پیوندهای مفید
اخبار و اعلانات
آمار
| تعداد نشریات | 158 |
| تعداد شماره‌ها | 6,225 |
| تعداد مقالات | 67,685 |
| تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 115,000,760 |
| تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 89,677,918 |
رابطه های تجربی میان بزرگی و برخی پارامترهای گسلش برای زمین لرزه های ایران و ناحیه های مجاور آن | ||
| فیزیک زمین و فضا | ||
| مقاله 3، دوره 42، شماره 2، شهریور 1395، صفحه 247-262 اصل مقاله (1.93 M) | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22059/jesphys.2016.57736 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| فروغ محمدامینی1؛ الهام شعبانی* 2؛ نوربخش میرزائی2 | ||
| 1مؤسسه ژئوفیزیک دانشگاه تهران | ||
| 2هیئت علمی، مؤسسه ژئوفیزیک دانشگاه تهران | ||
| چکیده | ||
| تخمین اندازه‌ی بزرگترین زمینلرزه‌ا‌ی که ممکن است توسط یک گسل مشخص یا چشمه‌ی زمینلرزه رخ دهد، از جمله پارامترهای مهم تأثیرگذار درتحلیل‌خطر زمینلرزه است. یکی از روش‌های تخمین این بزرگی، استفاده از رابطه‌های تجربی بین بزرگی و پارامترهای گسل عامل زمینلرزه است. هدف اصلی این مطالعه ارائه‌ی بهترین روابط تجربی ممکن بین بزرگی و پارامترهای گسل به چند روش رگرسیون مناسب، مبتنی برکاتالوگ گردآوری شده و به روز شده‌ی زمینلرزههای منطقه است. برای این منظور، برخی از پارامترهای گسلش از جمله طول شکستگی سطحی، بیشینه جابه‌جایی‌های افقی و قائم و بزرگی‌های M_w و M_s بیشتر از 5/5 گزارششده‌ی دوره‌ی دستگاهی تا پایان سال 2014 میلادی برای زمینلرزه های ایران و نواحی مجاور با دقت گردآوری شده است. برای این منظور، سه مدل رگرسیون SR، ISR وOR به‌کار گرفته شده است.نشان داده شده است که ضرائب بین بزرگی‌ها و پارامترهای گسل در رابطه‌های حاصل از روش‌های SR و OR با خطای کمتری نسبت به روش ISR تخمین زده می‌شوند. در عوض، در روابط معکوس، طول شکستگی سطحی و بیشینه جابه‌جایی‌های قائم و افقی برحسب M_w و M_s، ضرائب حاصل ازروش ISR با کمترین میزان خطا نسبت به سایر روش‌ها تخمین زده می‌شوند. نتایج حاصل از این مطالعه با رابطه‌های مشابه جهانی مقایسه شده است. به عنوان نمونه، در رابطه‌ی بین M_s و طول شکستگی سطحی، رابطه‌ی میانگین جهانی به کار رفته تا بزرگی حدود 2/7 نسبت به رگرسیون OR در این مطالعه، دارای فراتخمین و پس از آن فروتخمین دارد. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| روابط تجربی؛ پارامترهای گسل؛ بیشینه بزرگی؛ طول شکستگی سطحی؛ بیشینه جابه‌جایی سطحی | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Empirical relationships between magnitude and some faulting parameters for earthquakes in Iran and adjacent regions | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Forough Mohammad Amini1؛ Elham Shabani2؛ Noorbakhsh Mirzaei2 | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| To assess seismic hazard, it is essential to estimate the potential seismicity, particularly estimation of size of the largest earthquake that can be identified by a distinct fault or earthquake source. One of the methods applied to estimate magnitude of earthquake is use of empirical relationships between magnitude and fault parameters. Fault parameters for the earthquakes from early instrumental period to 2014 are compiled to develop a series of empirical relationships among M_w and M_s with surface rupture length, horizontal and vertical displacements. The objective of this study is provision of an accurate piece of information about previous earthquakes through studies and investigations as well as a comprehensive and through catalog of the recent earthquakes so as to represent precise empirical relationships between the magnitude and earthquake fault parameters. Moreover, the information about earthquakes with magnitudes greater than M_w and M_s ≥5.5 were selected. In the beginning, the relationships between magnitudes and fault parameters were acquired, then the database on the basis of three slip types, consisting of strike-slip, normal and thrust, were manipulated and eventually relations were obtained. One also should not overlook the fact that three regression models, including SR, ISR and OR, were employed in this study. In SR and ISR methods, no error are considered for independent variables, whereas the mentioned error is taken into account in OR method. The OR method is obtained by minimization of the squares of the orthogonal distances to the best-fit line, whereas SR is derived by minimizing the squares of the vertical offset and also inverted standard least-squares regression (ISR) is derived by minimizing the squares of the horizontal offsets. However, roughly equal uncertainties for the two variables are regarded in the SR and OR methods. According to the obtained results, the best relationship between M_w and M_s with surface rupture length was established with correlation coefficients of 0.87 and 0.86, respectively. Also the relationships between M_s with maximum horizontal and vertical displacements with correlation coefficient of 0.63 and 0.62 in a respect way, are far better than the relationships between M_w with maximum horizontal and vertical displacements with correlation coefficient of 0.59 and 0.59. In addition, the relationships between magnitudes (M_w or M_s) and maximum horizontal displacements indicate a better fit than the relationships between the magnitudes and maximum vertical displacements. It is also worth mentioning that the best fit between M_w or M_s and surface rupture length was acquired with correlation coefficients of 0.87 and 0.86, respectively, by separating the database based on slip type. Whatever was mentioned about relationships between magnitudes and maximum horizontal and vertical displacements, is still valid by separating the database on the basis of slip type. According to the results of the direct relations, the SR and OR regression methods are far better than the ISR regression method with less error than ISR regression method. What’s more, in inverse relations, the ISR regression method estimates the coefficients with the lowest error rate in comparison with other methods. As an outcome, the findings were established from the current study are better than the global relationships for Iran and its adjacent regions. For example, in the light of the relationship between M_s and surface rupture length, the utilized global relation has been overestimated and then underestimated up to M=7.2 with respect to OR regression. The obtained relations have been simultaneously compared to two global relations within relationship between MS and surface rupture length. The results would seem to suggest that both global relations are overestimated and then underestimated up to M=6.5 in comparison with other regression methods. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| empirical relationships, Source parameters, Maximum magnitude, Surface rupture length, Maximum surface displacement | ||
| مراجع | ||
|
زارع، م.، 1374، رابطه‌های مناسب برای بزرگا، شدت و بیشینه شتاب افقی براساس زمینلرزههای ایران، پژوهش‌نامة زلزله‌شناسی و مهندسی زلزله، 4(6)، 14-12. میرزائی، ن.، قیطانچی، م. ر.، ناصریه، س.، رئیسی، م.، ظریفی، ز. و طبائی، ق.، 1381، پارامترهای مبنائی زمینلرزههای ایران، انتشارات دانش‌نگار، 184 ص. Akkar, S., Cagan, Z., Yenier, E., Erdogan, O., Sandikkaya, M. A. and Gulkan, P., 2010, The recently compiled Turkish strong motion database: Preliminary investigation for seismological parameters, J Seismol, 14, 457-479.
Albee, A. L. and Smith, J. L., 1966, Earthquake characteristics and fault activity in southern California, In Engineering Geology in Southern Califonia. Lung, R., Proctor, D. W., (Editors), Association of Engineering Geologists. Los Angeles section, 9-34.
Acharya, H. K., 1979, Regional variations in the Rupture Length magnitude relationships and their dynamical significance, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., 69, 2063-2084.
Ambraseys, N. N., 1975, Studies in historical seismicity and tectonics Geodynamics today, Royal Society, London, 7-16.
Ambraseys, N. N., 1988, Engineering seismology, Mallet-Milne lecture, Special Issue. Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn., 17, 1-105.
Ambraseys, N. N., 2001, Reassessment of earthquakes, 1900-1999, in the eastern Mediterranean and Middle East. Geophys. J. Int. 145, 471-485.
Ambraseys, N. N. and Jackson, J. A., 1998, Faulting associated with historical and recent earthquakes in the eastern Mediteranean region, Geophys. J. Int., 133, 390-406.
Ambraseys, N. N. and Melville, C. P., 1982, A history of Persian earthquakes, Cambridge university press, London, 219 PP.
Anderson, J. G., Wesnousky, S. G. and Stirling, M. W., 1996, Earthquake size as a function of slip rate. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., 86, 683-690.
Berberian, M., 1981, Active faulting and tectonics of Iran. In: Gupta, H. K., Delany, F. M. (Eds.), Zagros-Hindu Kush-Himalaya: Geodynamic Evolution, Am. Geophys. Union, Geodynamics series, 3, 33-69.
Berberian, M., 2014, Earthquakes and coseismic surface faulting on the Iranian plateau, Developments in Earth surface processes, 17.
Berberian, M., Jackson, J. A., Fielding, E., Parsons, B. E., Priestly, K., Qorashi, M., Talebian, M., Walker, R., Wright, T. J. and Baker, E., 2001, The 1998 March 14 Fandoqa earthquake ( 6.6) in Kerman, southeast Iran: re rupture of the 1981 Sirch earthquake fault, triggering of slip on adjacent thrusts, and the active tectonics of the Gowk fault zone, Geophys. J. Int., 146 (2), 371-398.
Berberian, M., Jackson, J., Ghorashi, M. and Kadjar, M. H., 1984b, Field and teleseismic observations of the 1981 Golbat-Sirch earthquakes in SE Iran, Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc. Lond., 77, 809-838.
Berberian, M. and Qorashi, M., 1994, Coseismic fault-related folding during the South Golbaf earthquake of November 20, 1989, in southeast Iran, Geology, 22, 531-534.
Berberian, M. and Yeats, R. S., 2001, Contribution of archaeological data to studies of earthquake history in the Iranian plateau, Paul Hancock Memorial Issue, J. Struct. Geol., 23, 536-584.
Berberian, M. and Walker, R., 2010, The Rudbar 7.3 earthquake of 1990 Jun 20; Seismotectonics, coseismic and geomorphic displacements, and historic earthquakes of the western high-Alborz, Iran, Geophys, J. Int., 182(3), 1577-1602., http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2010.04705.x.,
Bonilla, M. G. and Buchanon, J. M., 1970, Interim report on worldwide historic surface faulting, U.S. Geol. Surv. Open-File Rept., 70, 34, 32 PP.
Bonilla, M. G., Mark, R. K. and Lienkaemper, J. J., 1984, Statistical relations among earthquake magnitude, surface rupture length, and surface fault displacement, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., 74, 2379-2411.
Castellaro, S. and Borman, P., 2007, Performance of different regression procedures on the magnitude conversion problem, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 97, 1167-1175.
Chinnery, M. A., 1969, Earthquake magnitude and source parameters, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., 59, 1969-1982.
Copley, A., Faridi, M., Ghorashi, M., Hollingsworth, J., Jackson, J., Nazari, H., Oveisi, B., Talebian, M., 2013, The 2012 August 11 Ahar earthquakes: consequences for tectonics and earthquake hazard in the Turkish-Iranian plateau. Geophys. J. Int. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggt379.
Darragh, R. B. and Bolt, B. A., 1987, A comment on the statistical regression relation between earthquake magnitude and fault rupture length, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., 77, 1479-1484.
Haghipour, A. and Amidi, M., 1980, The November 14 to December 25, 1979 ghaenat earthquakes of northeast Iran and their tectonic implications. Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 70, No. 5, 1751-1757.
Iida, K., 1959, Earthquake energy and earthquake fault, Nagoya University, J. Earth Sci. 7, 98-107.
Kanamori, H. and Anderson, D. L., 1975, Theoretical basis of some empirical relations in seismology, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., 65, 1073-1096.
Kijko, A., 2004, Estimation of the maximum earthquake magnitude, . Pure. Appl. Geophys., 161, 1655-1681.
Lolli, B. and Gasperini, P., 2012, A comparison among general orthogonal regression methods applied to earthquakes magnitude conversions, Geophys. J. Int., 190, 1135-1151.
Moazami Goudarzi, Ghaderi-Tafreshi, 1977, Preliminary report on the Qaen, Khorasan, earthquake of November 7, 1976. In: Proc. CENTO seminar on the recent advances in earthquake hazard minimization, 14-17 November, 1976. Plan and Budget organization, Tehran, 70, 272-278.
Mousavi-Bafrouei, S. H., Mirzaei, N. and Shabani, E., 2014, A declustered earthquake catalog for the Iranian plateau, Annals of geophysics, 57, No. 6, 1-25.
Nemati, M., 2014, An appraisal of aftershocks behavior for large earthquakes in Persia, Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 79, 432-440.
Nowroozi, A. A., 1985, Empirical relations between magnitudes and fault parameters for earthquakes in Iran, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., 75(5), 1327-1338.
Nowroozi, A. A. and Mohajer Ashjai, A., 1978, Observed and probable intensity zoning of Iran. Tectonophysics, 49, 149-160.
Nowroozi, A. A., Mohajer Ashjai, A., 1980/1981, Faulting of Kurizan and Koli (Iran) earthquakes of November 1979; a field report. Bull. B. R. G. M. (deuxieme serie) IV, No, 2, 91-99.
Ohnaka, M., 1978, Earthquake source parameters related to magnitude, Geophys. J. R. Astr. Soc., 55, 45-66.
PDE, cataloge of earthquakes located by the USGS/ NEIC and its predecessors in yhe U.S. coast and geodetic survey, the national ocean survey, and the environmental research laboratories of the department of commerce.
Purcaru, G. and Berckhemer, H., 1982, Quantitative relations of seismic source parameters and a classification of earthquakes. In Quantification of earthquakes, Duda, S. J., Aki, K. (Editors), Tectonophysics, 84, 57-128.
Scholz, C. H., 1982, Scaling lows for large earthquakes: consequences for physical models, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., 72, 1-14.
Slemmons, D. B., 1977, Fault and earthquake magnitude. U.S. Army Corps of engineers, Waterways Experimental Station, Miscellaneous papers S, 73. 1. Report 6, 1-129.
Slemmons, D. B., 1982, Determination of design earthquake magnitudes for microzonation. Proc. Of the third international earthquake microzonation conf. vol. 1. U. S. National Science foundation, Washington. D. C., 119-130.
Slemmons, D. B., Bodin, P. and Zang, X., 1989, determination of earthquake size from surface faulting events, Proc. of the international seminar of seismic zonation,Guangzhou, China, State Seismological Bureau. Beijing. 13.
Singh, S. K., Bazan, E. and Esteva, L., 1980, Expected earthquake magnitude from a fault, Seism. Soc. Am., 70, 903-914.
Tocher, D., 1958, Earthquake energy and ground breakage, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., 48, 147-153.
Toksoz, M. N., Arpat, E., Saroglu, F., 1977, East Anatolian earthquake of 24 November 1976. Nature 270, 423-425.
Toksoz, M. N., Nabelek, J., Arpat, E., 1978, Source properties of the 1976 earthquake in east Turkey: a comparison of field data and teleseismic results. Tectonophysics 49, 199-205.
Utso, T., 1969, Aftershocks and earthquake statistics (I), some parameters wich characterize an aftershock sequence and their interrelations, J. Faculty Sci. Series VII. Vol. III, Hokkaido University, Japan, 129-195.
Utso, T. and Seki, A., 1954, A relation between the area of aftershock region and the energy of mainshock, J. Seism. Soc., Japan, 7, 233-240.
Walker, R., Jackson, J., Baker, C., 2004, Active faulting and seismicity of the Dasht-e-Bayaz region, eastern Iran. Geophys. J. Int. 157, 265-285.
Wells, D. L. and Coppersmith, K. J., 1994, New empirical relationships among magnitude, rupture length, rupture width, rupture area, and surface displacement, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 84(4), 974-1002.
Wesnousky, S. G., 1986, Earthquakes, Quaternary faults, and seismic hazards in California, J. Geophys. Res., 91, 12587-12631.
Wyss, M., 1979, Estimating maximum expectable magnitude of earthquakes from fault dimensions, Geology, 7, 336-340. | ||
|
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 2,203 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 1,652 |
||