پیوندهای مفید
اخبار و اعلانات
آمار
| تعداد نشریات | 161 |
| تعداد شماره‌ها | 6,532 |
| تعداد مقالات | 70,501 |
| تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 124,091,978 |
| تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 97,195,862 |
بررسی غلظت نیترات در منابع آب زیرزمینی دشت مرند و ارزیابی آسیب‌پذیری آب زیرزمینی با روش‌های AVI و GODS | ||
| محیط شناسی | ||
| مقاله 6، دوره 41، شماره 1، فروردین 1394، صفحه 49-66 اصل مقاله (2.19 M) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22059/jes.2015.53899 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| میرسجاد فخری1؛ اصغر اصغری مقدم* 2؛ مرتضی نجیب3؛ رحیم برزگر1 | ||
| 1کارشناس ارشد هیدروژئولوژی گروه علوم زمین دانشگاه تبریز | ||
| 2استاد گروه علوم زمین دانشکدۀ علوم طبیعی، دانشگاه تبریز | ||
| 3کارشناس آب‌های زیرزمینی سازمان آب منطقه‌ای آذربایجان‌شرقی | ||
| چکیده | ||
| نیترات از شایع‌ترین و عمده‌ترین آلاینده‌های غیرنقطه‌ای منابع آبی است. یکی از منابع اصلی تولید آن فعالیت‌های کشاورزی و استفاده از کودهای نیتروژنه است. به دلیل وفور فعالیت‌های کشاورزی در دشت مرند واقع در شمال‌غرب استان آذربایجان شرقی، میزان غلظت نیترات در منابع آبی این دشت بررسی شد. بدین منظور از 48 حلقه چاه عمیق و نیمه‌عمیق، قنات و چشمه در مهر 1391 نمونه‌برداری شد و در آزمایشگاه آب‌شناسی دانشگاه تبریز آنالیز هیدروشیمیایی شدند. هدف از این تحقیق، بررسی غلظت نیترات در منابع آب زیرزمینی دشت مرند و ارزیابی آسیب‌پذیری آب زیرزمینی با روش‌های AVI و GODS است. روش GODS با استفاده از چهار پارامتر شامل نوع آبخوان، خصوصیات منطقۀ غیراشباع، عمق آب زیرزمینی و نوع خاک و روش AVI از دو پارامتر ضخامت هر واحد رسوبی بالای آبخوان و هدایت هیدرولیکی تخمینی هر لایه، شاخص آسیب‌پذیری آبخوان را برآورد می‌کند. تجزیه و تحلیل نمونه‌ها با استفاده از نرم‌افزارهای ArcGIS و SPSS صورت گرفت. با مقایسۀ نتایج آنالیز هیدروشیمیایی نمونه‌ها با استانداردهای آب شرب مشخص شد که غلظت نیترات در بخشی از دشت مورد مطالعه بالاتر از حد استاندارد است. درصد بالایی از این آلودگی حاصل فعالیت‌های شدید کشاورزی به‌ویژه استفادة بیش از حد از کودهای شیمیایی و آبشویی آن‌ها در زمین‌های کشاورزی و باغات منطقه است. از نظر توزیع مکانی، در بخش‌های شرقی و جنوب‌شرقی به علت وفور زمین‌های زراعی و فاضلاب‌های روستایی بیشترین غلظت نیترات مشاهده شد. انطباق مقادیر غلظت نیترات با نقشۀ کاربری ارضی نیز مؤید پتانسیل آلودگی بیشتر در این قسمت از دشت است. در نهایت ارزیابی آسیب‌پذیری آب زیرزمینی دشت مرند از طریق دو روش AVI و GODS برای همخوانی نقاطی با آسیب‌پذیری بالا، با مناطقی از آبخوان که غلظت نیترات بالایی دارد، صورت گرفت. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| آلودگی آب‌های زیرزمینی؛ آسیب‌پذیری؛ دشت مرند؛ نیترات | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Investigation of nitrate concentrations in groundwater resources of Marand plain and groundwater vulnerability assessment using AVI and GODS methods | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Mir Sajad Fakhri1؛ Asghar Asghari Moghaddam2؛ Morteza Najib3؛ Rahim Barzegar1 | ||
| 1M.Sc of Hydrogeology, Dept. of Earth Sciences, Univ. of Tabriz | ||
| 2Prof., Dept. of Earth Sciences, Univ. of Tabriz, *corresponding Author | ||
| 3Groundwater expert at East Azarbaijan Regional Water Authority | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| Introduction More than 90% of drinking water in cities around the world and about 40% of the agricultural water supply from groundwater resources.,Thus, groundwater quality consideration issue is inevitable . One of the most important parameter which can show the quality of drinking water is nitrate concentration. Nitrate enters the groundwater and surface water through the decomposition of human and livestock wastes, industrial outputs and agricultural fertilizers leaching. Typically, the concentration of nitrate is higher in shallow groundwater and decreases with increasing depth and toward downstream due to the diffusion process, mixing and dilution with low nitrate groundwater. Materials and methods Marand plain is located in East Azarbaijan Province in the northwest of Iran, with an area of approximately 826 square kilometers. The plain is a part of Caspian basin. Groundwater resources of the plain have been formed in Quaternary alluvial sediments. The sediments formed in the mountain range pediments are coarse and gradually the grain sizes decreases towards the central parts of the plain and turned into clay and silt at the and end parts. Zilbir Chay and Zonouz Chay are important rivers in the study area. Based on the results of geophysical investigations and geological logs, there are three types aquifer including; unconfined, confined and semi-confined aquifers in the plain (Fig 1). Unconfined aquifer is formed in ancient terraces, recent terraces, alluvial fans and fluvial sediments and the main materials of deposits are gravel, sand, silt and clay. The thickness of the unconfined aquifer varies in different parts of the plain. The southern part of the plain is made of semi-hard conglomerate with Plio-Pliostecene debris and it must consider as low permeable and semi-permeable layers because of clay and marl layers. Confined aquifer, mostly in the form of ancient alluvial deposits, is covered by clay and marl layers with thicknesses varying from 10 to 30 m. The maximum thickness of the confined aquifer reaches to 170 meters in some parts of the plain. The confined aquifer has expanded in the central and western parts of the plain and even in some parts of the Zilbir Chay and Zonouz Chay Rivers terraces. The semi-confined aquifer is placed in western part of the plain. To evaluate nitrate contamination, sampling from 48 shallow and deep wells of the aquifers was carried out in July 2012. Parameters and analyzed ions include pH, EC, major cations, anions and nitrates. Nitrate was analyzed by spectrophotometer and other cations and anions by standard methods at hydrogeology laboratory of Tabriz University. Then, the spatial distribution map of nitrate concentration was plotted using the ArcGIS10 software. Groundwater vulnerability assessment performed by two methods including AVI (Aquifer Vulnerability Index) and GODS (Groundwater Occurrence, Overlying lithology, Depth of groundwater and Soil rates) methods. Results and Discussions Nitrate contamination Evaluation of nitrate concentrations in groundwater of the Marand plain indicated that nitrate concentrations are over the allowable concentration in drinking water (45 mg/L) in 12 analyzed water samples (Fig 1). an Based on nitrate concentrations and land use map, it can be certainly stated that the nitrate concentration are well defined with land use map however, the particle size distribution of sediments and hydrogeological conditions have a determinant role in the distribution of nitrate concentrations. Nitrate concentration in the central and eastern parts of the plain is more than other places because of the active agricultural area, entrance of wastewater to groundwater, unconfined aquifer type and coarse sediments are located in this part of the plain. The lowest nitrate concentrations collected from west and northwest parts of the plaindue to the low agricultural activity in comparison with other parts of the plain, the confined aquifer condition and fine-grained sediments in this part of the plain. The nitrate concentrations decrease with increasing the depth of wells. It can be mentioned that the concentrations of dissolved oxygen in water decrease with increasing depth, hence it is possible to enhance denitrification process and remove some amount of nitrate. Fig 1. Spatial distribution of nitrate concentration and the maximum allowance concentration Figure 2 shows the spatial distribution of nitrate concentration and land use map of the study area. This figure shows, that the high concentrations of nitrate in the east and southeast part of the plain reflects extent and intensity of agricultural activity and therefore increase agricultural fertilizers, including phosphate fertilizers, nitrogenous and potash in this regions. Moreover, unconfined aquifer type and coarse sediments cause to increase the permeability of the aquifer and the rapid nitrate leaching from the unsaturated zone and lead to increasing nitrate concentrations in this part of the plain. The reasons for the lower nitrate concentrations in the central and western parts of the plain are type of the aquifer (confined aquifer), fine-grained sediments and undesirable quality of water for agricultural purposes. Fig 2. Comparison of variation in nitrate concentration with land use map Vulnerability of Marand plain groundwater To determine the contamination potential of the plain, two Vulnerability assessment methods named as AVI and GODS methods were used. Vulnerability mapping with AVI and GODS methods (Fig 3a,b) show that those parts of the plain, which contain unconfined aquifer type have the highest contamination potential whereas those parts of the plain containing confined aquifer condition have lowest contamination potential. (a) (b) Fig 3. Vulnerability map of a) AVI and b) GODS methods | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| Groundwater Contamination, Nitrate, Marand Plain, Groundwater vulnerability | ||
| مراجع | ||
|
احتشامی، م.، خراسانی، ن. ایزد دوست‌دار، ا.ح. 1378. مطالعۀ نحوۀ گسترۀ تأثیر آفت‌کش‌ها بر کیفیت آب‌های زیرزمینی در منطقۀ شهریار، فصلنامۀ انسان و محیط‌زیست، سال اول، شمارۀ 3- 4، صفحۀ 4 تا 11. حیدری، ا. 1388. بررسی روند نیترات با میران بارندگی در آب آشامیدنی روستاهای شهرستان فسا، مجلۀ دانشگاه علوم پژشکی فسا، جلد اول، شمارۀ 2، صفحۀ 43 تا 48. سازمان استاندارد و تحقیقات صنعتی ایران. 1376. استانداردهای کیفی آب آشامیدنی. سامانی، س.، کلانتری، ن.، رحیمی، م. 1391. آلودگی آب‌های زیرزمینی دشت اوان به نیترات و بررسی پتانسیل و منشأ آلایندگی آن، مجلۀ حفاظت منابع آب و خاک، سال اول، شمارۀ 3، صفحۀ 30 تا 37. کلانتری، ن.، فارابی، م.، رحیمی، م. 1386. بررسی نیروی آلودگی آب زیرزمینی دشت باغملک با استفاده از روش AVI و مدل‌های GOD و DRASTIC در محیط GIS، نشریۀ زمین‌شناسی مهندسی، جلد دوم، شمارۀ 2، صفحۀ 431 تا 450. لاله‌زاری، ر.، طباطبایی، س. ح.، خیاط‌خلقی، م. و یارعلی، ن. ا. 1387. بررسی تأثیر تغذیۀ آبخوان شهرکرد با فاضلاب بر انتشار نیترات با استفاده ار مدل MT3D، پایان‌نامۀ کارشناسی ارشد، دانشگاه شهرکرد.
Abed- Shafy, H. 2008. Groundwater contamination as affected by long- term sewage irrigation in Egypt. Journal of Occupation Environ Med, 8(2). 1- 11pp.
Al-Adamat, R.A.N., Foster, I.D.L. and Baban, S.M.J. 2003. Groundwater vulnerability and riskmapping for the Basaltic aquifer of the Azraq basin of Jordan using GIS, Remote sensing and DRASTIC, Applied Geography. 23(4). 303–324pp.
Alan, D. J., Miguel, L.C., Daniel V.M. and David E.R. 1999. Soil and water conservation. LEACHN simulation of nitrogen dynamics and water drainage in a ultisol. Agron. J. 91(7). 597-606pp.
Anayah, F.M. and Almasri, M.N. 2009. Trends and occurrences of nitrate in the groundwater of the West Bank, Palestine. Appl. Geogr. 29 (4). 588-601pp.
Antonakos, A.K. and Lambrakis N. J. 2007. Development and testing of three hybrid methods for the assessmentof aquifer vulnerability to nitrates, based on the drastic model, an example from NE Korinthia, Greece. Journal of Hydrology 333(7). 288–304pp.
Chilton, P.J., Vlugman, A. and Foster, S. 1990. A groundwater pollution risk assessment for public water supply sources in Barbados, American Water Resources Association International Conference on Tropical Hydrology and Caribbean Water resources, San Juan de Puerto Rico, 279-289.
Criss, R. E. and Davisson, M. L. 2004. Fertilizers, water quality, and human health. Environmental Health Perspectives, 112 (10). A536-A536pp.
Di, H. J. and Cameron, K. C. 2002. Nitrate leaching and pasture production from different nitrogen sources on a shallow stony soil under flood-irrigated dairy pasture. Australian Journal of Soil Research, 40(2). 317-334pp.
Fetter, C.W. 1999. Contaminant Hydrgeology., Prentice Hall Inc. 500 pp.
Gillardet, J., Dupre, B., Louvat, P. and Allegre, C. J. 1999. Global silicate weathering and CO2 consumption rates deduced from the chemistry of large rivers. Chemical Geology 159(5) .3–10pp.
Gogu, R. and Dassargues, A. 1999. Current trend and future challenge in groundwater vulnerability assessment using overlay and index methods, Journal of environmental geology. 39(6). 549-559pp.
Goulding, K. 2000. Nitrate leaching from arable and horticultural land. Soil Use and Management 16(7) , 145-151pp.
Han, G. and Liu, C.Q. 2004. Water geochemistry controlled by carbonate dissolution: a study of the river waters draining karst-dominated terrain, Guizhou province, China. Chemical Geology 204(3).1–21pp.
Jalali, M. 2009. Geochemistry characterization of groundwater in an agricultural area of Razan, Hamadan, Iran. Environmental Geolology, 56(9) . 1479-1488 pp.
Kazemi, G. A. 2010. Impacts of urbanization on the groundwater resources in Shahrood,Northeastern Iran: Comparison with other Iranian and Asian cities, Physics and Chemistry of the Earth 36(11). 150–159.
Keeney, D. 1986. Nitrate in ground water: Agriculture contribution and control. Proceedings of the Agricultural Impacts on Ground Water Conference. August. National Water Well Association, Dublin, Ohio, 35(10). 329-351pp.
Kraft, G. J. and Stites, W. 2003. Nitrate impacts on groundwater from irrigated-vegetable systems in a humid north-central US sand plain. Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment, 100 (1): 63-74pp.
Kraft, G. I., Sites, W. and Mechanic, D.j. 1999. Impact of arrigated vegetable agriculture in a humid North-Central U.S. sand plain aquifer. Grand Water, 37(13): 572-580Krapac, I.G., Dey,W.S., Roy, W.R., Smyth, C.A., Storment, E., Sargent, S.L., Steele, J.D. 2002. Impacts of swine manure pits on groundwater quality. Environ Pollute, 120(2). 475-492pp.
McIntyre, N., Lee, H., Wheater, H.S., Young, A. and Wagener, T. 2005. Risk-based modeling of surface water quality: a case study of the Charles River, Massachusetts. Journal of Hydrology, 274 (1-4). 225- 247pp.
McIntyre, N.R. and Wheater, H.S. 2004. A tool for riskbased management of surface water quality. Environmental Modeling and Software, 19 (12). 1131- 1140pp.
Paez, G. 1990. Evaluacion de la vulnerabilidad a la contaminacion de las agues subterraneas en el Valle del Cauca, Informe Ejecutivo, Corporeginal del Valle del Cauca, Cauca, Colombia, 352(3). 95-120p.
Pawar, N.j. and Shaikh, I.J. 1995. Nitrate pollution of groundwater from basaltic aquifer, Deccan Trap Hydro-Logic Province. Indian Environmental Geology, 25(6).197-204pp.
Polemio, M., Casarano, D. and Limón, P.P. 2009. Karstic aquifer vulnerability assessment methods and results at a test site (Apulia, southern Italy). Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 9(2).1461-1470pp.
Schoonen, M., and Brown, C.J. 1994. The hydrogeochemistry of the Peconic River watershed: A quantitative approach to estimate the anthropogenic loadings in thewatershed, Geology of the Long Island and Metropolitan New York: SUNY Stony Brook, Long Island Geologist, 24(2). 117-123 pp.
Stuart, M. E., Gooddy, D. C., Bloomfield, J. P. and Williams, A. T. 2011. A review of the impact of climate change on future nitrate concentrations in groundwater of the UK, Science of the Total Environment 409(15) . 2859–2873pp.
Van Stempvoort, D., Ewert, L. and Wassenaar, L. 1993. Aquifer Vulnerability Index (AVI): A GIS compatible method for groundwater vulnerability mapping. Canadian Water Resources Journal 18(1). 25–37pp. | ||
|
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 2,655 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 1,396 |
||