پیوندهای مفید
اخبار و اعلانات
آمار
| تعداد نشریات | 158 |
| تعداد شماره‌ها | 6,225 |
| تعداد مقالات | 67,685 |
| تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 114,957,922 |
| تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 89,630,645 |
شناسایی برفخوان‌های ایران | ||
| پژوهش های جغرافیای طبیعی | ||
| مقاله 3، دوره 49، شماره 3، مهر 1396، صفحه 395-408 اصل مقاله (1.35 M) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله کامل | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22059/jphgr.2017.212604.1006908 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| محمد صادق کیخسروی کیانی1؛ سید ابوالفضل مسعودیان* 2 | ||
| 1دانشجوی دکتری آب و هواشناسی دانشگاه اصفهان | ||
| 2استاد آب و هواشناسی دانشگاه اصفهان | ||
| چکیده | ||
| داشتن آگاهیهای بهنگام و درخور اعتماد از منابع اصلی پوشش برف کشور میتواند راهگشای بسیاری از مشکلات مربوط به مسائل آب در ایران باشد. هدف از پژوهش کنونی شناسایی و بررسی ویژگیهای جغرافیایی برفخوان‌های ایران است. بدین منظور، دادههای دو سنجندة مودیس تررا و مودیس آکوا برای بازة زمانی 1382ـ1393 بهصورت روزانه و در تفکیک مکانی 500 × 500 متر از تارنمای سازمان فضایی امریکا دریافت شد. همچنین، مدل رقومی ارتفاع ایران هماهنگ با تفکیک و سیستم تصویر دادههای پوشش برف بهکار گرفته شد. پیش از بهکارگیری دادهها برخی پردازشها بر روی دادههای روزانه به منظور کاستن از اثر ابرناکی انجام گرفت و درنهایت یک پایگاه نوین بر روی ایران به کمک یککاسهسازیِ دادههای سنجندههای مودیس تررا و مودیس آکوا ساخته شد. بررسیها نشان داد در ایران به طور کلی سه برفخوان بزرگ وجود دارد که عبارتاند از: برفخوان البرز؛ برفخوان شمال غرب؛ و برفخوان زاگرس؛ و بیشینة شمار روزهای برفپوشان در این سه برفخوان بهترتیب 153، 132، و 127 روز در سال است. بررسیها نشان داد شرایط ناهمواری نقش برجستهای در پراکنش پوشش در برفخوان‌های ایران دارد و اینکه ناگزیر بیشترین پوشش برف در بلندترین بخشهای کشور وجود دارد تصور درستی نیست. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| ایران؛ برفخوان؛ سنجندة مودیس آکوا؛ سنجندة مودیس تررا | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Identification of snow reservoirs in Iran | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Mohammad Sadegh Keikhosrvai Kiany1؛ Seyed Abolfazl Masoudian2 | ||
| 1PHD student of climatology, University of Esfahan, Esfahan, Iran | ||
| 2Professor of climatology, University of Esfahan, Esfahan, Iran | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| Introduction At the high elevations of river basins, precipitations are mainly in the form of snow and its accumulation provides water of the rivers in warm seasons. Having accurate and on time information of the phenomena is of great importance for flood controlling and also estimation of snow water equivalent. The extent of snow cover and its variations are important in hydrologic and climatic systems. Suitable and accurate evaluation of snow cover on both small and large scales is very crucial. Lack of information on the high elevations is an issue which causes increasing concerns due to climate change as many large rivers are originated from these highlands. In the last few decades many researches have carried out the studies of snow cover using remote sensing data. For instance, Maskey et al (2011) used MODIS Terra data to examine seasonal snow cover in Nepal for the period from 2000 to 2008. His findings revealed that snow cover is more in the elevation zone of 3000 to 4000 meters compared with the elevation zone of 4000 to 5000 and 5000 to 6000. Khadka et al (2014) evaluated snow cover in different seasons in Tamakoshi in the highlands of Himalaya using MODIS data for the time coverage from 2000 to 2009. The results indicated that snow cover below the elevation of 4500 meters above sea level is not much significant. In winter and spring at the elevation above 4500 meters the snow cover areas are very noticeable. However, in summer the elevation zones above 5500 meters have significant extent of snow cover. Materials and methods In the present research, MODIS Terra and MODIS Aqua data were used to detect snow reservoirs of the country. The selected study period covers the years from 2003 to 2014. As MODIS Aqua data are missing before the year 2003, we had to limit the study period only to the aforementioned years. Before the analysis of the data, we have applied two different algorithms to minimize cloud contamination that is a big obstacle against snow cover monitoring. One of the applied algorithms is based on three days filtering and the second is made on the combination of the two products. By merging the two products we managed to develop a regional snow cover data set over Iran. We have also used a Digital Elevation Model that was exactly like the snow cover data both on the special resolution and projection system. Results and discussion The findings of the present study revealed that there are three major snow reservoirs that are very suitable for the accumulation of snow cover. The snow reservoir is an area snow-covered in long period of time in a year. The three main snow reservoirs of the country are Alborz, North-west and Zagrous and the most number of snow covered days on the heart of these snow reservoir is 153, 132 and 127 days, respectively. The analysis has revealed that the heart of Alborz snow reservoir is a point in Alamkooh which has a north facing slopes that is suitable for snow accumulation. The findings have also revealed that in the snow reservoir of Zagrous the relation between snow covered days and elevation is not very matched in west to east direction. This is due to a decrease in precipitation from west to east in this area. Conclusion In this study, the daily time series of MODIS Terra and MODIS Aqua data have been applied to detect snow reservoirs of Iran. Before using the daily data, some cloud removal technics have been applied on the raw daily data to minimize cloud cover effects. The findings have also revealed that in Iran there are three main snow reservoirs which are Alborz, North-west and Zagrous. The most number of snow covered days was detected to be on Alborz snow reservoirs. It has been detected in this study that in eastern Zagrous the changes of snow cover with elevation is not a positive direct relation and it tends to be reduced as elevation increases. It can also be concluded that the most number of snow covered days are not necessarily seen on the highest mountains in Iran but in lower elevations. It was discovered that the role of topographic conditions is of great importance for the accumulation of the snow cover. The eastern and northern aspects are suitable for the persistence of snow cover days and the highest number of snow covered days was detected in these aspects in the country. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| Snow reservoirs, MODIS Terra, MODIS Aqua, Iran | ||
| مراجع | ||
|
Anderton, S.P.; White, S.M. and Alvera, B. (2002). Micro-scale spatial variability and the timing of snow melt runoff in a high mountain catchment, J. Hydrol., 268: 158-176.
Bergeron, J.; Royer, A.; Turcotte, R. and Roy, A. (2013). Snow cover estimation using blended MODIS and AMSR-E data for improved watershed-scale spring stream flow simulation in Quebec, Canada; Hydrological Processes, pp. 1-14.
Blöschl, G. (1999). scaling issues in snow hydrology. Hydrol. Process. Vol.13, pp. 2149–2175.
Brown, R. and Armstrong, R.L. (2010). Snow-cover data measurement, products and sources in snow and climate, In Physical Processes, Surface Energy Exchange and Modeling, Armstrong R.L., Brun E. (eds). Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK.
Dietz, A.J.; Kuenzer, C. and Conrad, C. (2013). Snow cover variability in central Asia between 2000 and 2011 derived from improved MODIS daily snow-cover products, International Journal of Remote Sensing, 34: 3879-3902.
Dietz, A.; Conrad, C.; Kuenzer, C.; Gesell, G. and Dech, S. (2014). Identifying Changing Snow Cover Characteristics in Central Asia between 1986 and 2014 from Remote Sensing Data, Remote Sens, 6: 12752-12775.
Gafurov, A. and Bardossy, A. (2009). Cloud removal methodology from MODIS snow cover product, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 13: 1361-1373.
Hall, D.; Riggs, G.; Salomonson, V.; Digirolamo, N. and Bayr, K. (2002). MODIS snow-cover products, Remote Sensing of Environment, 83: 88-89.
Harshburger, B.; Humes, K.; Waldon, V.; Blandford, T.; Moore, B. and Dezzani, R. (2010). Spatial interpolation of snow water equivalency using surface observations and remotely sensed images of snow- covered areas, Hydrological Processes, 24: 1285-1295.
Krajci, P.; Holko, L.and Parajka, J. (2015). Variability of snow covered area and snow line elevation in the main Slovak river basins in winters 2001-2014, EGU General Assembly 2015.
Ke, C. and Liu, X. (2014). Modis-observed spatial and temporal variation in snow cover in Xinjiang, China, Climate Research, 59: 15-26.
Keikhosravi Kiany, M.S. and Masoudian, A. (2016). Exploring the relation of snow-covered days with altitude, slope and aspect in Iran, Natural Geographical Researches, 1: 1-14.
Keikhosravi, M.S. and Masoodian, A. (2016). Identification of spatial variations of snow-covered days over Iran based on remote sensing data, Journal of Geography and Environmental Hazards, 17: 69-85.
Khadka, D.; Babel, M.; Shrestha, S. and Tripathi, N. (2014). Climate change impact on glacier and snow melt and runoff in Tamakoshi basin in the Hindu Kush Himalayan (HKH) region, Journal of Hydrology, 511: 49-60.
Lehning, M.; Löwe, H.; Ryser, M. and Raderschall, N. (2008). Inhomogeneous precipitation distribution and snow transport in steep terrain, Water Resour. Res., Vol. 44.
Manes, C.; Guala, M.; Löwe, H.; Bartlett, S.; Egli, L. and Lehning, M. (2008). Statistical properties of fresh snow roughness, Water Resour. Res., Vol. 44.
Maskey, S.; Unlenbrook, S. and Ojha, S. (2011). An analysis of snow cover changes in the Himalayan region using MODIS snow products and in-situ temperature data, Climate Change, 108: 391-400.
Parajka, J. and Bloschl, G. (2008). Spatio-temporal combination of MODIS images – potential for snow cover mapping, Water Resources Research, 44: 1-13.
She, J.; Zhang, Y.; Li, X. and Chen, Y. (2014). Changes in snow and glacier cover in an arid watershed of the western Kunlun Mountains using multisource remote sensing data; International Journal of Remote Sensing, 35: 234-252.
Tani, M. (1996). An approach to annual water balance for small mountainous catchments with wide spatial distributions of rainfall and snow water equivalent, J. Hydrol., 183: 205-225.
Udnaes, H.; Alfnes, C.E. and Andreassen, L.M. (2007). Improving runoff modeling using satellite-derived snow cover area, Nord. Hydrol.,38: 21-32.
Wang, X. and Xie, H. (2009). New methods for studying the spatiotemporal variation of snow cover based on combination products of MODIS Terra and Aqua; Journal of Hydrology, 371: 192-200.
Wang, X.; Xie, H.; Liang, T. and Huang, X. (2009). Comparison and validation of MODIS standard and new combination of Terra and Aqua snow cover products in northern Xinjiang, China. Hydro.Process., 23: 419-429.
Yang, J.; Zhao, Z.; Ni, J.; Ren, L. and Wang, Q. (2012). Temporal and spatial analysis of changes in snow cover in western Sichuan based on MODIS images, Journal of Earth Sciences., 55: 1329- 1335.
Yuang, D. and Woo, M.K. (1999). Representativeness of local snow data for large scale hydrologic investigations, Hydrol. Process., 13: 1977-1988.
Zhang, G.; Xie, H.; Yao, T.; Liang, T. and Kang, S. (2012). Snow cover dynamics of four lake basins over Tibetan Plateau using time series MODIS data (2001-2010), Water resources research, 48: 1-22. | ||
|
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 551 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 449 |
||