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مسئلۀ اجتماعی مهاجرت از افغانستان: تمایلات و عوامل پشتیبان | ||
| بررسی مسائل اجتماعی ایران | ||
| دوره 10، شماره 1، اردیبهشت 1398، صفحه 97-118 اصل مقاله (524.61 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22059/ijsp.2020.76169 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| رسول صادقی1؛ عبدالله محمدی* 2؛ محمدجلال عباسی شوازی3 | ||
| 1دانشیار جمعیت‌شناسی دانشگاه تهران و محقق مؤسسه مطالعات و مدیریت جامع و تخصصی جمعیت کشور | ||
| 2دانش آموخته کارشناسیارشد جمعیت‌شناسی دانشگاه تهران و دانشجوی مطالعات قومی و مهاجرتی دانشگاه لینکوپینگ، سوئد | ||
| 3استاد جمعیت‌شناسی دانشگاه تهران | ||
| چکیده | ||
| چرایی مهاجرت مردم به خارج از کشور و تبیین آن در چارچوب رویکردهای اقتصادی، عوامل جاذبه و دافعه و دوگانۀ فقر و مهاجرت همواره مورد توجه مطالعات مهاجرتی بوده است. مهاجرت در میان مردم افغانستان، سنتی دیرینه دارد، بااین‌حال، طی چند دهۀ اخیر، این جریان‌های مداوم مهاجرت و بازگشت، شکلی جمعی و مقیاسی بی‌سابقه گرفته‌اند. این مقاله به‌دنبال تبیین مسئلۀ اجتماعی مهاجرت از افغانستان با تأکید بر تمایلات و عوامل پشتیبان است. عوامل بررسی‌شده در سه سطح خُرد (ویژگی‌های فردی)، میانه (شبکه‌های فراملی) و کلان (درک فرد از شرایط اقتصادی، اجتماعی و سیاسی کشورهای مبدأ و مقصد) قرار دارند. روش مطالعه کمّی و مبتنی بر پیمایش است و دادهها از طریق پرسش‌نامه در میان 850 نفر 18 ساله و بالاتر، که به شیوۀ نمونهگیری چندمرحلهای انتخاب شده بودند، گردآوری شده است. نتایج نشان داد که نگرش افراد به وضعیت اقتصادی، اجتماعی و سیاسی افغانستان در سطح کلان و شبکه‌های فراملی مهاجرتی در سطح میانی، اثر معناداری بر تمایل به مهاجرت دارند. در سطح خرد و در میان ویژگی‌های جمعیتی، نیز متغیرهای سن، تحصیلات و قومیت بیشترین اثر را بر تمایل مهاجرت دارند. ازاین‌رو، از این مقاله می‌توان چنین نتیجهگیری کرد که نگرش منفی به شرایط فعلی و آیندۀ افغانستان، فرهنگ مهاجرتی و همچنین دیاسپورا و شبکه‌های مهاجرتی فراملّی افغانستانی در کشورهای همسایه، ازجمله ایران، نقش زیادی در شکلگیری مهاجرت به خارج در میان ذهنیت افغانستانیها دارند. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| مسئله اجتماعی مهاجرت؛ تمایل به مهاجرت؛ شبکه‌های فراملی؛ وضعیت سیاسی؛ قومیت؛ افغانستان | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| The Social Problem of Migration from Afghanistan:Aspirations and Drivers | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Rasoul Sadeghi1؛ Abdullah Mohammadi2؛ Mohammad Jalal Abbasi-Shavazi3 | ||
| 1Associate Professor of Demography, University of Tehran and National Institute of Population Research (NIPR), | ||
| 2MA in Demography from University of Tehran and Student in Ethnic and Migration Studies in Linkoping University, Sweden | ||
| 3Professor of Demography, University of Tehran and University of Melbourne, Australia | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| The reasons for emigration and its explanation in the framework of economic approaches, pull and push factors. The duality of poverty and migration has always been the focus of migration studies. Migration among Afghans has a long history. However, during the last few decades, these continuous outflows of migration and return have become unprecedented in scale and nature. This article seeks to explain the social problem of migration from Afghanistan with an emphasis on aspirations and drivers. The drivers and factors studied are in three levels of the micro (individual characteristics), medium (transnational networks), and macro (perceptions of the socio-economic and political conditions of the countries of origin and destination). A sample of 850 men and women were selected through multi-stage cluster sampling in four provinces of Afghanistan. Based on the results, the perception of individuals about the socio-economic and political situation in Afghanistan at the macro level and transnational networks at the medium-level have a significant effect on the tendency to migrate. At the micro-level and among the demographic characteristics, age, education, and ethnicity affect migration tendency among Afghans. In conclusion, negative attitudes toward Afghanistan's current and future situations, the culture of migration, and Afghan diaspora and transnational networks, mainly in neighboring countries such as Iran, play critical roles in shaping migration aspirations among inter-subjectivity of Afghan people. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| Social problem of migration, Tendency to migrate, Transnational Networks, Political situation, Ethnicity, Afghanistan | ||
| مراجع | ||
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