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سیر تجسم اسطوره بودا در هنر هند: از نمادین تا فیگوراتیو | ||
| نشریه هنرهای زیبا: هنرهای تجسمی | ||
| مقاله 8، دوره 21، شماره 2، آذر 1395، صفحه 75-84 اصل مقاله (847.07 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22059/jfava.2016.59649 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| پریسا شاد قزوینی1؛ پینکی چادها* 2 | ||
| 1دانشیار گروه نقاشی، دانشکده هنر، دانشگاه الزهرا، تهران | ||
| 2دانشجوی دکتری پژوهش هنر، دانشکده هنر، دانشگاه الزهرا، تهران | ||
| چکیده | ||
| تجسم بودا در هنر هند همواره ضرورتی توأمان با زندگی، باورها و آیین‌های مردم هند بودهاست. این تجسم به دو دوره نمایش بودا به‌صورت نمادین و فیگوراتیو قابل تقسیم است. بودا در دوران زندگانیاش با عینیتنگاری خود مخالف بود، و صورت اسطوره‌ای وی در دوره اول، به کمک نشانههای مرتبط با زندگانی وی به ظهور نشست. حدود 1م. نشانههایی از تصویر بودا با هیئت انسانی در هنر هند آغاز گردید. این مقاله بر این فرضیه تأکید دارد که علی‌رغم ممنوعیت خلق تصویر انسانی از بودا در دوره اول، پیروان وی، همواره تصویری ذهنی از بودا را در سر میپروراندند، و پس از از بین رفتن افراطیگریهای بودیسم، مجال یافتند تا پیکره انسانی وی را بسازند. هدف از این مقاله مطالعه نحوه گذارِ دوره نمادین به فیگوراتیو، و همچنین عوامل تأثیرگذار بر آن است. برای نیل به آن، گردآوری مطالب به روش اسنادی و با اشاره به متون مذهبی، اساطیر موجود و شرایط فرهنگیِ اجتماعات بودایی صورت گرفته است. در مسیر تدوین این مقاله، این نتیجه حاصل شده است که، تصویر بودا در دوره اول هنر بودایی، متأثر از عوامل گوناگونی ازجمله هم‌جواری با مذاهب هندوییسم و جینیسم شکل‌گرفته، و به دلیل عادت عوام به تمرکز بر تصویر بودا در هنگام مراقبه و نیایش، به‌صورت ذهنی و واقعی وجود داشت. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| هنر هند؛ بودا؛ اسطوره؛ پیکرنگاری | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| A Study on the Incarnation of Buddha in Indian Art: Symbolic to Figurative | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Parisa Shad Qazvini1؛ Pinky Chadha2 | ||
| 1Associate Professor, Faculty of Arts, AL Zahra University, Tehran | ||
| 2PhD Candidate, Faculty of Arts, AL Zahra University, Tehran | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| The representation of Buddha’s image in the art of India, has always been associated with the necessities of life, beliefs and customs of Indian people. Buddha’s representation, could be divided into two phases: the symbolic phase which sometimes called the first period (2B.C to 1A.D) and the figurative phase which is also called the second period (from 1A.D. on). During his lifetime (563 B.C -483 B.C), Buddha was opposed to his objectivity in form of a human, and therefore his mythical visage was shown with the help of symbols and signs, throughout the first phase. These symbols and signs were related to Buddha’s life, the objects he used, the places he has been to, and the events happened to him or by him. It was about 1A.D that his human figure emerged in Indian art. This emergence was basically in art of northern regions such as Gandhara and Mathura. The Buddha of Gandhara had Indo-Greek features, and that was due to the former influence of the Greek culture after the Alexander’s reign in this area, which is in today Afghanistan and Pakistan. While Mathuran Buddha had indigenous characteristics of Indian art. Despite of the style, Buddha’s image began to be created clearly after first century A.D. It should be noted that, the worship of image has had a long history in India and is dated back to pre-Vedic period. Indian people were used to concentrate on their gods’ and goddesses’ images while worshipping. It was so in all the religions and sects in this country. The dominant assumption in this analytical paper is that, despite the prohibition of displaying the human figure in the first phase of Buddhist art, Buddha’s followers, has always tried to develop a mental image of his face, influenced by various factors such as adjacency with other religions such as Hinduism and Jainism. And it was only after the disappearance of the extremisms in Buddhism, that they found the opportunity to create his image with a perfect aesthetic elegance and maturity. Because a picture, this perfect and sublime couldn’t be created all of sudden, and after 600 years of banishment, and without any planning. The purpose of this paper is to study this transitional period of the symbols changing to human figure, and also the facts affecting it. This paper is also trying to answer this question that, whether the image of Buddha, mental or real, existed during the first period or not? If yes, what are the reasons to this answer? And if there was any image created, what has happened to them, and why there is no archeological evidence left? To achieve this goal, gathering data is done through documentary method via library resources. Religious texts, artefacts discovered, Buddhist myths and the cultural terms of the Buddhist societies are also referred to, to prove the hypothesis of this study. According to the conclusions of this study, the image described, have been existed since Buddha was alive. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| Art of India, buddha, myth, iconography | ||
| مراجع | ||
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جوادی، شهره (1386)، نقش برجسته ها و مجسمه های هند باستان در هنر بودایی، نشریه باغ نظر، شماره 7، صص5-17. ذکرگو، امیر حسین( 1375)، از بودا تا بت(تاملی در سیر پیدایش شمایلگری در هنرهای بودایی)، نشریه نامه فرهنگ، شماره 22، صص136-145. Boeree, George (1999), an Introduction to Buddhism, Shippensburg University, Pennsylvania.
Coomaraswamy, Ananda. K (1998), Elements of Buddhist Iconography, Munshilal Manoharlal Publications, New Delhi.
Gombrich, Richard. F (1971), Precept and Practice: Traditional Buddhism in the Rural Highlands of Ceylon, Clarendon Press, Oxford.
Huntington, Susan L (1990), Early Buddhist Art and the Theory of Aniconism, Art Journal, New Approaches to South Asian Art, Published by: College Art Association, Vol. 49, No. 4, pp. 401-408.
Huntington, Suzan and John (2010), King Udayana’s Image of Shakyamuni Buddha, in the Digital Database of The Huntington archive of Ohio state University in/huntingtonarchive. osu.edu /(retrieved on 3/8/2004).
Jain, P. C and Daljeet (2004), Evolution of the Buddha Image, Exotic India Journal of Art, Vol ?????, No ?????, pp ?????.
Krishan, Yuvraj(2009), the Buddha Image: its Origin and Development, Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers, New Delhi.
Kumar, Singh, Nagendra (1997), Buddha as Depicted in Puranas, In Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol7. Anmol Publications, New Delhi
Snellgrone, L. David (1978), the Image of the Buddha, UNESCO, Paris.
Swearer, Donald. K (2012), the Buddhist World of South Asia, State University of New York Press. Albany, New York.
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