Mi is the concentration of element i in sediments, ERMi and PELi the guideline values for the element i and n the number of metals The average abundance order of PTEs contents in Barbel fish is similar to water samples, while for L. cephalus fish is Cr >Ni >Cd >As. Chromium reveal higher concentration than WHO standard (0.15 mg/kg) in both fish species, while Ni content in Barbel fish is higher than WHO standard (0.4 mg/kg). To estimate the public health risk of exposure PTEs through fish consumption, the CRlim for either carcinogenic (equation 4) or noncarcinogenic (equation 5) health effects, were calculated. Where CRlim =maximum allowable fish consumption rate (kg/d) ARL = maximum acceptable individual lifetime risk level (unit-less) BW = consumer body weight (70kg) Cm =measured concentration of chemical contaminant m in fish (mg/kg) CSF = cancer slope factor (mg/kg-d) RfD = oral reference dose (mg/kg-d) Equation (6) was used to convert daily consumption limits, in kilograms, to meals consumption limits over a given time period (month) as a function of meals size Where CRmm = maximum allowable fish consumption rate (meals/mo) Tap=time averaging period (365.25 d/12 mo = 30.44 (d/mo)) MS = meals size (0.227 kg fish/meals) The RfD values, CSF values, allowable Monthly fish consumption for As, Cd, Ni and Cr are summarized in Table 3. Based on CRmm value, maximum allowable Barbel and L. cephalus fishes consumption for carcinogenic health of As is two meals per month (Approximately 0.5 kg). Table 3 Monthly fish consumption limits for carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic health endpoints and other parameters of PTEs in fish species Fish species PTEs Cm RfD CSF Noncancer cancer CRlim CRmm CRlim CRmm Barbel As 0.0325 0.0003 1.5 0.65 87 0.01 2 Cd 0.018 0.001 NA 3.89 521 - - Ni 1.44 0.02 NA 0.97 130 - - Cr 1.39 0.02 NA 1.01 135 - - Leuciscus cephalus As 0.035 0.0003 1.5 0.6 80 0.01 2 Cd 0.04 0.001 NA 1.75 235 - - Ni 0.065 0.02 NA 21.54 2888 - - Cr 0.91 0.02 NA 1.54 206 - - | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| Potentially toxic elements- Sediment quality guidelines- Risk assessment- Shahid Rajaei Dam- Iran | ||
| مراجع | ||
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