پیوندهای مفید
اخبار و اعلانات
آمار
| تعداد نشریات | 158 |
| تعداد شماره‌ها | 6,230 |
| تعداد مقالات | 67,765 |
| تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 115,201,006 |
| تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 89,948,913 |
ارزیابی پایداری خاکدانه ها و تعیین مکانیسم ناپایداری خاک های حوضۀ آبخیز طالقان | ||
| نشریه علمی - پژوهشی مرتع و آبخیزداری | ||
| مقاله 2، دوره 68، شماره 4، دی 1394، صفحه 691-710 اصل مقاله (872.39 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22059/jrwm.2015.56952 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| محسن آرمین* 1؛ حسن احمدی2؛ حسن روحی پور3؛ علی سلاجقه4؛ محمد حسین مهدیان5؛ وجیهه قربان نیا خیبری6 | ||
| 1استادیار دانشگاه یاسوج | ||
| 2استاد دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد علوم و تحقیقات تهران | ||
| 3دانشیار مؤسسة تحقیقات جنگلها و مراتع کشور | ||
| 4دانشیار دانشکدة منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تهران | ||
| 5دانشیار پژوهشکدة حفاظت خاک و آبخیزداری | ||
| 6دانشجوی دورة دکتری محیط زیست دانشگاه ملایر | ||
| چکیده | ||
| با توجه به محدودیتهای موجود در تعیین میزان حساسیت خاک به فرسایش آبی یا فرسایشپذیری خاک از طریق آزمونهای میدانی، کاربردِ روشهای آزمایشگاهی روی نمونههای کوچک خاک (کمتر از 100 گرم)، افزون بر ساده‌بودن، نیازمند هزینه و وقت کمتری است. نتایجِ پژوهشهای مختلف در این زمینه بیانگر آن است که از بین روشهای مختلف آزمایشگاهی، مبنی بر استفاده از خصوصیات خاک، آزمونهای مربوط به ساختمان خاک و پایداری خاکدانه‌ها مؤثرتر است و به آن‌ها بیشتر توجه شده است. در این تحقیق، با تکیه بر مشاهدات و تغییرات ماکروسکوپی در مقیاس واحدهای همگن، در بخشی از خاکهای حوضة آبخیز طالقان، به وسعت 3260 هکتار، 84 نقطه به عنوان نقاط نمونهبرداری خاک انتخاب شد. به منظور تمایز بین مکانیسمهای شکستگی خاکدانه‌ها و ارزیابی رفتار ساختمانی خاکها در شرایط مختلف محیطی، پایداری خاکدانه‌ها با لحاظکردن سه تیمار خیسشدن سریع خاکدانه‌ها، خیسشدن آهستة خاکدانه‌ها و شکستگی ناشی از تکاندادن خاک پس از خیسکردن اولیه و با استفاده از روش لیبیسونایس اندازهگیری شد. اثر اَشکال مختلف فرسایش آبی بر پایداری خاکدانه‌ها نیز با استفاده از شاخص پایداری مرطوب خاکدانه‌ها بررسی شد. نتایج نشان داد مکانیسمهای مختلف شکستگی خاکدانه‌ها اثر معنیداری در میزان شکستگی خاکدانه‌ها دارد. مکانیسم ناپایداری خاکهای طالقان فرایند واریختگی است که در اثر فشار هوای محبوسشده در هنگام خیسشدن سریع خاکدانه‌ها ایجاد میشود و این شرایط هنگام وقوع بارانهای شدید روی خاک خشک رخ میدهد. همچنین، نتایج نشان داد اختلاف معنیداری بین پایداری مرطوب خاکدانه‌ها در اَشکال مختلف فرسایش آبی وجود ندارد. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| پایداری خاکدانه‌ها؛ طالقان؛ مکانیسم شکستگی خاکدانه‌ها؛ واریختگی | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Assessment of aggregate stability and determination of instability mechanism of marly soils in Taleghan watershed | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Mohsen Armin1؛ Hassan Ahmadi2؛ hasan Rouhipour3؛ Ali Salajegheh4؛ mohammad Hossein Mahdian5؛ Vajihe Ghorban nia kheybari6 | ||
| 1Assistant professor of collage of natural resources, university of Yasuj | ||
| 2Professor of Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch | ||
| 3Associated professors of Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands | ||
| 4Associated professor of collage of Natural Resources, university of Tehran | ||
| 5Associated professor of Soil conservation and Watershed management Research Institute | ||
| 6Ph.D. student of environmental science of Malayer University | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| Due to the constraints in determining of soil susceptibility to water erosion or soil erodibility through field tests, use of laboratory methods on small soil samples, are easy to implement and far less expensive and time-consuming. among different laboratory methods based on the soil properties, those relating to aggregate stability have received much attention. In this study, by relying on observations and changes in the macroscopic scale of homogeneous work units in marly soils of taleghan watershed, with 3260 hectares in area, 84 points as the soil sampling points were selected. In order to distinction between aggregate breakdown mechanisms and assessing of soil structural behavior in different environmental conditions, aggregate stability is measured with respect to three treatments fast wetting, slow wetting and stirring after pre-wetting using Le Bissonnais method. Results showed that aggregate breakdown mechanisms have a significant influence on aggregate stability. The instability main mechanism of marly soils in Taleghan watershed is slaking that caused by the compression of entrapped air during fast wetting and this situation can occur during rain storms on dry soils and irrigation flooding. So it seems that the method of agricultural land irrigation can be one of the most important soil erosion factors in the study area. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| aggregate breakdown mechanisms, Taleghan watershed, aggregate stability, marl | ||
| مراجع | ||
|
[1] Barthès, B. and Roose, E. (2002). Aggregate stability as an indicator of soil susceptibility to runoff and erosion; validation at several levels, Catena, 47, 133-149. [2] Boiffin, J. (1984). La degradation structure des couches superficielles du sol sous laction des pluies, These de Docteur-Ingenieur, Institute National Agronomique-Paris Grignon. [3] Bryan, R.B. (2000). Soil erodibility and processes of water erosion on hillslope, Geomorphology, 32, 385-415. [4] Cammeraat, L.H. and Imeson, A.C. (1998). Deriving indicators of soil degradation from soil aggregation studies in southeastern Spain and southern France, Geomorphology, 23, 307-321. [5] Cerdá, A. (1998). Soil aggregate stability under different Mediterranean vegetation types, Catena, 32, 73-86. [6] Concaret, J. (1967). Etude des mecanismes de destruction des agregats de terre au contact de solutions aqueuses, Annales Agronomiques, 18, 99-144. [7] Chan, K.Y. and Mullins, C.E. (1994). Slaking characteristics of some Australian and British soils, European Journal of soil Science, 45, 273-283. [8] De Ploey, J. and Poesen, J. (1985). Aggregate stability, runoff generation and interrill erosion, In: Richards, K.S., Arnett, R.R., Ellis, S. (Eds.), Geomorphology and Soils, George Allen& Unwin, London, pp. 99-120. [9] Dimoyiannis, D. (2011). Wet aggregate stability as affected by excess carbonate and other soil properties, Land Degradation Development, Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com) DOI: 10.1002/ldr.1085. [10] Dunne, T., Zhang, W. and Aubry, B.F. (1991). Effects of rainfall, vegetation and microtopography on infiltration and runoff, Water Resources Research, 27, 2271-2285. [11] Elliot, E.T. (1986). Aggregate structure and carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in native and cultivated soils, Soil Science Society of America Journal, 50, 627-633. [12] Emerson, W.W. (1967). A classification of soil aggregate based on their coherence in water, Australian Journal of Soil Research, 5, 47-57. [13] Emerson, W.W. and Greenland, D.J. (1990). Soil aggregate formation and stability, In: Soil colloids and their association in aggregates (Eds M. De Boodt, M. Hayes, A. Herbillon), pp. 485-511. Plenum Press, New York. [14] Farres, P.J. (1987). The dynamics of rainsplash erosion and the role of soil aggregate stability, Catena,14, 119-130. [15] Feng-Ling, Y., Zhi-Hua, S., Zhao-Xia, L. and Chong-Fa, Cai. (2008). Estimating interrill soil erosion from aggregate stability of Ultisols in subtropical China, Soil and Tillage Research, 34-41. [16] Gee, G.W. and Bauder, J.W. (1986). Particle-size analysis, In: Klute, A. (Ed.), Methods of Soil Anlysis, part I. Physical and Mineralogical Methods, 2nd edition, Agronomy 9, American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI, pp. 383-411. [17] Grieve, I.C. (1980). The magnitude and significance of soil structural stability declines under cereal cropping, Catena, 7, 79-85. [18] Henin, S., Monnier, G. and Combeau, A. (1958). Method pour l’etude de la stabilite structurale des sols, Annales Agronomiques, 9, 73-92. [19] Hillel, D. (2004). Introduction to environmental soil physics, Elsevier Academic Press, Amsterdam, 949 p. [20] Kemper, W.D. and Rosenau, R.C. (1984). Soil cohesion as affected by time and water content, Soil Science Society of American Journal, 48, 1001-1006. [21] Kemper, W.D. and Rosenau, R.C. (1986). Aggregate stability and size distribution, In: Method of Soil Analysis, part 1, Agronomy Monographs 9 (ed. A. Klute). American Society of Agronomy, Mdison, WI. [22] Kheyrabi, W.D. and Monnier, G. (1968). Etude experimental de l’influence de la composition granulometrique des terres sur leur stabilite structurale, Annales Aggronomiques, 19, 129-152. [23] Lal, R. (1990). Soil Erosion in the Tropics, Principles and Management, McGraw-Hill, NewYork. [24] Le Bissonnais, Y. (1988). Analyse des mecanismes de desagregation et de la mobilization des particules de terre sous l’action des pluise, These de Doctorat, Universite d’Orleans. [25] Le Bissonnais, Y. (1989). Contribution a l’etude de la degradation structure superfielle: analyse des processus de microfissuration des agregats par l’eau, Science du Sol, 27, 187-199. [26] Le Bissonnais, Y. (1996). Aggregate stability and assessment of soil crustability and erodibility: I. Theory and methodology, European Journal of Soil Science, 47, 425-437. [27] Merzouk, A. and Blake, G.R. (1991). Indices for estimation of interrill erodibility of Moroccan soils, Catena, 18, 537-550. [28] Mohammad Zadeh, Z. (2011). Cementing factors and aggregate stability indices as an estimate of the coefficient of inter-rill erodibility, Soil Science M.Sc Thesis, University of Tabriz. [29] Nearing, M.A. and Bradford, H.M. (1985). Single waterdrop splash detachment and mechanical properties of soils, Soil Science Society of America Journal, 49, 547-552. [30] Nelson, D.W. and Sommers, L.E. (1982). Total carbon, organic carbon, and organic matter, In: Page, L.A., Miller, R.H., Kenney, D.R. (Eds.), Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 2, Chemical and Microbiological Methods, 2nd edition, American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI, pp. 539-579. [31] Oades, J.M. (1988). The retention of organic matter in soils, Biogeochemistry, 5, 35-70. [32] Oades, J.M. and Waters, A.G. (1991). Aggregate hierarchy in soils, Australian Journal of Soil Research, 29, 815-828. [33] Panabokke, C.R. and Quirk, J.P. (1957). Effect of initial water content on stability of soil aggregates in water, Soil Science, 83, 185-195. [34] Rejman, J., Turski, R. and Paluszek, J. (1998). Spatial and temporal variations in erodibility of loess soil, Soil and Tillage Research, 46, 61-68. [35] Rengasamy, P. and Olsson, K.A. (1991). Sodicity and soil structure, Australian Journal of Soil Research, 29, 935-952. [36] Romkens, M.J.M., Roth, C.B. and Nelson, D.W. (1977). Erodibility of selected clay subsoils in relation to physical and chemical properties, Soil Science Society of American Journal, 41, 954-960. [37] Shainberg, I. (1992). Chemical and mineralogical components of crusting, In: Soil crusting: Physical and Chemical Processes (Eds M.E. Sumner and B.A. Stewart), pp. 33-54. Lewis, Boca Raton, Florida. [38] Six, J., Elliott, E.T. and Paustian, K. (2000). Soil structure and soil organic matter: II. A Normalized stability index and the effect of mineralogy, Soil Science Society of American Journal, 64, 1042-1049. [39] Statistical Package for the Social Sciences Inc. (2008). SPSS Advanced Statistics 16.0.2 SPSS Inc., Chicago. [40] Sumner, M.E. (1992). The electrical double layer and clay dispersion, In: Soil crusting: Physical and Chemical Processes (Eds M.E. Sumner and B.A. Stewart), pp. 1-31. Lewis, Boca Raton, Florida. [41] Tisdall, J.M. and Oades, J.M. (1982). Organic matter and water-stable aggregates in soils, Journal of Soil Science, 33, 141-163. [42] Topp, G.C., Reynolds, W.D. and Carter, M.R. (1997). Physical attributes of soil quality, In: Gregorich, E.G. and M.R. Carter (eds), Soil Quality for Crop Production and Ecosystem Health, PP. 81-114, Elsevier Science, Amesterdam, The Netherlands. [43] Toy, T.J., Foster, G.R. and Renard, K.G. (2002). Soil erosion: processes, prediction, measurement and control, New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons. [44] Truman, C.C., Bradford, J.M. and Ferris, J.E. (1990). Antecedent water content and rainfall energy influence on soil aggregate breakdown, Soil Science Society of American Journal, 54, 1385-1392. [45] Valla, M., Kozák, J. and Ondráček, V. (2000). Vulnerability of aggregates separated from selected anthrosols developed on reclaimed dumpsites, Rostlinna Vyroba, 46, 563-568. [46] Valmis, S., Dimoyiannis, D. and Danalatos, N.G. (2005). Assessing interrill erosion rate from soil aggregate instability index, rainfall intensity and slope angle on cultivated soils in central Greece, Soil and Tillage Research,80, 139-147. [47] Unjer, P.W., Fulton, J.L. and Jones, O.R. (1990). Land-leveling effects on soil texture, organic matter content, and aggregate stability, Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 412-415. [48] Zhang, B. and Horn, R. (2001). Mechanisms of aggregate stabilization in Ultisols from subtropical China, Geoderma, 99(1-2), 123-145. [49] Zhi-Hua, S., Feng-Ling, Yan., Lu, Li., Zhao-Xia, Li. and Chong-Fa, Cai. (2010). Interrill erosion from disturbed and undisturbed samples in relation to topsoil aggregate stability in red soils from subtropical China, Catena, 81, 240-248. | ||
|
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 2,302 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 1,095 |
||