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بررسی نقش مکان‌های سوم بر ارتقای زندگی اجتماعی شهر زنجان در بازۀ زمانی انقلاب مشروطه تا انقلاب اسلامی (مطالعۀ موردی: محدودۀ سبزه‌میدان شهر زنجان-ایران) | ||
| پژوهشهای جغرافیای انسانی | ||
| مقاله 6، دوره 49، شماره 3، مهر 1396، صفحه 553-570 اصل مقاله (1016.83 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله علمی پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22059/jhgr.2016.56782 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| آتوسا مدیری* 1؛ الهام داودی2 | ||
| 1استادیار گروه شهرسازی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد تهران مرکز | ||
| 2کارشناس ارشد طراحی شهری، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد تهران مرکز | ||
| چکیده | ||
| زندگی اجتماعی شهروندان زنجان، همواره از عوامل گوناگونی تأثیر پذیرفته است که یکی از آنها مکان‌های سوم است. این مکانها همواره محلی برای جاریشدن زندگی غیررسمی در مقابل زندگی رسمی بوده‌اند و از این‌رو، همواره نقشی اساسی در زندگی اجتماعی عمومی شهر داشتهاند. مکان سوم به‌عنوان یکی از نهادهای اصلی حوزۀ عمومی، مکانی است که اولدنبرگ آن را به‌عنوان پناهگاه در مقابل خانه یا محل کار تعریف میکند که افراد می‌توانند به‌صورت منظم به آن سر بزنند و با دوستان یا غریبه‌ها ارتباط برقرار کنند. هدف این پژوهش، بررسی انواع مکان‌های سوم و تغییرات آنها در گذر زمان و نیز مطالعۀ تأثیر آنها بر زندگی اجتماعی شهروندان زنجان است. در این مطالعه، محدودۀ سبزه‌میدان بررسی میشود. برای انجامدادن پژوهش حاضر، ابتدا تمامی مستندات مربوط (در مطالعات کتابخانه‌ای) بررسی شدند و سپس از طریق مشاهدات، پرسشنامه‌ها و مصاحبه‌های گروهی متمرکز، به شیوۀ تحلیل محتوا و با رویکردی توصیفی، روند تغییر فرم و کارکرد این مکانها بررسی شد و نتایج بررسی، در قالب ماتریس‌های تحلیلی نمایش داده شدند. مطالعۀ روند تغییر مکان‌های سوم نشان می‌دهد مکان‌های سومی که در سه دورۀ بررسیشده ثابت باقی مانده‌اند، یا ماهیتی مذهبی دارند یا یکی از اجزای اصلی بازار محسوب می‌شوند. همچنین مهم‌ترین تأثیر این مکانها، بر حوزۀ عمومی و خرد جمعی بوده است؛ بهطوریکه هرچه به عهد معاصر نزدیک می‌شویم، حوزۀ عمومی گسترده‌تر میشود، نقش مردم در فضاهای جمعی اهمیت بیشتری مییابد و تأثیر این فضاها در جهت‌گیری خرد جمعی و افکار عمومی افزایش پیدا میکند. این روند صعودی، حاصل تغییراتی است که در ساختار اجتماعی جامعۀ مورد مطالعه صورت پذیرفته است. عمده‌ترین این تغییرات را می‌توان در فضاهای جنسیتی، زندگی شبانه و همچنین تأثیرات جامعۀ روشنفکری مشاهده کرد. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| ایران؛ زنجان؛ زندگی اجتماعی عمومی؛ سبزه‌میدان؛ مکان سوم | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| A Study on the Role of Third Places in Zanjan's Social Life in the Period between Constitutional Revolution and Islamic Revolution, Case Study: Sabzeh Meydan District of Zanjan-Iran | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Atoosa Modiri1؛ Elham Davoodi2 | ||
| 1Assistant Professor , Faculty of Art & Architecture Department of Urban Planning and Design, Azad University Central Branch, Tehran, IRAN | ||
| 2azad university central branch | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| Extended Abstract: Introduction: Iran has taken lots of changes during the last century. Occurrence of two revolutions -constitutional revolution and Islamic revolution - and then a war for eight years has been the source of changes in the urban space and social life in this country. One of these changes is about the third places. Third places as one of the most important institutions of public sphere are attractive public places which shaping the informal life of the citizens and repair their social relationships out of formal working and family life. So, the third places stand in contrast to the formal life at homes and workplaces and have witnessed various transitions during the past decades. These places are a vital element in public realm of the cities which at different levels, from city level to neighborhood unit’s level are able to redefine the social structures and promote the concept of social interactions from shallow and ephemeral interactions and relationships to stronger social bonds. These places are acceptor of different types of connections, interactions and activities and gather people together regardless of the social degrees, classes, ethnic, racial, and etc. (Oldenburg, 1999,1) Therefore, have a significant impact on the social life. A Third Place is a place where people can visit regularly and get in touch with friends, neighbors, colleagues and even strangers (Mehta & K. Bosson, 2010,780). These days, urban life has been dominated by two domains: family & government. Zanjan which has been an important city due to its location between Tehran and Tabriz on one hand and the big influence of religious leaders on public opinion in this city on the other hand, has always been affected by evolutions and tensions created at national level and have affected them (Soltani, 1379). Therefore, in mentioned section of time, by identifying third places at different periods in the past hundred years, in Sabze-Meydan space, we attempt to consider their impact on public and social life of Zanjan citizens and examine the historical developments of these places. It should be noted that Research on new concepts such as "third places" in Iran, faces many challenges since Professor Ray Oldenburg, as the one who has introduced this concept for the first time, has almost focused all his studies on American cities and in a few cases, has pointed to European cities. Hence, reviewing of such a concept in the Iranian cities which have significant differences with Western countries in regard to the social - political context and flow of life in cities requires understanding of the context and then redefining the concept of third places and their characteristics according to local conditions. Methodology: By applying the qualitative methods, the paper based on its goals first studies the changes in third places and somehow their formation and trasformation in Zanjan and mainly introduces them through a Descriptive Approach by extracting codes of third places and using Content Analysis Method. Afterwards, the roles of third places in promoting social life are considered and compared through the use of codes on these places and also application of Analytical Matrix. Results and discussion: Over the past hundred years, various third places have always shaped in Sabze-Meydan district. The form and function of some of them have basically changed, some others are eliminated and some have maintained their form and function. To conduct this research, at first the available historical documents have been examined, and then, through surveys and field studies, the process of transition of form and function of these places and the changes pertaining to the social interactions resulted from that places have been studied. The Great Mosque, from the beginning of its establishment has maintained its function during the last hundred years and has always been a place for informal and voluntary gatherings of the people and has been visited by different social groups with different intentions. Sometimes its minarets have become a watchtower for the Tudeh Party members in the event of conflict between supporters and opponents of the Tudeh Party in 1325, and another time, its yard has converted into Basij resistance base.Although, Its pulpit has always been a place for religious leaders’ speeches and its space has been a place for meeting, discussing and exchanging of people’s opinion. Therefore, it can be noted with confidence that until recent years, this place has been the most fundamental and important part of the city’s public sphere and the most influential place for dissemination of common sense. Following the Great Mosque, Sabze-Meydan space itself ranks second among the important third-places which similar to the Mosque has roughly retained its form and function and has had remarkable impact on the social lives and defiantly public opinion. Except for the Mosque and Sabze-Meydan, almost all third-places which existed in this district are not exist anymore. Teahouses, delis and peddlers who were selling ice creams are no more there. Nowadays, retail shops have surrounded this district and other public gathering places cannot be found except for the two pre-mentioned cases. Conclusion: Although the district's third places were not devoid of social damages (like gender segregations), but its positive social impacts were undeniable. It seems that the attention authorities to such places and their attempt to recreate these places and yet control the social damages can be a guarantee of the increase in positive social interactions of the citizens, expansion of spaces for talks and exchange of ideas and consequently, development of public sphere. This research's results show that third places always have had a remarkable role in people's social life and an enormous influence on the mobility of their informal life in Zanjan. But this role, recently has been weakened because of different reasons and now these places require urban planners and designers' special attention to recover and regain those positions. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| Third Places, Public Social Life, Sabze Meydan, Zanjan, Iran | ||
| مراجع | ||
5. Brill, M., 2001, Problems with Mistaking Community Life for Public Life, Journal of Places, Vol. 14, No. 2, PP. 48–55.9. Fischer, C., 1984, The Urban Experience, Harcourt Brace Jovanovitch Press, New York.10. Giddens, A., 1989, Sociology, Translated by: M. Saburi, Ney Press, Tehran.(In Persian)12. Goffman, E., 1963, Behavior in Public Spaces, Free Press, New York.13. Goffman, E., 1981, Forms of Talk, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.14. Goffman, E., 1971, Relations in Public: Micro Studies of the Public Order, Allen lane, London.15. Goffman, E., 1969, The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life, Penguin, Harmondsworth.17. Harvey, D., 1989, The Urban Experience, Blackwell, Oxford.18. Hickman, P., 2010, Neighborhood Infrastructure, ‘Third Places’ and Patterns of Social Interaction, Center for Regional Economic and Social Research, Sheffield Hallam University, UK, Research Paper NO.2, Sheffield.19. Homayun, T. N., 2001, Socio-cultural History of Tehran, Cultural Studies Press, Tehran. (InPersian)24. Lofland, L. H., 1973, A World of Strangers: Order and Action in Urban Public Space, New York Press, New York.28. Mehta, V.,andBosson, J. K., 2010, Third Places and the Social Life of Streets, Journal of Environment and Behavior, Vol. 42, No. 6, PP. 779–805.29. Miller, G. A., 2006, Language and Communication, McGraw-Hill, New York.30. Montgomery, J., 2006, Community Strengthening Through Urban Sociability, Urban Cultures Ltd.31. Mumford, L., 1961, The City in History, Its Origins, Its Transformation and Its Prospects, New York Press, New York.34. Oldenburg, R., 1997, Our Vanishing Third Places, Planning Commissioners Journal, Vol. 25, No. 4, PP. 6–10.36. Park, R., 1974, The City: Suggestions for the Investigation of Human Behavior in the Urban Environment, University of Chicago, Chicago and London.45. Sun, C., 2010, The Role Third Places Play in Facilitating Acculturation For International Students in the U.S, A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of California State University, Berkeley.46. Takmil Homayoun, N., 200, Social and Cultural History of Tehran, first part: from the beginning of Naseri capital, cultural studies office, Tehran.48. Weber, M., 1978, Economy and Society, University of California, Berkeley.49. Whyte, W. F., 1993, Street Corner Society: The Social Structure of an Italian Slum, University of Chicago press, Chicago.تکمیل همایون، ناصر 1379: تاریخ اجتماعی و فرهنگی تهران، جلد الف از آغاز تا دارالخلافه ناصری (تهران: دفتر پژوهشهای فرهنگی)آزاد ارمکی, تقی 1384: پاتوق و مدرنیته ایرانی (تهران: لوح فکر) سلطانی, رامین 1379: تاریخ زنجان (زنجان: نیکان)گیدنز، آنتونی 1376: جامعه‌شناسی. ترجمه منوچهر صبوری؛ تهران: نشر نی. 1. ارنت، هانا 1390: وضع بشری، ترجمه مسعود علیا؛ تهران: ققنوس | ||
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