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اثر تمرینات کمخطا- پرخطا و تصادفی بر یادگیری زمانبندی نسبی یک تکلیف حرکتی منتخب: با تأکید بر رویکرد یادگیری آشکار و پنهان | ||
رشد و یادگیری حرکتی ورزشی | ||
مقاله 6، دوره 11، شماره 3، آذر 1398، صفحه 321-342 اصل مقاله (818.49 K) | ||
نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license I Open Access I | ||
شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22059/jmlm.2019.254917.1366 | ||
نویسندگان | ||
سعید نظری کاکاوندی1؛ علیرضا صابری کاخکی* 2؛ حمید رضا طاهری تربتی3؛ حسن رهبان فرد4 | ||
1دانشجوی دکتری یادگیری حرکتی، دانشکدۀ علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران | ||
2دانشیار گروه رفتار حرکتی، دانشکدۀ علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران | ||
3استاد گروه رفتار حرکتی، دانشکدۀ علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران | ||
4استادیار گروه رفتار حرکتی، دانشکده علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه بوعلی سینا، همدان، ایران | ||
چکیده | ||
هدف از مطالعۀ حاضر بررسی نقش تمرین کمخطا، پرخطا و تصادفی بر اکتساب و یادگیری زمانبندی نسبی یک تکلیف حرکتی بود. بدینمنظور 51 دانشجوی پسر (4 ± 22) دانشگاه بوعلی سینا همدان انتخاب شدند و بهصورت تصادفی در چهار گروه (کنترل، کمخطا، پرخطا و تصادفی) قرار گرفتند. این پژوهش در پنج مرحله شامل پیشآزمون، اکتساب، یادداری/انتقال 10 دقیقه و یادداری/انتقال 24 ساعته انجام گرفت. در مرحلۀ اکتساب، تکلیف زمانبندی با سه درجه دشواری متفاوت (ساده، متوسط و دشوار) در سه جلسۀ 45 کوششی با دریافت بازخورد توسط گروههای آزمایشی، تمرین شد. بهمنظور تحلیل دادهها از تحلیل واریانس مرکب (دوعاملی) با اندازههای تکراری بر روی هر کدام از متغیرها در مراحل اکتساب و یادداری استفاده شد. همچنین از آزمون تحلیل واریانس یکراهه (آنوا) در سایر مراحل استفاده شد. نتایج در عامل زمانبندی نسبی نشان داد که در پیشآزمون تفاوت معناداری بین گروهها وجود ندارد (5 0/0<P)، و در آزمونهای یادداری و انتقال، گروه کمخطا عملکرد بهتری نسبت به سه گروه پرخطا، تصادفی و کنترل داشت (5 0/0≥P). در آزمون انتقال تکلیف ثانویه (24 ساعته) گروه کمخطا عملکرد بهتری نسبت به گروه تصادفی و پرخطا داشت (5 0/0≥P). این نتایج نشان میدهد که تمرین در شرایط کمخطا به یادگیری بهتر تکلیف و تعمیم آن به شرایط جدید منجر میشود که مطابق با نظریههای یادگیری ضمنی و بازپردازش آگاهانه است. | ||
کلیدواژهها | ||
تمرین کم و پرخطا؛ تمرین تصادفی؛ زمانبندی نسبی؛ یادگیری ضمنی و آشکار | ||
عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
The Effect of Errorless, Errorful and Random Practices on Learning of the Relative Timing of a Selected Motor Task: An Emphasis on Implicit and Explicit Learning Approaches | ||
نویسندگان [English] | ||
Saeed Nazari Kakavandi1؛ Alireza Saberi Kakhki2؛ Hamidreza Taheri Torbati3؛ Hassan Rohbanfard4 | ||
1PhD Student of Motor Learning, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran | ||
2Associate Professor, Department of Motor Behavior, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran | ||
3Professor, Department of Motor Behavior, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran | ||
4Assistant Professor, Department of Motor Behavior, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Bu-Ali Sina , Hamedan, Iran | ||
چکیده [English] | ||
The aim of this study was to investigate the role of the errorless, errorful and random practice schedules on the acquisition and learning of relative timing in a motor task. 51 male students (age: 22±4 years old) were selected and randomly assigned to four groups (control, errorful, errorless, and random). This study was carried out in five phases: pretest (PRT), acquisition (ACQ), 10-min retention and transfer and 24-hour retention and transfer. In the acquisition phase, a timing task with three different difficulty levels (simple, moderate, and difficult) was practiced in three sessions of 45 trials with feedback by experimental groups. In order to analyze the data, a mixed-design analysis of variance model with repeated measures on each variable was used in the acquisition and retention phases. The one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used in the other phases. The findings of relative timing showed no significant differences among the groups in the pretest (P˃0.05). Additionally, in retention and transfer tests, errorless group had better performance than errorful, random and control groups (P≤0.05). Errorless group performed better than the random and errorful groups in 24-hour transfer test of the secondary task (P≤0.05). These results showed that practice in errorless conditions leads to a better learning of the task and its generalization to new conditions that are consistent with the implicit learning and reinvestment theories | ||
کلیدواژهها [English] | ||
Errorless and errorful practice, implicit and explicit learning, random practice, relative timing | ||
مراجع | ||
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