پیوندهای مفید
اخبار و اعلانات
آمار
| تعداد نشریات | 156 |
| تعداد شماره‌ها | 5,988 |
| تعداد مقالات | 65,565 |
| تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 108,053,051 |
| تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 84,473,705 |
مسئلۀ اجتماعی مهاجرت از افغانستان: تمایلات و عوامل پشتیبان | ||
| بررسی مسائل اجتماعی ایران | ||
| دوره 10، شماره 1، اردیبهشت 1398، صفحه 97-118 اصل مقاله (524.61 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22059/ijsp.2020.76169 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| رسول صادقی1؛ عبدالله محمدی* 2؛ محمدجلال عباسی شوازی3 | ||
| 1دانشیار جمعیت‌شناسی دانشگاه تهران و محقق مؤسسه مطالعات و مدیریت جامع و تخصصی جمعیت کشور | ||
| 2دانش آموخته کارشناسیارشد جمعیت‌شناسی دانشگاه تهران و دانشجوی مطالعات قومی و مهاجرتی دانشگاه لینکوپینگ، سوئد | ||
| 3استاد جمعیت‌شناسی دانشگاه تهران | ||
| چکیده | ||
| چرایی مهاجرت مردم به خارج از کشور و تبیین آن در چارچوب رویکردهای اقتصادی، عوامل جاذبه و دافعه و دوگانۀ فقر و مهاجرت همواره مورد توجه مطالعات مهاجرتی بوده است. مهاجرت در میان مردم افغانستان، سنتی دیرینه دارد، بااین‌حال، طی چند دهۀ اخیر، این جریان‌های مداوم مهاجرت و بازگشت، شکلی جمعی و مقیاسی بی‌سابقه گرفته‌اند. این مقاله به‌دنبال تبیین مسئلۀ اجتماعی مهاجرت از افغانستان با تأکید بر تمایلات و عوامل پشتیبان است. عوامل بررسی‌شده در سه سطح خُرد (ویژگی‌های فردی)، میانه (شبکه‌های فراملی) و کلان (درک فرد از شرایط اقتصادی، اجتماعی و سیاسی کشورهای مبدأ و مقصد) قرار دارند. روش مطالعه کمّی و مبتنی بر پیمایش است و دادهها از طریق پرسش‌نامه در میان 850 نفر 18 ساله و بالاتر، که به شیوۀ نمونهگیری چندمرحلهای انتخاب شده بودند، گردآوری شده است. نتایج نشان داد که نگرش افراد به وضعیت اقتصادی، اجتماعی و سیاسی افغانستان در سطح کلان و شبکه‌های فراملی مهاجرتی در سطح میانی، اثر معناداری بر تمایل به مهاجرت دارند. در سطح خرد و در میان ویژگی‌های جمعیتی، نیز متغیرهای سن، تحصیلات و قومیت بیشترین اثر را بر تمایل مهاجرت دارند. ازاین‌رو، از این مقاله می‌توان چنین نتیجهگیری کرد که نگرش منفی به شرایط فعلی و آیندۀ افغانستان، فرهنگ مهاجرتی و همچنین دیاسپورا و شبکه‌های مهاجرتی فراملّی افغانستانی در کشورهای همسایه، ازجمله ایران، نقش زیادی در شکلگیری مهاجرت به خارج در میان ذهنیت افغانستانیها دارند. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| مسئله اجتماعی مهاجرت؛ تمایل به مهاجرت؛ شبکه‌های فراملی؛ وضعیت سیاسی؛ قومیت؛ افغانستان | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| The Social Problem of Migration from Afghanistan:Aspirations and Drivers | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Rasoul Sadeghi1؛ Abdullah Mohammadi2؛ Mohammad Jalal Abbasi-Shavazi3 | ||
| 1Associate Professor of Demography, University of Tehran and National Institute of Population Research (NIPR), | ||
| 2MA in Demography from University of Tehran and Student in Ethnic and Migration Studies in Linkoping University, Sweden | ||
| 3Professor of Demography, University of Tehran and University of Melbourne, Australia | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| The reasons for emigration and its explanation in the framework of economic approaches, pull and push factors. The duality of poverty and migration has always been the focus of migration studies. Migration among Afghans has a long history. However, during the last few decades, these continuous outflows of migration and return have become unprecedented in scale and nature. This article seeks to explain the social problem of migration from Afghanistan with an emphasis on aspirations and drivers. The drivers and factors studied are in three levels of the micro (individual characteristics), medium (transnational networks), and macro (perceptions of the socio-economic and political conditions of the countries of origin and destination). A sample of 850 men and women were selected through multi-stage cluster sampling in four provinces of Afghanistan. Based on the results, the perception of individuals about the socio-economic and political situation in Afghanistan at the macro level and transnational networks at the medium-level have a significant effect on the tendency to migrate. At the micro-level and among the demographic characteristics, age, education, and ethnicity affect migration tendency among Afghans. In conclusion, negative attitudes toward Afghanistan's current and future situations, the culture of migration, and Afghan diaspora and transnational networks, mainly in neighboring countries such as Iran, play critical roles in shaping migration aspirations among inter-subjectivity of Afghan people. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| Social problem of migration, Tendency to migrate, Transnational Networks, Political situation, Ethnicity, Afghanistan | ||
| مراجع | ||
|
- عباسی‌شوازی، محمدجلال؛ صادقی، رسول؛ محمدی، عبدالله (1395). ماندن یا مهاجرت دوباره مهاجران بازگشته افغانستانی از ایران به کشورشان و عوامل تعیین‌کنندۀ آن. نامۀ انجمن جمعیت‌شناسی ایران، دورۀ 11، شمارۀ 21: 10ـ41. - Abbasi-Shavazi, M.J.; Glazebrook, D.; Mahmoudian, H.; Jamshidiha, G.; Sadeghi, R. (2005). Return to Afghanistan? A Study of Afghans Living in Tehran, Kabul: Afghanistan and Research Evaluation Research.
- Alpes, M. J. (2014). Imagining a future in Bush: Migration aspirations at times of crisis in Anglophone Cameroon. Identities, 21(3): 259-274.
- Black, R., and M. Collyer (2014). Trapped populations: Limits on mobility at times of crisis, Pp. 287-305, in SF Martin, S. Weerasinghe, and A. Taylor (Eds). Humanitarian crises and migration: causes, consequences and responses, London: Rutledge.
- Cairns, D.; Cuzzocrea, V.; Briggs, D.; Veloso, L. (2017). The Consequences of Mobility. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Carling, J. (2002). Migration in the age of involuntary immobility: Theoretical reflections and Cape Verdean experiences. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 28(1): 5-42.
- Carling, J.; Collins, F.L. (2017). Aspiration, desire and the drivers of migration. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 44 (6): 909-926.
- Collins, F. L. (2018). Desire as a Theory for Migration Studies: Temporality, Assemblage and Becoming in the Narratives of Migrants. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 44(6): 964-980.
- Creighton, Mathew J. (2013). The role of aspiration in domestic and international migration. The Social Science Journal, 50: 79-88.
- Czaika, M.; Vothkencht, M. (2014). Migration and Aspiration; are migrants trapped on a hedonic treadmill?. Journal of Migration, 3:1: 1-23.
- Faist, T. (2010). Diaspora and transnationalism: What kind of dance partners?. Pp. 9-34, in In R. Bauböck & T. Faist (Eds) Diaspora and Transnationalism: Concepts, Theories and Methods, Amsterdam University Press.
- Goss, J.; Lindquist, B. (1995). Conceptualizing international migration: A structuration perspective. International Migration Review, 29(2): 317-351.
- Gurak, D. T.; Caces, F. (1992). Migrants and networks and the shaping of migration systems. International Migration Systems; A Global Approach, Oxford: Clarendon Press: 150-176.
- Hindman, H.; Oppenheim, R. (2014). Lines of Labor and Desire: Korean Quality in Contemporary Kathmandu. Anthropological Quarterly, 87 (2): 465-495.
- International Committee of the Red Cross (2009). Afghanistan: Opinion Survey an In-Depth Research, Geneva: International Committee of the Red Cross.
- King, R.; Christou, A. (2010). Diaspora, migration and transnationalism: Insights from the study of second-generation ‘returnees’, Pp. 167-184, in R. Baubock, T. Faist (Eds.). Diaspora and Transnationalism: Concepts, Theories and Methods, Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.
- Majidi, N. (2017). From Forced Migration to Forced Returns in Afghanistan: Policy and Program Implications, Migration Policy Institute. available at: https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/TCM2017-Afghanistan-FINAL.pdf
- Massy, D. et al (1993). Theories of international migration: A review and appraisal. Population and Development Review, 19(3): 431-466.
- Meyer, F. (2018). Navigating Aspirations and Expectations: Adolescents' Considerations of Outmigration from Rural Eastern Germany. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 44 (6): 1032-1049.
- Mixed Migration Centre (2017). Afghan Displacement Summary: Monthly Migration Movements, April 2017. Available at: http://www.mixedmigration.org/resource/ms-asia-1704/
- Monsutti, A. (2005). War and Migration: Social networks and Economic Strategies of the Hazaras of Afghanistan. England: Routledge.
- Monsutti, A. (2007). Migration as a Rite of Passage: Young Afghans Building Masculinity and Adulthood in Iran. Iranian Studies, 40:2: 167-185.
- Monsutti, A. (2008). Afghan Migratory Strategies and the Three Solutions to the Refugee Problem. Refugee Survey Quarterly, Oxford University Press.
- Nimkar, R., Frouws, B. (2017). Split Loyalties: Mixed Migrants and the Diaspora Connection: An Analysis of Somali and Afghan Diaspora in Denmark and Their Connections to the New Wave of Mixed Migrants, RMMS Discussion Paper, December 2017. Available at:
http://www.mixedmigration.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/023_split-loyalties.pdf
- Saito, M. (2008). From Disappointment to Hope: Transforming Experiences of Young Afghans Returning “Home” from Pakistan and Iran, Kabul: Afghanistan and Research Evaluation Research.
- Scheibelhofer, E. (2018). Shifting Migration Aspirations in Second Modernity. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 44 (6): 999-1014.
- Sheffer, G. (2003). From Diasporas to Migrants – From Migrants to Diasporas. Chapter in Diasporas and Ethnic Migrants: Germany, Israel and Post-Soviet Successor States in Comparative Perspective, Ed. Rainer Munz and Rainer Ohliger, Frank Cass Publishers: 21-36.
- Stark, O. (1991). The migration of labor, Cambridge. MA: Basil Blackwell.
- Strielkowski, W., Bilan, Y. (2016): Migration aspirations and decisions: A comparative study of Turkey and Ukraine. Intellectual Economy (10): 18-27.
- Turton, D; Marsden, P. (2002). Taking Refugee for a Ride? The Politics of Refugee Return to Afghanistan, Kabul: Afghanistan and Research Evaluation Research.
- The Asia Foundation (2019). A Survey of the Afghan People: Afghanistan in 2019, available at:
https://asiafoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/2019_Afghan_Survey_Full-Report.pdf
- Timmerman, Ch.; K. Hemmerchts, K.; De Clerck, H. M. (2014). The relevance of a culture of migration in understanding migration aspirations in contemporary Turkey. Turkish Studies, 15(3): 496-518.
- UNAMA (2017). Afghanistan: Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict. Mid-year Report, Afghanistan, Kabul.
- Van Hear, N. (2014). Refugees, Diasporas, and Transnationalism, in E. Fiddian-Qasmiyeh, G. Loescher, K. Long, and N. Sigona (Eds.) Chapter in The Oxford Handbook of Refugee and Forced Migration Studies, England: Oxford University Press.
Van Mol, Ch., E. Snel, E., Hemmerechts, K., Timmerman, Ch. (2017). Migration aspirations and migration cultures: A case study of Ukranian migration towards the European Union. Population, Space, Place, DOI: 10.1002/psp.2131 | ||
|
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 509 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 878 |
||