پیوندهای مفید
اخبار و اعلانات
آمار
| تعداد نشریات | 161 |
| تعداد شماره‌ها | 6,532 |
| تعداد مقالات | 70,504 |
| تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 124,121,871 |
| تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 97,229,515 |
طبقه‌بندی و گونه‌شناسی سفال‌های دوران اسلامی دشت نیریز، استان فارس | ||
| مطالعات باستان شناسی | ||
| مقاله 12، دوره 12، شماره 3 - شماره پیاپی 23، آذر 1399، صفحه 269-291 اصل مقاله (1.84 M) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22059/jarcs.2020.255521.142551 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| حسن مرادی* 1؛ حسن کریمیان2 | ||
| 1دانش‌آموخته دکتری باستان‌شناسی دوران اسلامی، دانشگاه تهران | ||
| 2دانشیار گروه باستان‌شناسی، دانشگاه تهران | ||
| چکیده | ||
| دشت نیریز که در حدفاصل دو حوزه فرهنگی کرمان و فارس قرار دارد، محوطه های استقراری مهمی از دوران اسلامی را در خود جای داده است. اولین گام در شناخت این استقرارگاه‌ها مطالعه داده‌های سفالی به دست آمده از بررسی‌های سطحی با هدف گاهنگاری و مطالعه برهمکنش‌های منطقه‌ای و فرامنطقه‌ای این دشت بود. بر این اساس از 63 محوطه متعلق به دوران ساسانی و اسلامی مواد فرهنگی شاخص جمع‌آوری گردید. اهمیت این یافته‌ها وقتی افزون می‌گردد که بدانیم علیرغم تلاش‌های فراوانی که در مطالعه داده‌های سفالی کرانه‌های شمالی خلیج فارس به انجام رسیده، اطلاعات اندکی از این داده‌ها در نواحی مذکور و بویژه مناطق حد فاصل ولایات فارس و کرمان در دست است. بدین سبب مطالعه مواد فرهنگی و داده‌های سفالی به دست آمده از بررسی‌های سطحی به منظور گاهنگاری محوطه‌ها و فهم برهمکنش‌های منطقه‌ای و فرامنطقه‌ای این دشت اهمیت مضاعفی می‌یابد.در نیل به این هدف، یافته‌های سفالی براساس شباهت‌هایشان در فرم، خمیره و تزیین به هشت گروه اصلی طبقه‌بندی و براساس نمونه‌های مشابه تاریخگذاری شدند. در نتیجه این تحقیق مشخص گردید که گروه‌های سفالی اوائل تا اواسط دوران اسلامی ارتباط زیادی را با تمدن‌های شرق به خصوص سیرجان نشان می‌دهند؛ به ویژه آنکه سفال‌های گلابه‌ای و اسگرافیاتو چندرنگ شباهت زیادی با نمونه‌های به دست آمده از سیرجان دارد و شاید بتوان نیریز را به عنوان یکی از آخرین مناطق پراکنش سفال گلابه‌ای به سمت غرب محسوب داشت. همچنین سفال‌های تاریخگذاری شده قرن 11-7 هـ. نشاندهنده ارتباط فرهنگی این منطقه از فارس با مراکزی چون سمرقند، نیشابور، کرمان و سیستان است. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| طبقه‌بندی؛ گونه‌شناسی؛ سفال دوران اسلامی؛ دشت نیریز | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Classification and typology of the Islamic period potteries of Neyriz Plain, Fars Province | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Hassan Moradi1؛ Hassan Karimian2 | ||
| 1PhD in Archaeology, University of Tehran | ||
| 2Associate Professor, Department of Archaeology, University of Tehran | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| The Neyriz Plain, which is located between Kerman and Fars provinces, with an area of around 240km2 has hosted important settlements belonging to the Islamic era (Figure 1). In order to identifying these settlements and to determine their chronological order, a systematic surface survey was carried out by the authors at the first season of 2017. The first step was to study the ceramic fragments collected from surface survey, and compare them on the basis of similarities of their forms, fabric and decoration. Based on the results of data analysis, the ceramics were classified into eight main categories. So, the main aim of this paper is to perform classification, typification, and propose a relative chronology of the collected potteries from Islamic period sites from the Neyriz Plain. The results suggest a strong relation between the ceramics belonging to the Early to Mid-Islamic era (11-16 cetury AD) and the eastern Iranian civilizations, such as Sirjan. For instance, the slip-painted and polychrome Sgraffiato potteries have considerable similarity to those obtained from Sirjan. Indeed, the Neyriz plain may be considered as one of the main distribution areas of the slip-painted potteries of Sirjan. Moreover, the ceramics dated 13-17 centuries AD are indication of the cultural ties and trade relations between this region of Fars province with Nishabur, Kerman and Sistan regions of Iran. The main aim of this paper is to perform classification, typification, and to propose a relative chronology of the collected potteries from Islamic period sites from the Neyriz Plain. The objectives are to compare Neyriz Plain potteries to similar ones from other Islamic archaeological sites, and to recognize inter and intraregional connections of the ancient settlements of this plain and other ceramic production centers. The present research aims answer the question of to what extend settlements of the Neyriz Plain find cultural relation to other Iranian Islamic settlements? And how much study of ceramic fragments will reveal such relationships? Primary investigation of historical sources indicates interregional cultural ties between Neyriz and Shiraz (on the west), and Kerman and Sirjan provinces (from the east). Furthermore, considering the location of Neyriz Plain on the main route between Shiraz to Kerman corridor, vast cultural ties can be imagined between Neyriz Plain settelement and eastern Iranian cities, such as Sirjan, Kerman and even Nishabour on the northeast of Iran. The present research adopts a descriptive-analytical method in both fieldwork and bibliographical studies. Fieldworks consist of pottery findings, typology, and classification of findings (based on similarities of their forms, and decorative elements), while bibliographic activities include literature survey, similar findings, and suggestive dating. Although there have been efforts in investigating pottery data of northern coasts of the Persian Gulf, there is little information on regional data, especially areas between Fars, Kerman, and Mokran (northern area of Persian Gulf) during early Islamic periods. Neyriz, located at the eastern Fars Province on the Shiraz to Sirjan trade corridor, is a marvelous ancient region with remarkable sites. Further to identification of 63 sites at Neyriz Plain, some 911 potsherds recovered from the Bakun to late Islamic periods. The authors focus on 440 Islamic fragments, which were generally divided into two unglazed (214 pieces), and glazed (226 pieces) sherds. Considering their form, temper, impurity and decorations, they were categorized to eight main groups, towards chronological comparison against other similar samples. Unglazed potteries include two slipped ones and potteries with incised and stamped decorations, which are characteristically the majority in the collection and consisted of two groups of thickly slipped potteries (Figure 2). Glazed samples include six main groups of monochrome, Sgraffito, splashed, slipped painted, underglaze painting, and painting on glaze ceramics. The potteries reveal information about patterns of production, consumption, and distribution of pottery during different periods. Thick slipped potteries date to Sassanid to early Islamic periods (3-8 centuries AD). Considering incised designs under slips and color of slips within the group, it appears that all four groups are from the same period. The first group, with thick slip and fine temper, from Williamson Collection, date to 2nd century BC to 7th AD century (Priestman, 2005: 232-234, 402, Pl. 82-84). It appears, considering incised designs with similar themes, they are later than the other three groups, while they date to a same period. It is confirmable following absence of the same findings from two other Parthian sites in Neyriz Plain. Potteries with incised designs frequently associated with potteries with stamped, and cylindrical designs, similar to findings from Sirjan and Qasr-i-Abu Nasr (Whitcomb, 1985: 122, 135). However, turquoise glaze is the most common monochrome glaze; it is the most abundant one. On the other hand, there are other monochrome glazes that characteristically are significant in the pottery studies. The white mono chrome pottery that is one of the particles of the “Samarra Horizon”, has several production centers including Sirjan (Williamson, 1987: 15), which appears an indication of a bigger pattern of relations, comparing to previous period. The green mono chrome glazed pottery that is very similar to the same color Sgraffito is reported also as findings of eastern coasts of Africa. The turquoise mono chrome glaze with earthen temper, vastly range many forms and quality of glaze that date as wide as Sassanid to Late Islamic periods, for continuity of production and consumption. The other type is stone paste that mainly appears as open form vessels and date to 11-13 century. Slip painted wares of Neyriz are similar to the findings from Sirjan, which appears, as a characteristic pottery within 10th and 11th centuries AD, as an indication of more relations to Sirjan. Potteries with splashed and Sgraffito glaze are chronologically and technically similar, which indicate a penetration of Sirjan to Neyriz. Pottery with underglaze paintings from group 1 are similar to findings from other centers including Kashan, Gorgan, and Soltan Abad that had commercial relations. Such pottery can be found in other areas of Iran as well. The underglaze painted Potteries from group 2 indicate commercial relation to the regions such as Nishapur and Samarqand, of which productions have found in other regions including southern Africa. Black painting under turquoise glaze potteries are of common types dated to 13-17 centuries. Blue and white potteries produced at various centers, the closest one Kirman. Turquoise & Black Underglaze-Painted Ware, Blue and White Underglaze-Painted are similar to findings from Keram and Sistan that indicate vast inter regional cultural relation. The absence of some mostly known Islamic potteries including moulded Celadon, and luster ceramics are of the other issues, significant in studies of potteries of Neyriz Plain, which probably is for lack of production and circulation of the wares in the region. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| Typology, Classification, Islamic Potteries, Neyriz Plain | ||
|
سایر فایل های مرتبط با مقاله
|
||
| مراجع | ||
|
توحیدی، فائق، (1379)، فن و هنر سفالگری، تهران، سازمان مطالعه و تدوین کتب علوم انسانی دانشگاه‌ها (سمت). چوبک، حمیده، (1391)،«سفالینه‌های دوران اسلامی- شهرکهن جیرفت»، مطالعات باستان شناسی، دورۀ 4، شمارۀ 1. 83-112. دانتی، مایکل، (1386)، تپه حسنلو دورۀ ایلخانی، مترجم، علی صدرائی، صمد علیون، تهران، سازمان میراث فرهنگی و گردشگری، معاونت پژوهشی، پژوهشکده باستان‌شناسی. زارعی، محمدابراهیم، خاکسار، علی، مترجم، عباس، امینی، فرهاد، دینی، اعظم، (1393)، «بررسی و مطالعه سفال‌های دورۀ ایلخانی به دست آمده از کاوش‌های ارزانفود»، مطالعات باستان‌شناسی، دورۀ 6، شمارۀ 2، 90-73. کریمی، فاطمه، کیانی، محمدیوسف، (1364)، هنر سفالگری دوره اسلامی ایران، تهران، مرکز باستان‌شناسی ایران. کنت، درک، (1393)، سفال‌های ساسانی و اسلامی رأس‌الخیمه، طبقه‌بندی، گاهنگاری و بررسی تجارت در حوزه غربی اقیانوس هند، مترجم، علیرضا خسروزاده، محمد مرتضایی، تبریز، پروژه ترجمه حسنلو. مرادی، حسن، (1396)، گزارش اولین فصل بررسی باستان‌شناسی شهرستان نیریز، دهستان رستاق (استان فارس)، با همکاری حبیب عمادی و میثم نیکزاد، تهران، مرکز اسناد و کتابخانه پژوهشکده باستان‌شناسی (منتشر نشده). مرتضایی، محمد، کیانی، محمدیوسف، (1385)، «مطالعه و تحلیل سفالینه های مکشوفه از کاوش‌های باستان‌شناختی سال‌های 1381 تا 1384 محوطه تاریخی جرجان»، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دورۀ 57، شمارۀ 5، 129-112. موسوی‌حاجی، سیدرسول، عطایی، مرتضی، (1389)، مطالعه مجموعه‌ای از نمونه‌های سفالین سیستان، زاهدان، اداره کل میراث فرهنگی، صنایع دستی و گردشگری استان سیستان و بلوچستان، تهران، اداره کل روابط عمومی، امور فرهنگی و اجتماعی، اداره برنامه‌ریزی نشر. Bivar, A. D. H. Fehervari, G. Baker, P. L. Errington, N. Shokoohy, M. Errington, E. & Tyler-Smith, S. 2000. Excavations at Ghubayrā, Iran. School of Oriental & African Studies.
Chobak, H. 2012. Islamic Ceramics of Old City of Jiroft. Motaleat Bastanshenasi. 4 (1). 83-112. [In Persian].
Danti, M.D. 2004. The Ilkhanid Heartland: Hasanlu Tepe (Iran) Period I (Vol. 2). UPenn Museum of Archaeology.
Golombek, L. 2003. “The Safavid Ceramic Industry at Kerman”. IRAN (41). pp. 253–270.
Golombek, L. Mason, R. B. & Proctor, P. 2001. Safavid potters' marks and the question of provenance. IRAN. 39(1). 207-236.
Golombek, L. Mason, R. B. & Bailey G. A. 1996. Tamerlane’s tableware: a new approach to the Chinoiserie ceramics of fifteenth and sixteenth-century Iran. Royal Ontario Museum.
Grube, A. 1994a. Iranian stone-paste pottery of the Saljuq period. In: E. Grube (ed.) Cobalt and Lustre: the first centuries of Islamic pottery, The Nasser D. Khalili Collection of Islamic Art 9, 147-156.
Grube, A. 1994b. Monochrome-glazed wares of the pre-Saljuq Period. In: E. Grube (ed.) Cobalt and Lustre: the first centuries of Islamic pottery, The Nasser D. Khalili Collection of Islamic Art 9, 147-156.
Haddon, R. A. W. 2004. Two Ceramic Pieces from the Asian Art Museum of San Francisco. Muqarnas. 153-159.
Karimi, F. Kiani, M. 1985. Ceramic Art of Iranian Islamic ear. Tehran: Markaz Bastanshenasi Iran. [In Persian].
Kennet, D. (1994). Jazīrat al-Ḥulayla-early Julfār. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 4(2). 163-212.
Kennet, D. 1997. Kush: a Sasanian and Islamic‐period archaeological tell in Ras al‐Khaimah (UAE). Arabian archaeology and epigraphy. 8 (2). 284-302.
Kennet, D. 2004. Sasanian and Islamic pottery from Ras al-Khaimah: classification, chronology and analysis of trade in the Western Indian Ocean. Archaeopress.
Kervran, M. 1977. Les niveaux islamiques du secteur oriental de l’Apadana. II. - Le matériel céramique. Cahiers de la Délégation Archéologique Française en Iran. 7: 75-161.
Kiani, M. 1984. The Islamic City of Gurgan. Deutsches Archäologisches Institut. Abt. Teheran. Archäeologische Mitteilungen aus Iran. Ergänzungsband 11. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer Verlag.
Mason, R. B. Bailey, G. & Golombek, L. 1996. Stylistic Groups and their Production Centres. Tamerlane's tableware. Edited by L. Golombek, RB Mason and GA Bailey. 109-56.
Milwright, M. 2008. Turquoise and Black: Notes on an Underglaze-painted Stonepaste Ware of the Mamluk Period. Palestine Exploration Quarterly. 140(3). 213-224.
Moradi, H. 2017. Report of First Archaeological Survey Season in Neyriz County. Rostagh District (Fars Province). With Contribution of Habbib Emadi & Meisam Nikzad. Tehran: Library and Documentation Center of Archaeological Institute (Not Pablished). [In Persian].
Morgan, P. 1994. Iranian stone-paste pottery of the Saljuq period. Types and techniques. In: E. Grube (ed.) Cobalt and Lustre: the first centuries of Islamic pottery, The Nasser D. Khalili Collection of Islamic Art 9, 155-169.
Morgan, P. & Leatherby, J. 1987. Excavated ceramics from Sirjan. Syria and Iran: three studies in medieval ceramics. Oxford Studies in Islamic Art IV. Oxford. Oxford University Press. Allan JW. Roberts C. 23-174.
Mortezaee, M. & Kiani, M. 2006. Study and analysis of potteries of Jorjan archaeological excavations from 2003 to 2006. Daneshkade Adebiat va ulom Ensani. 57 (5). 112-129 [In Persian].
Mosavi Haji, S. R. Ataei, M. 2010. Study of Sistan Pottery Collections. Zahedan: Edare kol Miras Farhangi, Saneh Dasti va Gardeshgari Ostan Sistan va Balochestan. Tehran: Edare Kol Ravabet Umomi, Umor Fahangi va Ejtemai, Edare Barname Rizi [In Persian].
Northedge, A. & Kennet, D. 1994. ‘The Samarra horizon’. In: E.J. Grube (ed.) Cobalt and Luster. The first centuries of Islamic pottery, The Nasser D. Khalili Collection of Islamic Art 9, 21-35.
Priestman, S. 2005. »Settlement and Ceramics in the Southern Iran: An Analysis of the Sasanian and Islamic Periods in the Williamson Collection«. M.A. Thesis. University of Durham.
Priestman, S. 2011. Opaque Glazed Wares: The Definition, Dating and Distribution 0f a Key Iraqi Ceramic Export in The Abbasid Period. IRAN. 49. 89-113.
Priestman, S. 2013. A Quantitative Archaeological Analysis of Ceramic Exchange in the Persian Gulf and Western Indian Ocean, AD c.400 – 1275. PhD Thesis. Centre for Maritime Archaeology. University of Southampton.
Priestman, S. & Kennet, D., 2002. The Williamson collection project: Sasanian and Islamic pottery from southern Iran. IRAN 40. 265-267.
Priestman, S. 2003. The Williamson Collection Project: Sasanian and Islamic survey ceramics from southern Iran. Current research. IRAN. 41(1). 345-348.
Reitlinger, G. 1935. Islamic pottery from Kish. Ars Islamica 2(2). 198-218.
Rougeulle, A. 2005. The Sharma horizon: sgraffiato wares and other glazed ceramics of the Indian Ocean trade (c. AD 980–1140). In: Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies, Archaeopress, 223-246.
Tampoe, M. 1989. Maritime trade between China and the West: an archaeological study of the ceramics from Siraf from the 8th to 15th centuries AD. (Doctoral dissertation. University of Oxford).
Towhidi, F. 2000. Technique and art of Potteries. Tehran: The Organization for Researching and Composing University Texbooks in the Humanities (SAMT) [In Persian].
Watson, O. 1987. Islamic pots in Chinese style. The Burlington Magazine. 129(1010). 304-306.
Whitcomb, D. 1985. Before the Roses and the Nightingales. Excavations at Qasr-i Abu Nasr, Old Shiraz. Metropolitan Museum of Art: New York.
Whitehouse, D. 1979. ‘Islamic glazed pottery in Iraq and the Persian Gulf: the ninth and tenth centuries’. Annali. Instituto Orientale di Napoli. 39: 45-61.
Wilkinson, C.K. 1973. Nishapur: pottery of the Early Islamic period. New York.
Williamson, A.G. 1987. Regional distribution of medieval Persian pottery in the light of recent investigations. In: J.W. Allan & C. Roberts (eds.) Syria and Iran, Three Studies in Medieval Ceramics. Oxford Studies in Islamic Art 4, 11-22.
Zarei, M. Khaksar, A. Motarjem, A. Amini, F. & Deini, A. 2014. Survey and Study of Ilkahanid Pottery from Archaeological Excavations in Arzanfood. Motaleat Bastanshenasi. 4 (2). 73-90 [In Persian]. | ||
|
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 864 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 513 |
||
