پیوندهای مفید
اخبار و اعلانات
آمار
| تعداد نشریات | 161 |
| تعداد شماره‌ها | 6,532 |
| تعداد مقالات | 70,501 |
| تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 124,115,704 |
| تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 97,219,964 |
تأثیر اسکان عشایر بر میزان مشارکت زنان در تأمین درآمد خانوار (مطالعۀ موردی: زنان عشایر سیستانی) | ||
| پژوهشهای جغرافیای انسانی | ||
| مقاله 5، دوره 49، شماره 4، دی 1396، صفحه 791-805 اصل مقاله (765.54 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله علمی پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22059/jhgr.2016.57485 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| فرامرز بریمانی* 1؛ غریب فاضل نیا2؛ زهرا صیادی3 | ||
| 1استاد جغرافیای روستایی دانشگاه مازندران | ||
| 2دانشیار گروه جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی روستایی دانشگاه زابل | ||
| 3کارشناس ارشد جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی روستایی | ||
| چکیده | ||
| زنان عشایر همواره در فعالیت‌های روزمره نقش شایانتوجهی داشته‌اند، اما با اجرای سیاست اسکان و دگرگونی زندگی عشایر کوچنده، و به‌دنبال آن نقش و کارکرد زنان عشایر نیر تغییر و تحول کرده است. آنچه در عمل اتفاق می‌افتد، فروپاشی از یک‌سو و اسکان خودجوش و هدایت‌شده از سوی دیگر است. در این روند، به‌طورکلی نه‌تنها وضعیت کوچندگان، بلکه نقش زنان عشایری به‌طور خاص، بهدلیل ماهیت زندگی‌شان وخیم‌تر شده است و نقش زنان در تأمین معاش خانواده نیز به‌شدت کاهش مییابد. این تحقیق از نوع توسعه‌ای-کاربردی است. جامعۀ آماری، شامل پنج سامانۀ اسکان‌یافته شهرستان زابل واقع در سیستان با 250 خانوار است. با استفاده از فرمول کوکران از طریق نمونه‌گیری تصادفی، همسران 141 سرپرست خانوار انتخاب شد، که بهدلیل دوری سامانه‌ها از هم و مشکلات ناشی از دسترسی به آن‌ها از 124 زن پرسش شده است. برای جمع‌آوری داده‌ها دو پرسشنامه طراحی شد. پرسشنامۀ اول توسط زنان عشایر و پرسشنامۀ دوم توسط خبرگان محلی پر شده است.با توجه به بررسی تطبیقی از دو مقطع قبل و بعد اسکان، وضعیت عمومی عشایر اسکان‌یافته نامناسب است و نقش زنان عشایر در تولید فرآورده‌های لبنی و صنایع‌دستی پس از اسکان تضعیف و درآمد خانوار نیز کاهش یافته است. بهعبارتی بین تضعیف نقش تولیدی زنان و درآمد خانوار، رابطۀ معنی‌داری وجود دارد. براساس یافته‌ها می‌توان گفت که سیاست اسکان عشایر در سامانه‌های مورد مطالعه موفقیت‌آمیز نبوده است. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| اسکان؛ درآمد خانوار؛ زنان؛ سیستان؛ عشایر؛ مشارکت | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| The Influence of Nomads Habitation on the Participation of Nomads Women in Family Income )Case Study: Sistani Nomad Women( | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Faramarz Barimani1؛ Gharib Fazelniya2؛ Zahra Saiyadi3 | ||
| 1Professor of Rural Geography, University of Mazandaran, Mazandaran, Iran | ||
| 2Associate Professor of Geography, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran | ||
| 3MA in Geograghy and Rural Planning, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Iran | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| Introduction It is believed that nomadic life is developed because of adaptation to ecological conditions, but after the industrial revolution (1750) and the advasces in technology also affected nomadic life. Changes in Iranian nomadic population were a result of Reza shah's plan to settle nomads (Takhteh Ghapoo) according to his Modernization policy. After Islamic revolution, comprehensive development of Iran’s nomadic regions was proposed with the aims of improving the nation; but these projects did not succeed, because the expansion of inner capitalist and pseudo-capitalist systems marginalized nomadic population, and this itself changed nomadic life. Unlike the past conditions, now the tribes were forced to settle despite their tendency to have accommodation. In some cases, without government's policy the tribes settled by their own will. This caused confusion in the political and socio-economic structure of nomadic tribes. This feedback corresponds more to our case study (Sistani nomads). Addition to these above mentioned factors, recent droughts (1998 to 2007) ruined pasturelands during summer (South Khorasan) and winter season (Sistan Plain) in this region. As a result, Sistani nomadic life has been greatly in danger of destroying the environmental. Before these changes, the situation of nomads, especially nomad women, was worsened and their role in family income was decreased. This paper studies the role of Sistani nomad women before and after habitation based on the following hypotheses. - The role of Sistani nomad women was underestimated after habitation. - There is a significant relationship between the weakness of Sistani nomad women role and family income. - There is a significant relationship between these womens participation in family income before and after habitation. Methodology The statistical population of this study is 5 settled groups with 250 families in Zabol. Using Cohran equation, we have randomly selected 141 households with sampling. We have asked 124 women for distance of groups and availability problems. We have used a questionnaire in order to collect data. The 2 questionnaires were designed, one of which for nomad women and we have used 0.8 (goat & kid (yeanling)), 5(cow & calf) and 8 (camel & camel’s kid) coefficients regarding the kinds of livestock. This is to equalize changing rank units. With regard to animal products, we have also calculated a 100 days of milking period. To compare women’s status before and after habitation, the price of livestock animal products and handy crafts have been measured according to the current prices (2010). The Second questionnaire has been distributed among the elders of the nomad society. In the experience, we have also utilized bigeminal comparison and Pierson cohesion. Results and Discussion The study has indicated that 31.2 % of husbands are unemployed and 17.6 % of them have just begun to work. If we add the 18.4 % of those who have non-productive jobs, about 67.2 % do conestraction work. In other words, they are out of the production cycle; and only 32.8 % are in the production cycle (agriculture & ranching). On the other hand, 97.6 % of the nomad women are house holders and practically they have no role in economy compared with before habitation. Only 2.4 % do dressmaking and broidery. However, before habitation, these activities are parallel to their main activities (animal products, handy crafts, etc.). Given the ecological peculiarities and its changing situation Sistan, these facts show that nomad's habitation in Sistan was not a good plan. Comparing the sistani before and after habitation shows that, before being settled all nomads had livestock; but after settelment 25.6 % did not have any livestock. If 100 livestock with other activities can complete family income, before habitation only 33.6 % have 100 livestock, but after habitation, about 25.6 % have lost their livestock. Secondly, 54.4 % have lesser than 100 livestock. In other words, about 80 % have been deprived of livestock as a source of income; although we see 33.6 % before habitation. Before habitation, 57.7 % of ranchers had 100-499 livestock, but this number decreased to 8.8 % after habitation. The share of ranchers with more than 500 livestock decreased from 8 to 1.6 %. These numbers show tendency from a middle point to a lower point from livestock point of view and subsequently this affects economic situation and life quality in the studied nomads. We compared their activity before and after habitation using t-test, and the results confirmed our hypothesis. Conclusion Sistan region is located in a arid zone of north hemisphere. The region has confronted with two important phenomena of periodic flood and drought. The drought sometimes dries Hirmand River and the hamoons lake becames waterless and canebrakes are destroyed. In such conditions Sistani nomads are in danger. There are three solutions for the problem: Quitting this life style and beginning another one, continuing nomadic life and doing other parallel jobs, spontaneous habitation. These three solutions have been practiced in some tribes. However, one of Government’s policies is guided habitation to improve nomad’s life. Family peculiarities of the statistical sample shows that, this policy was not successful; especially after habitation, the participation of Sistani nomad women has decreased and subsequently the family income is reduced. This approach, not only created problems for nomads families, but also adaptation with the environment in other studies also showed the same results. The goals of government are to build low cost houses for the people, provide financial aids for them, and create new employment opportunities for them. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| nomads, habitation, Sistani Nomad Women, Family income | ||
| مراجع | ||
- Abdollahi, M. and Chalabi, M., 1992, The Nomads Habitationfrom the Perspectives of Sociology, IN:A Collection of Articlesof Seminar of Nomads life Development, Organization of Nomads Affairs of Iran, Tehran. (In Persian)
- , No.1 9, PP. 45- 68. (In Persian)
- Akbari, A, and Mehdi, M., 2004, Population and Communities of Iranian Nomads: An Introdution, National Studies Quarterly, Vol. 5, No.1, PP. 9- 42. (In Persian)
- Afshar, N., 1983, Nomads Habitation and its Social and Economic Effects, Nomads andTribes, Agah Publishers, Tehran. (In Persian)
- Ahmadi, N., 2006, The Preludes of the Social Presence of Women, Journal of Thought and Political History of Contemporary Iran, Vol. 5, No. 48, PP. 12-15. (In Persian)
- Amanollahi Baharvand, S., 1981, PasturalNomadism in Iran, B.T.N.K, Tehran. (In Persian)
- Arzani, H., 1999, Environmental Impact Assessment Resettled Nomadsof FarsProvince (Dashte Bokan), Institute of SocialResources and Studies, Faculty of Natural Resources, Tehran University. (In Persian)
- BakhshandeNosrat, A., 1990, Nomads Development Spatial planning, IN:A Collection of Articlesof Seminar of Nomads life Development, Organization of Nomads Affairs of Iran, Tehran. (In Persian)
- Barimani, F., 2001, A Study the Possibility of Changing of Summer Pastural Sistani Volunteer Nomadismin the Northern Plains, Nomadic Affairs of Sistan and Baluchestan. (In Persian)
- Barimani, F., 2002, Thelegal Regime Helmand Step in to Prevent a Catastrophic Rise. IN: A Collection of Articles International Congress on Cultural Approach To Geography, Geography, A Foundation for the Dialogue Among Civilization, 15-17 May 2000. Fuculty of litriture.Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Edited by Professor MohammadHusayn PapoliYazdi. (In Persian
- Barimani, F., 2003, Sistani Pastural Nomadism in the Torus of Environmental Obstacles and Human Threats, Journal of Geographical Research, Vol . 18, No. 71, PP. 93- 104. (In Persian)
- Barimani, F., 2004, The Increasing Efects of Drought in Endoeique Drainege Regiones, Case Study, Sistan of Iran, Political and Economic Ettelaat, June In the Eighteenth Number the Ninth and Tenth, Vol. 18, 201- 202, No. 201-202, PP, 186- 193. (In Persian)
- Barimani, F,. 2005, A Study of the Employment on Nomads Zirkariin Southern Khorasan, Institute of Geosciences and Geography, University of Sistanand Baluchestan. (In Persian)
- Ba)
- Barimani, F., 2008, A Feasibility Study of the Northern Plain of Sistanand Baluchestan Province for Relocating Sistan, Volunteer Migrating Tribes Summer Settlement, Iranian Journal of Natural Resources,Vol. 61, No. 2, PP. 349- 359. (In Persian)
- Barimani, F. et al, 2010, Identificationof Potential and Site Selection Center for Nomads Northern of Sistan in the South of Khorasan, (Hamun-Nehbanda Oecomen), Institute of Geosciences and Geography,University of Sistanand Baluchestan. (In Persian)
- Bayat, A., 1987, General Historical Geographyof Iran, 2nd Edition, Amir Kabir publication, Tehran. (In Persian)
- Dorfman, E.J., Kingsford, R.T., 2001, Scale-dependent Patterns of Abundance and Habitat Use by Cormorants in Arid Australia.
- Etienne, T. P., 2000, Herders and Wildgame Behaviour as A Strategy Against Desertification in Northern Cameroon, Journal of Arid Environments, Vol. 39, Issue.2, PP . 90-179.
- Ghaffari, T., 1991, Pastures Economic Independence Supporting, Part II, A Quarterly Journal of Pastural Nomads , No. 15, PP. 67- 87. (In Persian)
- Hampshire, k., 2002, Network of Nomads: Negotiating Access to Health Resources Among Pastoralist Women in Chad, Social and Medicine , Isuue.7, PP. 1037-1025.
- Hayati, E., 1990, A vision of the Future Nomads, IN|: Collection of Articles of Seminarof Nomads life Development, Organization of Nomads Affairs of Iran, Tehran. (In Persian)
- Jamshidian, M., 1990, Life Nomads Development Strategy Based on Nomad-Herding, in: Set of Seminar Articles of Nomads life Development, Organization of Nomads Affairs of Iran, Tehran. (In Persian)
- Janzen, J., 2002, The Modern Development of Nomadic living Space in Southeast –Arabia- the Case of Dhofar (Sultanate of Oman), Grune waldstra Be35.
- Keyavand, A., 1989, The State, Politicsand Tribal Communities, From the Beginning Qajar Period to 1988, Nomadic Publicationl,Tehran. (In Persian)
- Khazarloo, B. et al., 2005, Participatory Evaluation of the Nomads Habitation Plans, Case Study: Shibloo Plain in West Azerbaijan Province, IN: Set of National Conference Article ofNomads Organizing Society of Iran, Ordibehesht 2004, Organization of Nomads Afairs of Iran, Vol. 1, No. 1, PP . 688-663 (In Persian)
- Lotfali poor, M. and Saberiyan, A., 2003, The Investigation of the Socio- Economic Statusof Nomadic Township of Shirvan, and ProvideStrategies for Organizing Theirlife, Journal of Geographical Research, Vol .18, No. 2, PP. 133- 152. (In Persian)
- Mahmoodian, H., 2003, A Study of Women's Participation in the Laber Force in the Provinces in the years 1376, 1386, 1396, Social Science Journal, Vol . 1, No. 21, PP. 189-218. (In Persian)
- Mansheev, D.M,. 2009, Froms of Nomadism and livestock management of the Eastern Sayan Buryats in the late 19 TH and early 20 TH centuries, Archaeology Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia, Vol . 37, Issue. 2, PP. 104- 109. (In Persian)
- Mocellin, J. and F, P., 2008, Health Status and Geographic Mobility Among Semi- Nomadic Pastoralist in Mongolia, Health and Place, Vol .4, No.14, PP. 228- 242.
- Mohammadi, M., 2003, The Abilities of Women in Productive Economy of Nomads, Journal of Women Studies, Vol. 1, No. 6. PP. 87- 116. (In Persian)
- Mohmmadi, M., 2004, The Investigation ofthe Nomadic women by Emphasizing their role in the productive Economy Nomads, Study: Hamadan province, IN: Set of National Conference Article of Nomads Organizing Society of Iran, Ordibehesht 2004, Organization of Nomads Afairs of Iran, Vol. 1, No . 1, PP. 160-127. (In Persian)
- Mohandesin Moshaver Farpak., 1984, First Report, Soil Conditions and Potentiall of Lands in the Sistan and Baluchestan, Baluchestan Regional Health Organization, Vol. 2. (In Persian)
- Mollaei Hashtjin, N., 2001, Analysison the Geographical Distribution of Bakhtiari Nomadsin Winter and Summer Pastural, Geographical Research, Vol . 30, No. 35, PP. 33- 48. (In Persian)
- Mossaei, M,. 1988, Boyer Ahmad Nomads Campaign With the Pahlavi Regime,A Quarterly Journal of Pastural Nomads, No.3- 4, PP. 22- 38. (In Persian)
- Papoli yazdi, M. H., 1992, Nomads in North of Khorasan, Astan Quds Razavi, Mashad. (In Persian)
- Perry, R., Ian, S. and Rashi, U., 2007, Marine Ecosystem Variability and Human Community Responses: The Example of Ghana, West Africa, and Marine Policy, Vol . 31, Issue. 2. PP. 125- 134.
- Ryahi, V. et al, 2013, Study of Role of Habitation Plans in Economic and Social Development of Nomads, Case Study: Kohgiluye and Boyerahmad Habitation Centers, Journal of Applied Research in Geographical Sciences, Year. 13, No. 28, PP. 95- 112. (In Persian)
- Salehi, A., 2005, Investication of Economic- Social Impacts of the Nomads Habitation Plans in the Golafshan Centers and …, IN: Set of National Conference Article of Nomads Organizing Society of Iran, Ordibehesht 1383, Organization of Nomads Afairs of Iran, Vol . 1, PP. 46-11. (In Persian)
- Scholz, F., 2004, Nomads/ Nomadism in history, International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences, PP. 10650-10655.
- Seidaei, S. et al, 2005, Evaluation of Economic, Social and Cultural Impacts of Nomads Habitant Centers, IN: Set of National Conference Article of Nomads Organizing Society of Iran, Ordibehesht 2004, Organization of Nomads Afairs of Iran, Vol. 1 , PP. 66-47
- Seidaei, S., 2009, Vision of Iran Nomadic Society in the next 20 years Horizon, Journal of Applied Research in Geographical Sciences, Vol .9, No. 12, PP. 147- 165. (In Persian)
- Shahbazi, A., 1990, Introduction to Tribesand Nomads Recognition, Published Ney,Tehran. (In Persian)
- Shahinfar, H., 1990, Shahsavan Tribeand Historical Campaigns, A Quarterly Journal of Pastural Nomads, No . 12, PP. 19- 26. (In Persian)
- Shateri, M. and Hojjatollah, S., 2012, Analysis of Economic- Social impacts of the Spontaneous Habitation of Nomads (Case Study: The Nomads of Dehdaz District, Izeh Township, Khuzestan Province), Scientific Specialized Journal of Spatial Plannin, 2nd Year, No. 2, (Serial 6), PP. 105- 128. (In Persian)
- Tavakkoli, J., 2005, An Overview of the Existing Theories and Experiences in the Nomads Habitation, IN: Set of National Conference Article of Nomads Organizing of Iran, Organization of Nomads Afairs of Iran, Vol. 1. (In Persian)
- Tavakoli, M. and Sasan T., 2005, Evaluation of Systematization Programs for the Migratory tribe living In Fars Province, IN: Set of National Conference Article of Nomads Organizing of Iran, Organization of Nomads Afairs of Iran, Vol. 1. (In Persian)
- Upton, C., 2010, living off the land: Nature and Nomadism in Mongolia, Journal homepage.
- Zeya Tavana, M., 1992, Characteristics of the Natural Environment of Basin Sistan, Celebration Letter Dr. Mohammad Hassan Ganji, IN: Set of Geographical Articles, With Effoet of Dr. Iranpour Jazani, Published Gita Shenasi, Tehran. (In Persian)
| ||
|
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 2,012 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 758 |
||